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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие по английскому языку направления подготовки бакалавров 221700 – «Стандартизация и метрология»
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new, large, many, to begin, to take, to speak, to enter, to build, to do,
to get,modern,big, to start, much, to make, main, to talk, to construct, to
come into, major.
5. Составьте предложения из следующих слов в соответствии с
порядком слов в английском предложении:
1. Has, buildings, our, several, institute.
2. Subjects, students, many, first-year, study.
3. third-year, had, last, students, training, industrial, summer.
4. Carry out, students, practical, work, in, laboratories, well-
equipped.
5. Problems, many, scientists, important, solve, our.
6. Texts, difficult, Petrov, technical, translated.
7. His, will, the teacher, translation, correct.
8. Next, dean, a lecture, deliver, our, week, will.
9. Students, more, institutes, this, entered, one, a million, than, year.
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 1C
GENERAL SYSTEMS TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Total quality is a way of managing a business. It’s about increasing
the value that customers receive. It's about improving the things you do
right, not just cutting down the things you do wrong. It's a process, not a
technical activity or a set of statistics.
Sales growth today requires the kind of market quality that
anticipates customer requirements. This is very different from reacting on
a defect reduction basis - the traditional approach to quality improvement.
For many companies, this is a basic transformation in their quality
orientation and in their quality systems.
The companies that have succeeded in making total quality their
competitive leadership handle have greatly reduced the cost of failure in
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delivering customer satisfaction. This has become a center point of their
operating cost leadership.
Good quality costs less, not more. After all these years of cost
accounting, many companies still don't know what things really cost. This
has been why it has taken so long for them to recognize that the cost of
delivering customer satisfaction to buyers can be their single largest cost
except for material purchases.
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. _______of scientific and technical progress is closely linked with
raising the technical level and quality of the machine produced.
a) increase
b) decrease
c) acceleration
2. Machine________ requires numerous units, components, reliability and
durability of the final product.
a) use
b) production
c) necessity
3. With the demand of constant improvement of the technical level and
quality of production, ______ have become one of the most important
tasks.
a) standards
b) products
c) units
4. _______of standards has assumed a special importance.
a) Consumption
b) Limit
c) Improvement
5. Parameters must be determined that would dictate the need for the
whole of industry to produce only ________ commodities.
a) low-quality
b) high-quality
c) cheap
6. It is obviously _______ to single out five or six leading standards for
the principal machines and mechanisms.
a) necessary
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b) possible
c) important
7. The third group of standards points to the limits of ______
consumption.
a) technical
b) economic
c) energy
8. In connection with standards it should be stressed that the machines
must be designed ________ the standards.
a) thanks to
b) due to
c) according to
9. The chief task of our _______ is to ensure production of the machines,
equipment, tools and materials.
a) industry
b) country
c) factory
10. It is necessary to work out fundamentally________ kinds of
mechanisms and technology.
a) new
b) old
c) ancient
Unit 2
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях
основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
II. VOCABULARY:
to deal with - иметь дело с
measurement - измерение
quantity - количество
length - длина
frequency - частота
velocity - скорость
area - площадь
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volume - объем
density - плотность
charge - цена
to measure - измерять
palm - ладонь
hand breadth - ширина руки
cubic - кубический
elbow - локоть
accurate - точный
alloy - сплав (металла)
to refer - передавать
inch - дюйм
bar - плитка, брусок
to derive - происходить
ounce - унция (=28.3г)
capacity - мощность; объем, вместимость
TEXT 2A
MEASUREMENTS
(Systems of measurement)
Much of physics deals with measurements of physical quantities
such as length, time, frequency, velocity, area, volume, mass, density,
charge, temperature and energy. There are two main systems of
measurement in use today: the English system of units (or as it is often
called the Common system of units) and the metric system of units.
The English system of units is still the official system in the USA,
American scientists use the metric system exclusively. The value of the
metric system is that its various units possess simple and logical
relationships among themselves, while in the Common system 1 mile is
equal to 1760 yards;1 yard is equal to3 feet, and 1 foot is equal to 12
inches. In the latter system converting one unit in to another is a hard and
monotonous job.
