Английский язык. Учебное пособие по английскому языку направления подготовки бакалавров 221700 – «Стандартизация и метрология»

energy consumption rating at the expense of reduced thermal comfort, a special comfort level requirement is introduced into the concept of the standard. Keeping in mind these two requirements, for overall building energy use limits and for providing adequate thermal comfort, the thermal performance level of a building should be established from both:

are length, time, and weight. These standards were established in order to facilitate commerce and record human activity. Little progress was made with regard to proto-metrology until various scientists, chemists, and physicists started making headway during the scientificrevolution.With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of texperiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by the science. Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines. Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM. As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability. The development of standards also does involve individual and small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his

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to abide – соблюдать; придерживаться evidence – свидетельство (очевидность) credential – рекомендация; мандат criterion – критерий incentive – стимул; побудительный means – средства aesthetics – эстетика acre – акр (= 4 047 м²); владение, поместье, земли approximate – примерный; приблизительно равняться commensurable – делимый без остатка, соизмеримый, пропорциональный compulsion – принуждение, насилие customary – основанный на обычном праве, привычный distaste – питать отвращение, неприязнь downsize – уменьшать габариты и массу, сокращать gauge – мера, масштаб, размер, калибр, эталон, шаблон, ширина колеи hectare – гектар (=10 000 м²) inch – дюйм (2,54 см); небольшое расстояние nut – гайка, муфта obsolete – вышедший из употребления, старомодный, исчезающий ounce – унция (=28,35 грамма) pint –пинта (пива, эля): в Англии =0,57л; В США = 0,47л profiteering – спекуляция, нажива retail - розничный scales - весы specimen – образец, образчик, экземпляр support – поддержка, опора thread – резьба, нарезка vehicle – транспортное средство

SES offers two levels of certification: (1) "AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a fundamental knowledge of standards and application, and (2) "CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a thorough, more sophistication knowledge of the principles, techniques and effects of standardization and recognizes a persons experience, expertise and contributions in the area of standards. The "CStd" level offers four specific interest categories: standards development, standards application, standards management, and standards information. A person may be certified in either one of these categories and is entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation as appropriate in personnel records, resumes, letterheads, business cards, etc. to signify peer recognition of professional competence in the field of standards and standardization. SES certification benefits include: Evidence to employers that the individual has attained competence in the standards. Profession; A credential for use in seeking position or advancement; A criterion for employers to use for selection and advancement in standardization; Incentive for professional self development$ A means to increase and enhance acceptance of the standards profession. The first step to certification is the application form that identifies who you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified. You also must agree to abide by the SES Code of Ethics. The second step is completing and submitting the Personal Data Form. This form documents your education, achievements, and experience in the standards business. There are minimum points required and the form lets you determine where your strengths and weaknesses are and provides a measure of your readiness for taking the certification exam. The third step is successful completion of the certification examination. A fourth step, exclusive to the CStd certification, is a paper on standards or standardization. Once you have successfully completed all of the requirements, the certification is valid for five years.