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Файл:Биотехнология = Biotechnology. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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VII. Watch the video again and fill in the missing information in the
following text.
We live in a … that has long been dependent on …, …, and … . These
sources of … provide the … for the manufacture of many … products that we
take for granted, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, materials, plastics, and personal care. But they won't last forever. Industrial biotechnology and biobased
… manufacture underpin one of the largest industrial sectors. Using biological
…, such as plants, algae, fungi, marine life, and microorganisms, industrial bio-
technology combined with the emerging science of synthetic biology, is revolutionizing manufacturing processes to deliver renewable and sustainable materials, …, chemicals, and … . Throughout this course, we will be exploring the
ways in which chemistry, biology, and … principles contribute to interdisciplinary efforts within industrial biotechnology to develop … processes and
products that are economically viable, environmentally compatible, and socially
responsible. In particular, we will be looking at the key enabling technologies
that underpin biotechnology …, including enzyme … and engineering, systems
and synthetic biology, and biochemical and process engineering. We will also
consider the wider issues involved in sustainable manufacturing, including responsible research innovation and bioethics. In the latter part of the course, we
will illustrate how these technologies translate into real world …, which benefit
society and impact our everyday lives. This will include input from our industry
stakeholders and collaborators working in the pharmaceutical, chemicals, and
… industries.
VIII. Are the statements true or false according to the video?
1. The sources of carbon that are taken for granted will last forever.
2. Industrial biotechnology facilitate in manufacturing biopharmaceuticals,
chemicals, and energy.
3. Industrial biotechnology aims to develop efficient and environmental
friendly products.
IX. Render the text using pictures from exercise VI.
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PART B
I. Read the texts and find information about:
1) the advantages of petroleum biological processing;
2) conditions for effective petroleum biotechnology;
3) major applications of petroleum biotechnology.
Generally, biological processing of petroleum feedstocks offers an attractive
alternative to conventional thermochemical treatment due to the mild operating
conditions and greater reaction specificity afforded by the nature of biocatalysts.
Efforts in microbial screening and development have identified microorganisms
capable of petroleum desulfurization, denitrogenation, and demetallization. Biological desulfurization of petroleum may occur either oxidatively or reductively. In the oxidative approach, organic sulfur is converted to sulfate and may be
removed in process water. This route is attractive because it would not require
further processing of the sulfur and may be amenable for use at the well head
where process water may then be reinjected. In the reductive desulfurization
scheme, organic sulfur is converted into hydrogen sulfide, which may then be
catalytically converted into elemental sulfur, an approach of utility at the
refinery. Regardless of the mode of biodesulfurization (BDS), key factors affecting the economic viability of such processes are biocatalyst activity and
cost, differential in product selling price, sale or disposal of coproducts or
wastes from the treatment process, and the capital and operating costs of unit
operations in the treatment scheme.
However, for any petroleum biotechnology to be effective, the microorganisms must convert the petroleum constituents into harmless saleable products
(or products that may require additional treatment). In the case of bioremediation, the microorganisms must convert the petroleum constituents into environmentally benign products. In addition, since bioremediation can be effective only where environmental conditions permit microbial growth and activity, its application often involves the manipulation of environmental parameters to allow
microbial growth and degradation to proceed at a faster rate. However, as is
the case with other technologies, bioremediation has its limitations and there are
several disadvantages that must be recognized.
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Furthermore, the control and optimization of biotechnology processes
is a complex system of many factors. These factors include (1) the existence
of a microbial population capable of degrading the crude oil constituents;
(2) the availability of contaminants to the microbial population; (3) the environment factors, i.e., the type of soil, the temperature, and the pH; and (4) the presence of oxygen or other electron acceptors and nutrients.
