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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие по английскому языку направления подготовки бакалавров 221700 – «Стандартизация и метрология»
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to be in general usage; electronically controlled; in other words; of a
few square millimetres; commonly; the more..., the more; operation by
operation; according to; advantage over; a thousand times faster.
согласно; размером в несколько мм; с электронным управлением;
чем больше..., тем больше; являться общеупотребительным;
операция за операцией; обычно; в 1000 раз быстрее; другими
словами; преиму¬щество по сравнению.
5. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их:
won, rung, driven, run, fed, laid, hung, read
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 7C
ISO STANDARDS AND WORLD ENVIROMENT DAY
ISO has published standards that are highly relevant to the theme
of this year's World Environment Day on 5 June, which is promoted by
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
ISO 14064 and ISO 14065 are among the latest in the ISO 14000 family
of standards for environmental management of which the best-known
standard, ISO 14001, celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2006. In just a
decade, ISO 14001 has become the international benchmark for
environmental management systems. It is implemented in 138 countries
and thoroughly integrated with the global economy.
Other standards in the ISO 14000 family are practical tools to
address issues such as environmental labelling, environmental
performance, life cycle analysis and environmental communication. The
ISO 14000 family thus constitutes a holistic approach that can be
implemented in any type of organization in either public or private sector,
in organizations large or small, in manufacturing or services.
The ISO 14000 standards are the most visible part of ISO's work for the
environment. However, ISO has in fact a multi-faceted approach to the
environment, comprising some 570 standards.
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For example, it offers a wide-ranging portfolio of standardized
sampling, testing and analytical methods for the monitoring of such
aspects as the quality of air, water and soil. These standards are a means
of providing business and government with scientifically valid data on the
environmental effects of economic activity.
Other aspects of ISO’s environment-related standardization work
include the following:
integrating environmental aspects in product design and development
treatment of waste
sustainability in building construction
quality of water supply and treatment services
energy efficiency and renewable sources, including nuclear and hydrogen,
and new work on ship recycling.
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and
communication technology _______.
a) questions
b) issues
c) tasks
2. For more than 140 years, ITU has established the worldwide standards
that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of _______. systems.
a) communications
b) TV
c) digital
3. ITU also organizes worldwide and regional _______. and forums.
a) classes
b) exhibitions
c) competitions
4. ITU continues to play a _______. role in helping the world
communicate.
a) minor
b) major
c) central
5. The IEC, headquartered in _______.
a) Moscow
b) London
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c) Geneva
6. The IEC is world’s leading organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies – collectively known as _______.
a) electro technology
b) electricity
c) telecommunication
7. ISO is a global network of national _______ institutes from 156
countries.
a) rules
b) standards
c) certificates
8. It has a current _______ of some 16 500 standards for business,
government and society.
a) document
b) characteristics
c) portfolio
9. ISO's standards make up a complete offering for all three _______ of
sustainable development – economic, environmental and social.
a) dimensions
b) systems
c) branches
10. ISO standards provide solutions and achieve benefits for almost all
sectors of _______.
a) productivity
b) activity
c) responsibility
Unit 8
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях
основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
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II. VOCABULARY:
consensus – согласие
to take into account – принять во внимание
vendors - продавцы
consumer groups – группы потребителей
voluntary – добровольный
to satisfy – удовлетворять
phase – стадия
to propose – предлагать
to comprise – включать
to negotiate – вести переговоры
approval – одобрение
phase-фаза
development - развитие
customer - покупатель
principle – принцип, закон, первопричина, основа
agreement - соглашение
hazard – риск, рисковать
fetch –приносить доход, выручать, принести, привести
TEXT 8A
HOW ARE ISO STANDARDS DEVELOPED?
ISO standards are developed according to the following principles:
- Consensus
The views of all interests are taken in to account: manufacturers, vendors
and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments,
engineering professions and research organizations.
- Industry-wide
Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide.
- Voluntary
International standardization is market-driven and therefore based on
voluntary involvement of all interests in the market-place.
