Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Архитектурно-строительное проектирование. Определения и термины. Справочник
.pdf
ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɵ (ɡɞɟɫɶ)
ɨɞɟɪɧɨɜɤɚ
ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ (ɢɥɢ)
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ). Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɈɄ 019 (ɈɄȺɌɈ).
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɟɞɢ ɢ
ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ: ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɪɨɡɧɢɰɵ (ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ),
ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɧɢɧɵ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ (ɩɚɪɤ, ɫɚɞ, ɫɤɜɟɪ,
ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɥɥɟɹ, ɛɭɥɶɜɚɪ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɫ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɠɢɥɵɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
70 % ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨ
ɡɨɧ, ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
251
ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɩɚɪɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɧ
ɩɟɪɝɨɥɚ
ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ
ɡɟɥɟɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɟ,
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ,
ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɯɪɚɧɵ.
Ƚɚɡɨɧ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ, ɝɭɫɬɨɬɟ
ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ.
Ʌɟɝɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɟɞɤɢ, ɝɚɥɟɪɟɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ «ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɧɟɥɶ», ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
Ƚɚɪɚɠɢ-ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɩɟɪɟɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɚɯ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɟɧɚ,
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨ-ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ-
252
ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ
ɪ
(
ɭɞɟɪ
ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɢ
ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɷɫɩɥɚɧɚɞɵ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ (ɡɞɟɫɶ)
ɩɨɱɜɨɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
ɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɪ-
ɢɬɨɪɢɸ.
Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɪɚɫɫɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɪɨɬɭɚɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɜ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ, ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɭɥɢɰɵ (ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɫ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
1 ɝɚ).
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ (ɢɥɢ)
ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɬɟɥɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ
ɠɚɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
253
ɩɪɢɤɨɩ
ɩɪɢɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɪɢɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ
ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɩɪɢɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɭɧɤɚ
ɩɪɨɟɡɞ (ɡɞɟɫɶ)
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɜɵɤɨɩɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ
ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚɯ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ
ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɪɚɠɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ (ɧɚɡɟɦɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ), ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɣ
ɹɦɵ, ɨɛɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɢɤɨɦ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɢɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɦɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
254
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ɪɚɛɚɬɤɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ
ɪɭɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɪɧɢɧɚ
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɫɤɥɚɞɵ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ,
ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ), ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪɨɜ, ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɟ
ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.
ɐɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ ɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
Ⱦɟɪɧɢɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɜ, ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɦ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɵ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ
255
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɫɨɥɢɬɟɪ
ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɧ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
(ɩɨɫɟɥɤɨɜ, ɫɟɥ, ɫɬɚɧɢɰ, ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ, ɯɭɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚɭɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ
ɤɚɩɟɥɶ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ, ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ.
Ƚɚɡɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɦ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɝɚɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɜ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɤ ɜɵɬɚɩɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ,
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɦɚɥɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
256
ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɦɚɥɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ
ɫɭɞɨɜ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɮɨɧɬɚɧ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɢ (ɢɥɢ)
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ȼɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ
ɢ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɜɚɪɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɢ/ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ/ɜɵɫɚɞɤɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɥɚɜɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ
ɫɬɟɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɠ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɟɪɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 2 ɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɚɧɬɪɟɫɨɥɟɣ, ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɥɨɜ, ɜɟɪɚɧɞ, ɛɚɥɤɨɧɨɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɫɬɟɤɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ.
Ɏɨɧɬɚɧ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ
ɱɚɲɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɜɵɦɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫ ɜɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɮɨɪ-
257
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-
ɩɟɪɟɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ
ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪ
ɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ.
Ɂɨɧɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ
ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ.
Ɂɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɯ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɧɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɚɞɨɤ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɡɠɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ,
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɭɥɢɰ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɦ
ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɚɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɡɠɟɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɨɣ
(ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ),
ɜɢɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ
258
ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɭɥɢɱɧɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɚɹ
ɫɟɬɶ; ɍȾɋ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɡɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɨɪ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɥɢɱɧɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɩɭɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɦɨɫɬɵ, ɬɭɧɧɟɥɢ, ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞɵ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ), ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɍȾɋ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɍȾɋ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɡɟɦɥɹɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ, ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
259
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɨɧɵ
ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɚɹ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɲɩɚɥɟɪɚ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ.
Ɂɨɧɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭ- ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ.
ɇɟɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɤɚɣɦɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɵ,
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ, ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɢ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ, ɜɟɬɪɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ, ɞɨɠɞɹ,
ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).
Ⱦɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɥɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɟɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ ɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
260
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]