Also, the general concept of biotransformation encompasses a wide range
of procedures for modifying chemicals in living organisms according to human
needs. In addition, and even more pertinent to this text, bioengineering is a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials directly) for interfacing with
and utilizing microbes and is the application of the principles of engineering
and natural sciences to molecular transformation of the feedstock. At the same
time, it must be recognized that the environment can be affected by biotechnologies, both positively and adversely. The cleanup of environmental
waste is an example of an application of environmental biotransformation of
petroleum-based contaminants and care must be taken to ensure that there is no
loss of containment of nonindigenous microbes that could bring harm to an ecosystem are examples of environmental implications of biotechnology.
Moreover, due to the revolution in protein and genetic engineering,
the study of extremophilic microorganisms, biocatalysts in nonaqueous media,
and nanobiocatalysts, biotechnology found its way in petroleum refining
as a means of offering biorefining options for the refinery.
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The major potential applications of biorefining are BDS, biodenitrogena-
1. Due to the revolution in protein and
genetic engineering,
a) of environmental biotransformation of petroleum-based contaminants.
2. In the oxidative approach, organic
sulfur is converted to sulfate
b) biotreatment of waste streams
(wastewater or gases), bioremediation of hydrocarbonpolluted soils and sediments, and
finally, the microbial enhanced oil
recovery.
3. The cleanup of environmental waste
is an example of an application
c) biotechnology found its way in
petroleum refining as a means of
offering biorefining options for the
refinery.
tion (BDN), biodemetallization (BDM), biotransformation of heavy crude oils
into lighter crude oils, and finally biodepolymerization of asphaltene constituents. However, the major applications of petroleum biotechnology are biotreatment of waste streams (wastewater or gases), bio-remediation of hydrocarbonpolluted soils and sediments, and finally, the microbial enhanced oil recovery
(MEOR). But the main well-established application is related to effluent treatment and bioremediation. Although, biodegradation of resins and asphaltenes
have been reported, and microorganisms are associated with the degradation of
metalloporphyrins. However, there is a little clear evidence that BDM of crude
oil can be achieved.
James G. Speight, Nour Shafik El-Gendy, 2018, pp. 70–71
II. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
conventional thermochemical treatment, oxidative approach, reductive desulfurization scheme, disposal of coproducts, treatment process, harmless saleable
products, environmentally benign products, microbial population, adversely,
environmental implications, nonaqueous media, hydrocarbon-polluted soils and
sediments, microbial enhanced oil recovery.
III. Match two halves of the sentences to make one.
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4. Since bioremediation can be effective
only where environmental conditions
permit microbial growth and activity,
d) is converted into hydrogen sulfide, which may then be catalytically converted into elemental sulfur
5. The major applications of petroleum
biotechnology are
e) and may be removed in process
water.
6. In the reductive desulfurization
scheme, organic sulfur
f) by bio-technologies, both positively and adversely.
7. It must be recognized that the environment can be affected
g) its application often involves the
manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth
and degradation to proceed at a
faster rate.
IV. Describe potential applications of biotechnology in a petroleum
refinery using picture 1 from the text.
PART C
I. Read and give the title to the text.
In fact, biotechnology is now accepted as an attractive means of improving
the efficiency of any industrial processes and resolving serious environmental
problems. One of the reasons for this is the extraordinary metabolic capability
that exists within the bacterial world. Microbial enzymes can bio-transform
a wide range of compounds, and the worldwide increase in attention being paid
to this concept can be attributed to several factors, including the presence of
a wide variety of catabolic enzymes and the ability of many microbial enzymes
to transform a broad range of unnatural compounds (xenobiotic compounds) as
well as natural compounds. Biotransformation processes have several advantages compared with chemical processes, including the following: (1) microbial enzyme reactions are often more selective, (2) biotransformation processes are often more energy-efficient, (3) microbial enzymes are active under
mild conditions, and (4) microbial enzymes are environment-friendly biocatalysts. Although many biotransformation processes have been described, only
a few of these have been used as part of an industrial process and opportunities
exist for biorefining of petroleum. Of particular interest in this context is the
phenomenon of BDS (biological desulfurization, microbial desulfurization)
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which is used to oxidize sulfur compounds in crude oil ultimately resulting in
desulfurization. This represents the ability of microbial species to desulfurize
compounds that are recalcitrant to the current standard technology in the oil industry.
