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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие по английскому языку направления подготовки бакалавров 221700 – «Стандартизация и метрология»
.pdf
41
1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя
словарь.
2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What is SES?
2. What has SES established?
3. How many levels does SES offer?
4. How may the person be certified?
5. What do SES certification benefits include?
6. How many steps ate there to certification?
7. What time is the certification valid for?
3. Составить из следующих слов и выражений предложения:
1. SES, of, levels, offers, certification, two.
2. The personal Data form, the second step, is, submitting, and,
completing.
3. Is, five, the certification, valid for, years.
4. Подберите к существительным прилагательные по смыслу:
Personnel society
Professional developmen
High knowledge
Engineering record
Fundamental degree
5.Дополните следующие предложения, используя информацию из
текста:
The first step to certification is…
The second step is…
The third step is…
The fourth step is…
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TEXT 5B
DIFFERENT VALUES IN DIFFERENT PLACES
The spread of metrication around the world in the last two centuries
has been met with both support and opposition. All countries except
Burma (Myanmar), Liberia, and the United States of America have
officially adopted the metric system, although actual usage may be more
complex. Only the United States continues to see significant popular
opposition to metrication, the main objections being based in localism,
tradition, cultural aesthetics, economic impact, or distaste for measures
viewed as "foreign". Japan had significant popular opposition at one time
for similar reasons. Popular opposition in the United Kingdom exists to a
lesser degree and can be associated with anti-European Union sentiment.
France, where the measures were largely invented, saw popular opposition
during the early 19th century, though not for long. Thus, with the
exception of the United States, metrication is now fully or substantially
accepted in nearly all countries.
One argument used by opponents of the metric system is that
traditional systems of measurement were developed organically from
actual use. Early measures revolution. With the advances in the sciences,
the comparison of experiment to theory required a rational system of
units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to
come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and
other fundamental scientific principles could be applied to standards of
measurement, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or
qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of
measurement established by science.
Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial
Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production,
equipment commonality, and assembly lines.
Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the
political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of
establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus
making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this
case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit
of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the
meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on
June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International
d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained
43
unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of
modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all
nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and
recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre
Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and
Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for
Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM.
As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and
promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This
includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole,
to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and
maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a
hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the
established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability.
The development of standards also does involve individual and
small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his
company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the
volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This
advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the
development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells,
called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration
laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell
design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but
inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.
EXERCISES:
1. Докажите правильность утверждений следующих выражений:
a) true b) false c) there is no information in the text
1. The European Union is responsible for compulsory metrication.
2. In the US there is also government compulsion with weight and
measures.
3. There are still a great number of countries that oppose metrification.
4. According to the British Weights and Measures Society some metric
units are too small for measurement in everyday life.
5. A lot of traditional units are mentioned in colloquial English
expressions.
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2. Выберите правильный ответ на поставленный ниже вопрос и
запишите его:
How were traditional measures developed?
a) artificially
b) on the basis of rationality and commensurability
c) by holding a contest
d) by means of a science
3. Назовите слова, от которых образованы производные:
development, conveniently, communication, production, continuous,
beginning, transmitter, action, recorder, electronic, simultaneously,
different, usable, central, calculator, possibility, disconnect.
4. Найдите синонимы и антонимы:
tiny - small; to dissappear - to appear; a lot of - many; different various; next - following; short - long; to watch - to see; program - show;
commonly - usually; less - more; possible - impossible; true - untrue;
small - large; nowadays - at present, now; large - tremendous; advance progress; to start - to begin; major - main; to report - to announce; to
occur- to take place; convenient - suitable.
5. Расположите в алфавитном порядке следующие слова:
true, picture, telephone, communication; world, research, assembly,
invention; own, beginning, telegraph, central; satellite, first, artificial,
convenient; turn, videotape, transmit, size.
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
45
TEXT 5C
GENERAL SYSTEMS COMPANY, INC.
“The Global Leader In Management and Quality” – Providing
Senior Management Consultation and Implementing Proprietary
Management Operating Systems that Accelerate the Competitive business
Strengths of Leading Manufacturing and Services Companies Worldwide.
General Systems Company (GSC) has been helping major
businesses worldwide for over 30 years to attain leadership in growth,
profitability, and customer satisfaction. Now GSC is defining the new
rulebook for innovation in 21st century management and quality. The
Power of Management Capital TM is driving productivity and
profitability growth in today’s marketplace. Meanwhile, Total Quality
leadership is introducing systemic programs to achieve quality excellence.
This newest management/quality partnership is a groundbreaking concept
for top management involvement and corporate governance that has been
demonstrated by the pacesetter companies that are locked in the struggle
for winning the fiercely competitive markets of the new millennium.
GSC offers expertise, experience, and cutting edge technology that
has spanned across 24 major product and service industries. GSC’s
proprietary management operating systems selectively employ state of the
art management and quality techniques, such as six sigma, lean
management, supply chain management, just-in-time, customer value,
process capability management, and the basic statistical quality control
disciplines where they are most needed. This structured approach to total
quality management has characterized GSC’s success in helping leading
manufacturing and services companies worldwide to accelerate their
competitive business strengths in closing the gap and attainment of world
class results.
