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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие по английскому языку направления подготовки бакалавров 221700 – «Стандартизация и метрология»
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b) related
c) derived
8. International system of Units is a _______. of measurement units based
on the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system.
a) system
b) manual
c) instruction
9. Unchanging standards of measurement have been adopted only in
modern time.
a) now
b) ancient
10. The ________ system is commonly referred to as SI.
a) international
b) state
c) city
Unit 3
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях
основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
II. VOCABULARY:
supplementary unit - дополнительная единица
to obtain - получать; достигать
to multiply - умножать
to mean - значить
conversion - превращение
shift - изменение, сдвиг
decimal point - десятичная точка
pole - полюс
scratch - черта
accurate - точный
piece - кусок
platinum alloy – сплав платиновой группы
century - век, столетие
solar day - солнечный день
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rotation - вращение
earth - земля
as a result - в результате
frequency - частота
cesium - цезий
to absorb - поглощать
triple - тройной
solid - твердый
centigrade scale - стоградусная шкала
gauge – мера, масштаб, размер, калибр, эталон, шаблон, ширина
колеи
hectare – гектар (=10 000 м²)
inch – дюйм (2,54 см); небольшое расстояние
nut – гайка, муфта
obsolete – вышедший из употребления, старомодный, исчезающий
ounce – унция (=28,35 грамма)
pint –пинта (пива, эля): в Англии =0,57л; В США = 0,47л
TEXT 3A
MEASUREMENTS (Units of measurement)
At the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures,
held in Paris in 1960 standards were defined for six base units and two
supplementary units:
Length.
In the metric system the main unit of distance is the meter. Other
units of distance are always obtained by multiplying by 10 or a multiply
of 10. Thanks to our system of writing numbers this means that
conversions of one unit to another within the metric system can be carried
out by shifts of a decimal point.
There are several standard units of length in use to-day such as
meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter. The meter was originally defined in
terms of a distance from the north pole to the equator, this distance being
close to 10,000 kilometers or 107 meters. By international agreement, the
standard meter of the world is the distance between two scratches on a bar
of platinum- iridium alloy being kept at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures in France.. However there is a unit of length in
Nature much more accurate than the distance between two scratches on a
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piece of metal. This is the wavelength of light from any sharp spectral
line.
Mass.
In the metric system the unit of mass was originally defined as the
amount of mass contained in 1cc (cubic centimeter) of water (at a
specified temperature and pressure), this amount of mass being called the
gram. Thus the density of water is conveniently one gram per cubic
centimeter. In the English system the unit of mass is the pound. We shall
use the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram, and lb for pound.
Time.
For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of
rotation of the earth. The basic unit of time used in both the English and
the metric systems is the second, was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar
day or one complete rotation of the earth on its axis in relation to the sun.
Scientists discovered, however, that the rotation of the earth was not
constant enough to serve as the basis of the time standard. As a result, the
second was redefined in 1967 in terms of the resonant frequency of the
cesium atom, that is, the frequency at which this atom absorbs energy:
9,192,631,770 Hz (hertz, or cycles per second).
Temperature.
The temperature scale is based on a fixed temperature, that of the triple
point of water at which it’s solid ,liquid and gaseous. The freezing point of
the water was designated as 273.15 K, equaling exactly 0 on the Celsius
temperature scale. The Celsius scale, which is identical to the centigrade
scale, is named after the 18th-century Swedish astronomer Anders
Celsius, who first proposed the use of a scale in which the interval
between the freezing and boiling points of water is divided into 100
degrees. By international agreement, the term Celsius has officially
replaced centigrade.
EXERCISES:
1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя
словарь.
2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What is the standard meter of the world?
2. Where is the standard meter of the world kept?
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3. How was the unit of mass defined in the metric system?
4. How has time been universally measured?
5. What is the basic unit of time?
6. What is the temperature scale based on?
7. Whom is the Celsius scale named after?
8. How has the term Celsius officially replaced by international
agreement?