Biobased processes afford the potential for substantially lower capital expenses per ton of capacity in the form of fewer unit operations since bioprocesses can often handle multiple steps of a process in a single-unit operation –
fermentation. Fewer operations mean less equipment and lower costs. In addition, bioprocesses can often design organisms to produce exactly the chemical
of interest, rather than the mix of hydrocarbons. In fact, biotechnology has the
potential to become a must-have component of a petroleum production and refining portfolios as the bio-based processes prove their commercial reliability
and economics.
James G. Speight, Nour Shafik El-Gendy, 2018, pp. 71–72
II. Describe the advantages and the potential of biotechnology using
the following words and phrases:
1) microbial enzyme reactions; 2) energy-efficient; 3) under mild condi-
tions; 4) environment-friendly; 5) biological desulfurization; 6) fermentation;
7) the chemical of interest; 8) lower costs; 9) commercial reliability.
III. Fill in the missing words:
viable, manufacture, industrial, fuels, raw, energy, renewable, take.
Fossil … have been the primary … source for society since the Industrial
Revolution. They provide the … material for the manufacture of many everyday products that we … for granted, including pharmaceuticals, food and drink,
materials, plastics and personal care. As the 21st century progresses we need
solutions for the manufacture of chemicals that are smarter, more predictable
and more sustainable. Industrial biotechnology is changing how we … chemicals and materials, as well as providing us with a source of energy. It is at the
core of sustainable manufacturing processes and an attractive alternative to traditional manufacturing technologies to commercially advance and transform
priority … sectors yielding more and more … solutions for our environment in
the form of new chemicals, new materials and bioenergy.
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UNIT II
aliphatic
алифатический; неорганический
sulfur
сера
mercaptans
меркаптаны (сернистые соединения, распро-
страненные в нефтепродуктах)
pyridine
пиридин
indole
индол
carbazole
карбазол
carboxylic acid
карбоновая кислота
furan
фуран
porphyrin
порфирины
pyrrole rings
пиррольное кольцо
ppm
число частей на миллион; мкг/г
trace element
микропримесь; элемент, присутствующий в
очень малом количестве; примесь
source rock
нефтематеринская порода; нефтегазоматерин-
ская порода
reservoir rock
нефтесодержащая порода; горная порода, обла-
дающая способностью накапливать нефть; по-
ристая порода; порода-резервуар; коллектор
PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
PART A
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resin
смола; смолистые вещества в нефтепродукте
high-boiling fractions
высококипящие фракции
polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PNAs)
полициклические ароматические углеводороды
(ПАУ)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives,
PAHs
полиядерные ароматические углеводороды; по-
лиароматические углеводороды
redox potential
редокс-потенциал; окислительно-восстановительный потенциал
acetic acid
уксусная кислота; этановая кислота
benzoic acid
бензойная кислота
butyric acid
масляная кислота; бутановая кислота
formic acid
муравьиная кислота; метановая кислота
propanoic acid
пропановая кислота; пропионовая кислота
naphthenic acids
нафтеновые кислоты
immature oil
незрелая нефть
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is crude oil?
2. What compounds are unfavorable to biotechnology processes?
3. What elements can be traced in crude oil in ppm quantities?
4. What are the conditions prevailing in crude oil reservoirs?
5. What are the main sources of carbon for microorganisms in crude oil?
II. Read the text and check the answers.
The principles of biotechnology as applied to crude oil are defined by
the composition of crude oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of
various compounds, organic and inorganic, including aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons as well as higher molecular weight compounds containing sulfur,
nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. Nonhydrocarbon compounds (those compounds
that are not composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) include sulphur compounds in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptans (compounds containing the –SH group), organic sulfide derivatives, organic thiophene derivatives, as well as benzothiophene derivatives and naphthothiophene derivatives.