Metric system is a decimal system of physical units, named after its
unit of length, the meter. The metric system is adopted as the common
system of weights and measures by the majority of countries, and by all
countries as the system used in scientific work.
Weights and measures.
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Length, capacity, and weight can be measured using standard
units. The principal early standards of length were the palm hand breadth,
the foot, and the cubit, which is the length from the elbow to the tip of the
middle finger. Such standards were not accurate and definite. Unchanging
standards of measurement have been adopted only in modern time.
In the English-speaking world, the everyday units of linear measurement
were traditionally the inch, foot, yard and mile. In Great Britain, until
recently, these units of length were defined in terms of the imperial
standard yard, which was the distance between two lines on a bronze bar
made in 1845.
In Britain units of weight (ounces, pounds, and tones) are now
also derived from the metric standard- kilogram. This is a solid cylinder of
platinum-iridium alloy maintained at constant temperature at Sevres, near
Paris. Copies, as exact as possible, of this standard are maintained by
national standards laboratories in many countries.
International system of Units is a system of measurement units based on
the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system. This international system is
commonly referred to as SI.
EXERCISES:
1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя
словарь.
2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и апишите их:
1. What measurements of physical quantities does much of physics
deal with?
2. How many systems of measurement are there in use today?
3. What is the value of the English system?
4. What is the value of the metric system?
5. What can be measured using standard units?
6. When have unchanging standards of measurement been adopted?
7. What is an International system of Units based on?
8. How is an International system of Units referred to?
3. Образуйте существительные с помощью суффиксов (-er, -or)
или (-ion, -tion, -sion):
Model: observe – observer – observation.
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Accelerate, divide, convert, operate, rotate, conduct, define, direct,
calibrate, oscillate, vibrate, correct.
4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на
перевод выражения “ in terms of” :
in terms of – в виде, на основании, исходя из
1. Volume is expressed in term of three lengths.
2. The basic concepts of thermodynamics are easily understood in
terms of experiments.
3. We obtained this unit in term of the following expressions.
4. The force of gravity is measured in terms of weight.
5. Решите арифметические примеры согласно модели:
20 : 4 - twenty divided by four makes five;
25 : 5, 32 : 8, 9 : 3, 6 : 2, 81: 9.
5 * 5 – five times five makes twenty- five;
3 * 3, 4 * 8, 13 * 3, 8 * 3, 7 * 7
TEXT 2B
APPLIED METROLOGY
Metrology laboratories are places where both metrology and
calibration work are performed. Calibration laboratories generally
specialize in calibration work only.
Both metrology and calibration laboratories must isolate the work
performed from influences that might affect the work. Temperature,
humidity, vibration, electrical power supply, radiated energy and other
influences are often controlled. Generally, it is the rate of change or
instability that is more detrimental than whatever value prevails.
Calibration technicians execute calibration work. In large organizations,
the work is further divided into three groups:
a) Set-up people arrange the equipment needed for calibration and
verify that it works correctly
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b) Operators execute the calibration procedures and collect data.
c) Tear-down people dismantle set-ups, check the components for
damage and then put the components into a stored state. This is the entrylevel position for people who didn’t start in the equipment warehouse or
transportation functions.
Alternatively, the technicians can be divided by major discipline
areas: physical, dimensional, electrical, microwave and so on. But the
principles are the same regardless of the equipment.
Metrology technicians perform investigation work in addition to
calibrations. They also apply proven principles to known situations and
evaluate unexpected or contradictory results.
Large industrial organizations also develop people who
demonstrate aptitude in testing functions. When this is combined with an
engineering degree, it qualifies the person as a metrology engineer who
performs metrology work at and above the technician levels.
The metrology and calibration work described above is always
accompanied by documentation. The documentation can be divided into
two types; one related to the task and the other related the administrative
program. Task documentation includes calibration procedures and the data
collected. Administrative program documentation includes equipment
identification data, 'calibration certificates’, calibration time interval
information and 'as-found' or 'out-of-tolerance' notifications.
Administrative programs provide standardization of the metrology
and calibration work and make it possible to independently verify that the
work was performed. Generally, the administrative program is specific to
the organization performing the work and addresses customer
requirements. An administrative program that has insufficient actual
metrology or calibration capability is derisively referred to as a "lick and
stick" program.