3. Образуйте существительное от следующих глаголов:
to discover, to act, to solve, to express, to observe, to measure, to
define, to suppose, to explain, to equip, to conserve, to equal.
4. Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных:
movement, difference, production, development, resistance,
observation, measurement, reference, abbreviation, reducer, conductor.
5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание
на перевод слова «time»;
time – раз, период, время
for the first time – впервые
at times – по временам
times – умножено на
1. Check the time of the experiment.
2. The production of the plant has increased by more then twenty
times since 1945.
3. The Venus at times rather close to the Earth.
4. The value is equal to N times R.
5. They usually check the results many times.
TEXT 3B
CURRENT USE OF IMPERIAL UNITS IN THE UK
British law now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric
equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United
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Kingdom for some applications; however, use of Imperial unit is
widespread in many cases.
The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 require that all
measuring devices used in trade or retail be capable of measuring and
displaying metric quantities. This has now been proven in court against
the so-called "Metric Martyrs", a small group of market traders who
insisted on trading in imperial units only. Contrary to the impression given
by some press reports, these regulations do not currently place any
obstacle in the way of using imperial units alongside metric units. Almost
all traders in the UK will accept requests from customers specified in
imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are common
place in the retail trade. Metric price signs may be accompanied by
imperial price signs (known as supplementary indicators) provided that
the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the official
metric ones.
The United Kingdom completed its legal partial transition to the
metric system (sometimes referred to as "SI") in 1995, with many imperial
units still legally mandated for some application; draught beer must be
sold in pints, road-sign distances must be in yards and miles, length and
width (but not weight) restrictions must be in feet and inches on road
signs (although an equivalent in metres may be shown as well), and road
speed limits must be in miles per hour, therefore instruments in vehicles
sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Foreign
vehicles, such as all post-2005 Irish vehicles, may legally have
instruments displayed only in kilometres per hour. Even though the troy
pound was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act of 1878,
the troy ounce still may be used for the weight of precious stones and
metals. The railways are also a big user of imperial units, with distances
officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet
and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour, although many modern
metro and tram systems are entirely metric, and London Underground
uses both metric (for distances) and imperial (for speeds).
The use of SI units is required by law for the retail sale of some
foods and other commodities, whilst imperial units are required for others.
Many British people still use imperial units in everyday life for distance
(yards, feet and inches), weight (especially stones and pounds) and
volume (gallons & pints). Milk is available in both litre and pint based
containers. Most people still measure their weight in stone and pounds,
and height in feet and inches (but these must be converted to metric if
recorded officially, for example in medical records). Petrol is often quoted
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as being so much per gallon, despite having been sold exclusively in litres
for two decades. Likewise, fuel consumption for cars is still almost always
in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100
km equivalents. Fahrenheit equivalents are occasionally given after
Celsius in weather forecasts, though this is becoming rare. Threads on
non-metric nuts and bolts etc. are sometimes referred to as Imperial,
especially in the UK. Areas of land associated with farming or forestry are
bought and sold measured in acres, but for official government areas the
unit is always hectares.
EXERCISES:
1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. Where are both systems’ units used in the UK?
2. Why do you think the country is mot going to give up it
imperial system?
3. Think of your own arguments for and against applying:
Alternative System
Metric System
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
2. Письменно выразите главную идею текста:
1. As I understood from the text...
2. According to the text...
3. According to the author...
4. As it is described in the text...
5. As it is said in the text...
6. As the author puts it...
7. According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the
text...
3. Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательные в сравнительной
степени и переведите их:
(eg. UK Imperial,
US customary, etc.)
Both
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teacher, taller, thermometer, thinker worker, weather, worse, writer
bomber, brother, brighter, barometer darker, driver, denser, dancer bigger,
best, builder, better father, farther, foreigner, faster earlier, easier, eater,
engineer compressor, computer, colder, closer meter, mover, more, motor
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 3C
“LENGIPROMEZ” ENGINEERING POLICY
The general direction of the “Lengipromez” development is the
raising of the competitive capacity of the design products and services.