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These compounds are unfavorable to biotechnology processes due to their resistance to biochemical change. Nitrogen compounds represent nonhydrocarbon
compounds that occur in crude oil and occurs as (1) basic and (2) nonbasic derivatives. The first group includes pyridine derivatives and quinoline derivatives
while the second group comprises pyrrole derivatives, indole derivatives, and
carbazole derivatives. Oxygen compounds such as phenol derivatives, carboxylic
acid derivatives, and furan derivatives also occur in crude oil. Porphyrin derivatives often occur in crude oil and are composed of pyrrole rings connected by
methine bridges.
Trace elements are present in crude oil in ppm quantities. Besides porphyrins, trace elements occur as naphthenic acids soaps (particularly compounds of
Zn, Ti, Ca, and Mg), as well as metalorganic bonds (V, Cu, Ni, Fe). The highest
concentration of trace elements that have been determined corresponds to vanadium, nickel, and iron as well as calcium and iron. Crude oil is naturally
enriched with these elements during its migration from the source rock to the
reservoir rock and even within the reservoir rock. Particularly high contents of
vanadium have been found in crude oils from Venezuela.
Resin constituents and asphaltene constituents represent the high-boiling
fractions of crude oil, particularly in those crude oils that are designated as
naphthenic crude oils. The resin constituents and asphaltene constituents have
very complex chemical structures and include most of the heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds), trace elements, and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon derivatives (PNAs, also called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
derivatives, PAHs).
The conditions prevailing in a crude oil reservoir significantly differ from
environmental settings typical to the occurrence of living organisms on Earth.
The redox potential is very low, the pressure and temperature are very high, and
the salt content may reach up to over 10 %. Moreover, this setting lacks electron acceptors, such as oxygen, typical for most microorganisms, while sulfate
and carbonate are present and the range of electron donors admissible for microorganisms is very wide.
Most hydrocarbon derivatives (especially the heteroatom-containing compounds including the trace metal constituents) occurring in crude oil have toxic
effects resulting mainly from their chemical structure. These toxic hydrocarbons include both aliphatic and aromatic compounds, such as PAHs, whose
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toxicity increases proportionally to the number of carbon atoms in the compound. This is particularly in the case of the PAH derivatives with more than
four-member rings in the structure. Despite the toxicity of the chemical compounds occurring in crude oil, several groups of microorganisms have been
found in this setting.
The main sources of carbon for microorganisms in crude oil are hydrocarbons, both aliphatic and aromatic, but also organic compounds that are often the
products of crude oil biodegradation. These organic compounds include organic
acids such as acetic acid, benzoic acid, butyric acid, formic acid, propanoic
acid, and naphthenic acids. The electron donors may be hydrogen and, in the
case of immature oil, the resin constituents and the asphaltene constituents,
whose metabolic availability is confirmed by the fact that anaerobic microorganisms may develop in cultures with crude oil without any modifications
of the composition.
James G. Speight, Nour Shafik El-Gendy, 2018, pp. 73–74
IV. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases:
1) биохимическое преобразование; 2) состояние окружающей среды;
3) пиррольное кольцо; 4) высочайшая концентрация; 5) гетератом; 6) токсичность; 7) донор электрона; 8) видоизменение.
V. Put the verbs into correct forms:
1) Porphyrin derivative often … in crude oil. (occur)
2) The conditions … in a crude oil reservoir significantly differ from envi-
ronmental settings. (prevail)
3) This … particularly in the case of the PAH derivatives with more than
four-member rings in the structure. (be)
4) Pyrrole rings … by methine bridges. (connect)
5) The first group … pyridine derivatives and quinoline derivatives while
the second group … pyrrole derivatives, indole derivatives, and carbazole derivatives. (include, comprise)
6) Despite the toxicity of the chemical compounds occurring in crude oil,
several groups of microorganisms … in this setting. (find)
7) The redox potential … very low, the pressure and temperature … very
high. (be)
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