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. The Standards Engineering ______ (SES) has established a certification
program to recognize persons who have demonstrated a high degree of
professional competence in different areas of standards.
a) Organization
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b) Society
c)Union
2. SES offers two levels of ________.
a) standards
b) marking
c) certification
3. "AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a ______ knowledge of
standards and application.
a) upper-intermediate
b) intermediate
c) fundamental
4. The "CStd" ______ offers four specific interest categories.
a) level
b) stage
c) part
5. "CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a
thorough, more sophistication ______ of the principles, techniques and
effects of standardization.
a) habit
b) knowledge
c) power
6. A person may be certified in ______ one of these categories and is
entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation.
a) either
b) all
c) neither
7. SES certification benefits include a means to increase and enhance
acceptance of the standards ______.
a) specialty
b) study
c) profession
8. The first step to certification is the application form that identifies
______ you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified.
a) why
b) who
c) what
9. The second ______ is completing and submitting the Personal Data
Form.
a) step
b) level
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c) point
10. The certification is valid for ______ years.
a) there
b) four
c) five
Unit 6
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные
термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
II. VOCABULARY:
to adopt – принимать
patented technology – патентованная технология
banner – знамя
entity – юридическое лицо
investment – капиталовложение;инвестиция
solid – твердый
crucial – критический
resources – ресурсы
implementation - выполнение
to encourage – поощрять
to share – разделять
versus – против
to regard – расценивать
to seek – искать
ultimately – в конечном счете
discourse – беседа; рассуждение
to facilitate – содействовать; облегчать
to assist – помогать
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TEXT 6A
USE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
The world’s leading international standards organizations have
adopted a harmonized approach to address the inclusion of patented
technology in standards. IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission), ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and
ITU (International Telecommunication Union), under the banner of the
World Standards Cooperation (WSC), have aligned their policies which
allow for commercial entities to contribute the fruits of their research and
development (R&D) activity safe in the knowledge that their intellectual
property rights are respected.
In today’s commercial world, especially in information and
communication technologies (ICT), there is significant investment in
R&D activity. A solid patent policy provides crucial investment protection
while also opening-up intellectual property resources for broad
implementation across the industry.
ITU’s standards work is closely linked with innovation and new
research. Today, it is difficult to develop technical standards without
implicating patents. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account
the interests of end-users. Therefore a balance must be found. This policy
will encourage industry to share its intellectual property with
implementers of standards on a reasonable basis knowing that their
interests will be protected.
The fine-tuning of ISO’s policy is to achieve exactly the right
balance – ownership versus sharing of intellectual property – is no small
achievement. International Standards are used to successfully disseminate
innovation, with a clear set of guidelines regarding the disclosure of and
commitment to license the use of patented technologies. It is an excellent
example of the co-operation between the three WSC partners.
International standards developed by ISO, ITU and IEC provide
a practical solution to many of the challenges faced by business in today’s
increasingly global markets. Industry has been seeking a common
approach to patents from the world’s leading standards developers. The
increased collaboration between the World Standards Cooperation
partners has led to the development of this common policy which will
ultimately benefit end-users and industry.
The policy adopted by the three organizations strongly
encourages the disclosure of patented technology which is necessary for
49
the implementation of a standard before the standardization process has
been completed. It allows for companies’ innovative technologies to be
included in standards as long as such intellectual property is made
available under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions.
In addition, IEC, ISO and ITU have jointly adopted Guidelines for the
Implementation of the Common Patent Policy and a Patent Statement and
License Declaration Form.
Each of the three WSC organizations also has an online patent
database to facilitate the work of the standards developers and to assist
companies wishing to implement international
standards/recommendations that include patented technologies.
EXERCISES:
1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя
словарь.
2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What have the leading international standards certification
adopted?
2. In what kind of activity can significant investment be found?
3. What is ITU’s standards work closely linked with?
4. What do ISO, ITU and IEC standards provide?
5. What can you say about patent police in the standardization
process?
3. Дайте расшифровку абривиатуры:
ITS, ITU, ISO, RLD, IES.
4. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык:
international standards;
commercial world;
global markets;
intellectual resources;
broad implementation;
harmonized approach;
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patented technologies;
standardization process;
innovative technology.
5. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:
clear, difficult, excellent, today, right, bread, to protect, close.
TEXT 6B
MERIDIONAL DEFINIYION
The meter (or metre), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the
International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one tenmillionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole (at sea
level), its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing
knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the length of the path
travelled by light in vacuum in a second.
The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length
was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John
Wilkins in 1668. In 1675 the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his
work Misura Universale, used the words (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal]
metre"), which was derived from the Greek (métron katholikón), "a
universal measure". This word gave rise to the French mètre which in
1797 was introduced into the English language.
In 1668 Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wren's suggestion of a
pendulum with a half-period of one second to measure a standard length
that Christiaan Huygens had observed to be 38 Rhineland or 39¼ English
inches (997 mm) in length.
In the 18th century, there were two favoured approaches to the
definition of the standard unit of length. One approach followed Wilkins
in defining the metre as the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one
second, a 'seconds pendulum'. The other approach suggested defining the
metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a
quadrant, that is the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1791,
the French Academy of Sciences selected the meridional definition over
the pendular definition because the force of gravity varies slightly over the
surface of the Earth, which affects the period of a pendulum.
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