There are three main phases in the ISO standards development process.
The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector,
which communicates this need to a national member body. The latter
proposes the new work item to ISO as a whole. Once the need for an
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International Standard has been recognized and formally agreed, the first
phase involves definition of the technical scope of the future standard.
This phase is usually carried out in working groups which comprise
technical experts from countries interested in the subject matter.
Once agreement has been reached on which technical aspects are
to be covered in the standard, a second phase is entered during which
countries negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard. This is
the consensus-building phase.
The final phase comprises the formal approval of the resulting draft
International Standard (the acceptance criteria stipulate approval by twothirds of the ISO members that have participated actively in the standards
development process, and approval by 75 % of all members that vote),
following which the agreed text is published as an ISO International
Standard.
Most standards require periodic revision. Several factors combine to
render a standard out of date: technological evolution, new methods and
materials, new quality and safety requirements. To take account of these
factors, ISO has established the general rule that all ISO standards should
be reviewed at intervals of not more than five years. On occasion, it is
necessary to revise a standard earlier.
EXERCISES:
1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя
словарь.
2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What are the principles of ISO standards development?
2. Whose views are taken into account in developing standards?
3. What is International standardization based on?
4. How many phases are there in the ISO standards development
process?
5. What do the phases comprise?
6. What is the need for a standard usually expressed by?
7. Why is it necessary to revise a standard?
3. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык:
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formal approval, periodic revision, new methods and materials, new
quality, safety requirements, general rule, technical aspects, technical
experts, industry sector.
4. Найдите английские эквиваленты в левой колонке:
а) с интервалами 1) on occasion
b) следуя 2) at intervals
c) поэтому, следовательно 3) to take into account
d) брать во внимание 4) therefore
e) при случае 5) following
5. Образуйте существительное от следующих глаголов с
помощью суффикса -ment:
to develop, to approve, to require, to establish, to achieve, to improve,
to manage, to acknowledge.
TEXT 8B
CERTIFICATION OF FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A newly published document in the ISO 22000 series gives the
requirements for the bodies that carry out auditing and certification of
food safety management systems (FSMS).
The ISO 22000 family of International Standards addresses food safety
management.
The consequences of unsafe food can be serious and ISO’s food safety
management standards help organizations identify and control food safety
hazards. As many of today's food products repeatedly cross national
boundaries, International Standards are needed to ensure the safety of the
global food supply chain.
ISO 22000 contains all essential elements for ensuring the safety of
food in the entire chain. On the manufacturing side, a supporting standard
ISO/TS 22002-1 is used as a guide to good practices. Food Safety
Management System ISO 22000 can be easily integrated into quality
management system ISO 9001 to create a consistent operating system.
When both systems are certified by Inspecta, the audits can be combined
to reach maximum synergy.
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ISO technical specification.
ISO/TS 22003:2007 provides information, criteria and guidance for
carrying out ISO 22000:2005 auditing and certification. It will therefore
be useful for certification bodies, the accreditation bodies that approve
them, suppliers wishing to have their FSMS certified, their customers and
food sector regulators.
Certification to ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems –
Requirements for any organization in the food chain, is not a requirement
of that standard, which can be implemented solely for the benefits it
provides. However, where certification is required by customers, or by
regulators, or is judged desirable as a marketing differentiator, ISO/TS
22003:2007 will help to build confidence in such certification throughout
the food supply chain.
ISO/TS 22003 is the latest document in the ISO series for food safety
management systems, which harmonizes good food safety practice
worldwide. It was launched in 2005 with ISO 22000, backed by an
international consensus among experts from government and industry.
ISO/TS 22003:2007, Requirements for bodies providing audit and
certification of food safety management systems, was developed by ISO
technical committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, in collaboration with
ISO/CASCO, Committee on conformity assessment
EXERCISES:
1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1.What is ISO 22000 standard?
2. What is a supporting standard ISO/TS 22002-1 used as a guide
to good practices?
