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Файл:Архитектурно-строительное проектирование. Определения и термины. Справочник
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ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɥɚɞɤɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ (ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ) ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɢɯ
ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ).
ȼɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
171
6. ɅȿɋɌɇɂɐɕ. ɅɂɎɌɕ ɉȺɋɋȺɀɂɊɋɄɂȿ.
ɗɋɄȺɅȺɌɈɊɕ ɂ ɉȺɋɋȺɀɂɊɋɄɂȿ ɄɈɇȼȿɃȿɊɕ
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɚɪɲɟɣ ɢ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɥɢɮɬɨɜ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
(ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ,
ɛɚɥɤɚ
ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɚ
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɛɨɪɬ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ/ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɛɚɡɚ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ
ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɚ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɟ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɨɜ, ɤɚɪɧɢɡɨɜ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ(-ɢ) ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɟɝɨ (ɢɯ) ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɡɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ.
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɪɬɭɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫɨɦ ɢ
ɤɚɪɧɢɡɨɦ.
172
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɛɟɝɭɧɨɤ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
ɞɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɲɚɯɬɵ
ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ
Ɉɩɨɪɚ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ
ɬɹɝɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ.
ɉɪɢɜɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɫ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɭ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ
ɤɚɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɲɚɯɬɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɦ
ɤɚɛɢɧɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɮɬɚ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɥɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɤ ɲɢ-
173
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɹɦɤɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɵ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ/ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɛɚɡɚ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɪɢɧɟ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɪɭɱɧɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɧ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɥɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟ-
ɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ
ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɬɨɪɰɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧ ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ
ɲɚɯɬɵ.
ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ/ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
Ɂɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɡɭɛɶɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢɥɢ
ɥɟɧɬɵ.
ɋɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɤɨɦ.
174
ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ
ɥɢɮɬɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ (ɲɚɯɬɵ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ (ɲɚɯɬɵ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ (ɲɚɯɬɵ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ
ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ(ɲɚɯɬɵ)
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ
(ɲɚɯɬɵ) ɪɚɫɩɚɲɧɚɹ
ɞɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ
(ɲɚɯɬɵ) ɫɤɥɚɞɱɚɬɚɹ
ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɞɥɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɥɢɮɬ.
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚ (ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ) ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚ (ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ) ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ.
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɚ
ɞɪɭɝɭɸ.
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɤ
ɰɟɧɬɪɭ).
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ (ɲɚɯɬɵ), ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚ
(ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ) ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɩɨɪɬɚɥɭ ɞɜɟɪɢ.
Ⱦɜɟɪɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ (ɲɚɯɬɵ), ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚ
(ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ) ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ
ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɭ ɞɜɟɪɢ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɢɫɤ
ɡɚɳɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɢ ɮɚɪɬɭɤɨɦ.
175
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɬɨɪɦɨɡ
ɤɚɛɢɧɚ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ
ɥɢɮɬɚ
ɤɚɪɧɢɡ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ
ɤɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɚ
ɥɟɧɬɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɦ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ.
Ƚɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɟɧ,
ɩɨɥɚ, ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɟɪɢ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ
ɢ ɳɢɬɵ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɨɦ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɝɨ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ƚɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɪɢɮɥɟɧɨɣ (ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ) ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɭɛɶɹ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ.
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ (ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ), ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɟɬɢɜ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ.
176
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ ɦɚɪɲɟɜɚɹ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɪɲ
ɥɢɮɬ
ɥɢɮɬ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ
ɥɢɮɬ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
(ɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɥɢɮɬ)
ɥɢɮɬ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ (ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ), ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɦɚɪɲɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ.
Ƚɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɹɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ.
ɇɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ – ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɩɨ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɚɠɚɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɛɢɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ, ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 15°.
Ʌɢɮɬ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ.
ɉɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɥɢɮɬ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(ɤɚɬɚɥɤɚɯ, ɤɪɨɜɚɬɹɯ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ʌɢɮɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
177
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ
ɦɚɪɲ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ/
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ
(ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ)
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɶ
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ
ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɚ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɬɢɜ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ, ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɮɬɚ (ɝɢɞɪɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ).
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɚɠɚɦɢ.
Ɉɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɦ ɝɪɟɛɧɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɨɜ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɫɫɚ-
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ɧɚɫɬɢɥ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɧɟɫɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɛɟɝɭɧɨɤ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɨɬɤɚɡɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ
ɰɟɩɶ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪ
ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɢ ɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɪɢɮɥɟɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɭɛɶɹ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ.
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ,
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɧɬɚ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ,
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɟɡ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
Ɉɩɨɪɚ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ/ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ
ɬɹɝɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ,
ɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
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ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɟ
ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ
ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ
ɩɥɢɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ
ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɤɚɛɢɧɵ
ɩɨɥɭɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚ
ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ
ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
Ƚɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɹɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɞ ɮɚɪɬɭɤɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ
ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɳɢɬɵ ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɵ.
ɇɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɤɢ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ
ɧɟɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɫ ɪɢɮɥɟɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɭɛɶɹ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ
ɫɦɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 1 ɦ
ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɥɚ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ
ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɨɪɵ ɪɭɤ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ.
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