EXERCISES:
1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What are metrology laboratories?
2. What does the metrology and calibration documentation include?
3. What do administrative programs provide?
4. What are the groups of calibration work?
5. What do metrology technicians perform?
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6. Who performs metrology work?
7. Why is the administrative program specific?
2. Письменно выразите главную идею текста:
The paper is devoted to (is concerned with) ….
The paper deals with ….
The purpose of the paper is to show ….
Special attention is paid (given) to ….
Some factors are taken into consideration (account) ….
3. Переведите one в различных функциях:
1.One must study a lot to become an engineer.
2. We must write only one exercise now.
3. Engineering is one of the most important professions.it is the one
that is taught at technical institutes.
4. One cannot translate such an article without a dictionary in the first
year.
5. One may enter any institute in this country, as all of them are free of
charge.
6. One must have a very good knowledge of general engineering
subjects to become a good engineer.
7. One must pass all the exams well to enter an institute.
8. Last summer I read many English articles, and my friend read some
German ones.
9. This summer we shall spend in the country, the last one we spent in
the city.
10. We translated many texts, but there is one more text to translate.
11. One can take this jouRjjal from the library.
4. Переведите that в различных фунциях:
1. That student studies in our group.
2. Do you know those girls? They are from our institute.
3. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty.
4. It is known that the knowledge of the general engineering subjects is
the basis for the study of special subjects.
5. We know that the study of general engineering subjects is necessary
for future engineers.
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6. That higher education in this country is accessible to all is known to
everybody.
7. The aim of today's foreign policy is that peace in the world should
be permanent.
8. The programme for the first-year students differs from that of the
third-year students.
9. There are many interesting articles in this journal, read those on
your speciality.
10. It is the high qualification of future specialists that will determine
the scientific and technological progress of any country.
5. Дайте недостающие степени сравнения:
(the) biggest, longer, faster, (the) hardest, (the) heaviest, thinner,
narrower, lower, (the) greatest, newer, colder, (the) hottest, (the)
shortest, less, (the) worst, more.
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание
текста на английском языке в письменной форме.TEXT 2C
CERTIFICATION OF FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
A newly published document in the ISO 22000 series gives the
requirements for the bodies that carry out auditing and certification of
food safety management systems (FSMS). ISO technical specification
ISO/TS 22003:2007 provides information, criteria and guidance for
carrying out ISO 22000:2005 auditing and certification. It will therefore
be useful for certification bodies, the accreditation bodies that approve
them, suppliers wishing to have their FSMS certified, their customers and
food sector regulators.
Certification to ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management
systems – Requirements for any organization in the food chain, is not a
requirement of that standard, which can be implemented solely for the
benefits it provides. However, where certification is required by
customers, or by regulators, or is judged desirable as a marketing
differentiator, ISO/TS 22003:2007 will help to build confidence in such
certification throughout the food supply chain. ISO/TS 22003 is the latest
document in the ISO series for food safety management systems, which
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harmonizes good food safety practice worldwide. It was launched in 2005
with ISO 22000, backed by an international consensus among experts
from government and industry.
ISO/TS 22003:2007, Requirements for bodies providing audit
and certification of food safety management systems, was developed by
ISO technical committee ISO/TC34, Food products, in collaboration with
ISO/CASCO,Committee on conformity assessment.
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. Much of ______ deals with measurements of physical quantities.
a) astronauts
b) chemists
c) physics
2. There are two main _______ of measurement in use today.
a) systems
b) points
c) arguments
3. The English system of units is still the _______ system in the USA.
a) state
b) united
c) official
4. Metric system is a decimal system of _______ units.
a) chemical
b) physical
c) electric
5. Length, capacity, and weight can be measured using standard _______.
a) issues
b) measurement
c) units
6. In the ________ world, the everyday units of linear measurement were
traditionally the inch, foot, yard and mile.
a) Russian-speaking
b) English-speaking
c) American-speaking
7. In Britain units of weight (ounces, pounds, and tones) are now also
_______ from the metric standard- kilogram.
a) copied
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