3. What does ISO/TS 22003:2007 standard provide?
4. What does ISO 22000 standard contain?
5. When was ISO/TS 22003 standard launched?
2. Письменно обсудите следующие утверждения. Используйте
приведенные ниже фразы для выражения своего мнения:
1. It seems to me (that)...
2. I would like to say that...
3. As I see it...
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4. I think that...
5. I guess...
6. I suppose...
7. I (strongly) believe that...
8. I am (absolutely) sure that...
Statement A: Certification to ISO 22000:2005, Food safety
management systems – Requirements for any organization in the
food chain, is not a requirement of that standard, which can be
implemented solely for the benefits it provides.
Statement B: ISO/TS 22003:2007 provides information, criteria
and guidance for carrying out ISO 22000:2005 auditing and
certification.
З. Употребите предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной
формах:
1. We were able to read that article in the library.
2. Some students will be permitted to take exams in December.
3. You have to read this book.
4. We shall be able to skate in winter.
5. My friend is to take part in the conference.
6. The students of our group had to go to the plant last week.
7. They were allowed to continue their research.
4. Выберите правильный модальный глагол или его
эквивалент:
можно вычислить - (must, can, should) calculate; быть в состоянии
выполнить - (have to, be able to, be allowed to) carry out; нельзя
предсказать - (can't, needn't, be not able to) predict; должны начаться в
10 - (have to, may, need) begin at 10; следует знать - (should, may, need)
know; не нужно создавать - (may not, needn't, should not) create; нужно
(необходимо) использовать - (have to, be allowed, may) use; можно
взять эту книгу - (must, can, may) take this book; упорно не желать
сделать - (need, wouldn't, must) do.
5. Переведите предложения с составными предлогами due to,
thanks to , because of:
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1. Ships can communicate over long distances due to the radio.
2. Because of the earth's rotation there are days and nights on the earth.
3. Thanks to the radio it is possible to transmit human voice across the
globe.
4. Due to the latest achievements in electronics it has become possible
to develop supercomputers.
5. Solar and atomic batteries are used to supply power to transmitters
in spacecrafts because of their long life.
6. Thanks to the development of radio telescopes radio astronomy has
made great achievements.
7. Our century can be called "Space Age" because of the development
of a new branch of science and technology - cosmonautics.
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 8C
Metrology Forum: Just for Fun
WORLD STANDARDS DAY
From the pages of Open Systems Today - October 13, 1994:
"The International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) designated October 14 as World
Standards Day to recognize those volunteers who have worked hard to
define international standards.... The United States celebrated World
Standards Day on October 11; Finland celebrated on October 13; and Italy
celebrated on October 18."
No further comment about the global state of "standardization" is
necessary!
Managers versus Metrologists
A group of managers were asked to measure the height of a flagpole. They
fetched a ladder and tape measure and headed to the flagpole to perform
their task. They weren't having much luck because they kept dropping the
tape measure and falling off the ladder.
Observing what they were attempting to do, a metrologist
approached them and offered to help. He pulled the flagpole out of the
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ground, laid it down flat, measured it from one end to the other, gave the
measurements to one of the managers and walked away.
After the metrologist had gone, one of the managers turned to the others
and said, "Well, isn't that just like a metrologist? We're looking for the
height of the flagpole and he tells us the length."
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. ISO standards are developed ______ the following principles:
consensus, industry wide, voluntary.
a) thanks to
b) due to
c) according to
2. The views of all interests are taken ______ account: manufacturers,
vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments,
engineering professions and research organizations.
a) in
b) into
c) to
3. There are three main phases in the ISO standards ______ process.
a) necessity
b) improvement
c) development
4. The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector,
which communicates this need to a national________.
a) member body
b) examiner’s body
c) everybody
5. The latter proposes the new work item to ISO _________.
a) as a whole
b) particularly
c) only
6. A second ______ is entered during which countries negotiate the
detailed specifications within the standard.
a) part
b) phase
c) text
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