For these purposes the management of the Company has defined the
following aims in the engineering activity:
Provision of the Customers/Clients with high-quality design
documents which guarantee, upon implementation of the project,
manufacturing of the competitive products due to the following:
Updating of the productive potential, improvement of the production
structure and technology;
Orientation for development of the new and updating of the
available technological processes and machinery ensuring the minimal
possible investments and energy intensity;
Increase in output of the progressive, economically efficient metal
products along with decrease of steel-intensity;
Taking measures on improvement of the rational use of the
fuel and power resources, material resources, introduction of the resourcesaving techniques and technologies;
Provision of the air pollution control and reduction of effluents coming
into the water basins on the basis of the technical reequipment and
reconstruction of enterprises at the expense of introduction of the latest
progressive technologies and use of the improved machinery;
Increase of the labor productivity.
Enhancement of the responsibility for incorporation into the
design documents at all designing stages measures for satisfaction of the
requirements of the legislative authorities, government agencies and
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inspection bodies to guarantee the industrial safety, labor protection,
prevention of accidents and localization of their consequences.
Concentration of efforts on preparation of the first-priority projects.
Enhancement of the level of the corporative solidarity, systematic
participation in the work of the branch associations, meetings and
sessions, international congresses, etc., transfer of the acquired valuable
experience in launching and further development of the business activity.
IV.TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. At the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in
Paris in 1960 _________were defined for six base units and two
supplementary units.
a) standards
b) rules
c) features
2. In the metric system the main unit of distance is the _______.
a) kilometer
b) meter
c) foot
3. There are _______ standard units of length in use to-day such as meter,
inch, foot, mile and centimeter.
a) several
b) various
c) different
4. The meter was ________ defined in terms of a distance from the North
Pole to the equator.
a) widely
b) exactly
c) originally
5. There is a unit of length in Nature much more ________than the
distance between two scratches on a piece of metal.
a) digital
b) accurate
c) basic
6. We shall _________ the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram,
and lb for pound.
a) discuss
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b) draw
c) use
7. For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of rotation
of the ________.
a) head
b) earth
c) wheel
8. The temperature scale is based on a ________temperature.
a) known
b) limited
c) fixed
9. The freezing point of the________ was designated as 273.15 K,
equaling exactly 0 on the Celsius temperature scale.
a) water
b) ice
c) snow
10. By international agreement, the term Celsius has ________ replaced
centigrade.
a) relatively
b) closely
c) officially
Unit 4
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях
основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
II. VOCABULARY:
insulation - изоляция
restrain - ограничить
thermal flow - тепловой поток
opaque wall - непрозрачная стена
fenestration – распределение окон в здании
margin - край
performance-выполнение (работа)
approach - подход
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rely on – положиться на
consumption - потребление
reduced – уменьшенный
comply – подчиняться (правилам); исполнять (приказ)
value - ценность
arbitrary – произвольный, случайный
assess – оценивать, давать оценку
auspices - протекция, покровительство
cell – ячейка, камера, клетка
commonality - общность
derive – получать, извлекать, устанавливать происхождение
designate –предназначать, называть
encompass - выполнять, осуществлять
encounter - столкнуться, натолкнуться на трудности
hierarchy – иерархия
inferior - подчинённый, второстепенный
in order to - для того чтобы
pendulum - маятник
precursor - предшественник
promulgate – опубликовать, обнародовать, пропагандировать
pursue – следовать намеченным курсом, преследовать
reconcile – примирить, урегулировать
refine – повышать качество
resemble – походить, иметь сходство
saturate – пропитывать, насыщать
TEXT 4A
A NEW CONCEPT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE
STANDARDIZATION OF BUILDING
Standards for thermal insulation of building now in force in Russia
restrain thermal flow through each of the major parts of the exterior
envelope (opaque wall sections, fenestration, etc.). The standards set
limits on heat flow at design temperatures of indoor and outdoor air in
steady-state heat transfer conditions.
A new concept of thermal performance standardization of a
building is based on considering the building as a complete energy
system. This approach relies on developing an energy consumption rating
for the whole building. However, since there is a risk of attaining the
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