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Файл:Английский язык для технических направлений подготовки и специальностей. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
Mechanical Material Handling. Mechanical material handling also requires same amount of
safety as in case of manual material handling. Equipment Operator needs to take care of the weight
lifting capacity of the equipment like forklifts, cranes and other similar to avoid accidents. Ground
personnel should be in machine operator’s vision always and should be aware of the safety procedures while working around the heavy mechanical equipment.
5.12. Answer the following questions.
1. How can Personal protective equipment be classified?
2. For what purpose should we use Safety Harness?
3. For what purpose should we use Hearing Protection, Respiratory Protection, Face shields?
4. How should the materials be stored on construction site?
5. How does the Equipment Operator need to take care of the weight lifting capacity of the
equipment?
5.13. Match the pictures with the definitions.
Storage of Materials
Face Shield for Welding Safety
Mechanical Material Handling Equipment
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Hearing Protection at Construction Site
Respiratory Protection
Personal protective equipment
5.14. Prepare a presentation or make a report about Protective equipment. Follow the plan.
1. Eye and Face Protection.
2. Head Protection.
3. Hand and Arm Protection.
4. Body Protection.
5.15. Read and learn the following words.
Vocabulary
To fence off — отгородить.
Scaffolding — строительные леса.
Ladders — лестницы.
Excavation work — земляные работы.
Trench — траншея.
Underground pipes — подземные трубы.
Hoist — подъемник.
To cause collapse — вызвать разрушение.
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5.16. Read the text.
CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY
Working at Height
Fall from height accidents are generally happening on construction sites due to holes in Floors,
Gaps on Working Platforms, Shafts, and Stairwells not Adequately Covered Barricaded Fenced Off.
It is important to arrange for construction site safety.
• Remember using scaffolding or ladders without proper fixing is crazy.
• Never start working on incomplete scaffolding.
• Take care and keep watch there should be handrails and toe boards at all edges.
• Materials and different things may from height, therefore always use the helmet of good quality.
• Before starting work on height, always check clearance from the power transmission line.
Lethal Ladders
It is proven fact that lethal ladders kill lots of people working on construction site.
• Always make sure that the ladder selected for work is suitable and cable.
• It should have good shape.
• It should be secured near the top.
• Always place ladders on a firm base or footings.
• The ladder should have extra length beyond the place of landing or it should have extended
handrail.
• Try to keep a strong grip and good balance on the ladder.
How to Maintain Construction site Safety on Ladders
• Assure that not more than one person using a ladder.
• Always use tool belts or hand lines to carry objects.
• Never try to lean out from the ladder in any direction.
• If any labor have fear of height then allow him to climb a ladder.
• Never allow any activity under the ladder.
Construction Site Safety on Roof
Always check safety of roof before on it.
• There must be a protection to stop workers from falling off the edge.
• Always wear safety harnesses and running cables when working on top of a roof.
Remember: a walk along a fragile roof, responsible for 50 % of fatal injuries involving roofs
are falling of fragile materials, 30 % falls from edges and openings.
Safety in Excavation Work
• Shored or Battered support must be provided for every excavation deeper than 1,25 meters
must be.
• Every excavation which is deeper than 2 meters must have a guard rail or barrier.
• Machines working too close to the edge of trench or rubble piled on the sides may cause
collapse.
• To stop machines falling into trench use stone stop blocks.
• Daily inspect the excavation, its side, and depth.
• Always make an advance survey for any underground pipes and cables which will save any
damage or accident during excavation.
Always remember there is no warning sign of collage of sides of trench, it will collapse without
warning. this is how we can assure construction site safety.
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Crane Safety
Following safety measure must be kept in mind while working on crane.
• Carefully estimate the weight of the load to be lifted.
• Make sure that the crane is fitted with an automatic safe load indicator (one that works).
• Always place a crane on a hard and level base.
• Take care that the load is properly fixed and secured.
• Crane operator guide must be proper knowledge of singling.
Construction Site Safety for Traffic Vehicles & Plant
• Always keep vehicles and pedestrians away from the site. Try to separate them as far as
possible using barriers.
• Assure adequate clearance around slewing vehicles.
• Try to avoid any reversing where possible & use the one-way system.
• Construction machinery should have to reverse alarms/sirens.
• No extra passenger on the vehicle.
Goods Hoist
• Always install and fix hoist by a competent person.
• Rated capacity of the hoist is clearly marked on it.
• Check the current calibration and examination certificate of the hoist.
• Make proper enclosure around the hoist to prevent people from being struck by moving part
of hoist.
• Always keep the landing gates kept shut except when platform is at landing
Electricity
• Give electricity prime importance and respect while working with it.
• Frequently inspect electrical cable to ensure that are not damaged or worn.
• Always keep training cable away from site and water contact.
• Restrict the use of overload or use makeshift plugs and fuses.
Construction Site Safety While Working near Sewage
WAYS OF GETTING INFECTION ON CONSTRUCTION SITE
• Most commonly workers get infected by hand to hand contact and mouth to mouth contact
(eating, drinking, smoking, wiping the face with contaminated gloves).
• People infected by S kin contact (cuts, scratches or wounds and some organisms enter the
body through the eyes).
• Breathing (either as dust or mist).
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5.17. Match the pictures with the definitions.
Worker Safety on Sloping Roof
Goods Hoist Crane on Site
Electrical Hazard on Site
Safety Around Excavated Trench
Worker Working on Height
Worker Fell From Ladder
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5.18. Read the text, pay attention to the new words and word-expressions. Use the words
Stored material,
stable,
extinguishers,
cuts,
burns,
disposal of waste materials,
lighting arrangements,
be installed.
from the box to complete the text.
In any construction project for basic safety precautions to be implemented are:
• Guard rails to __________________ at open scaffold areas, all openings in the building
floor, in the excavated areas, at mobile elevated platforms.
• Yellow stickers with safety notes to be pasted where necessary.
• All the working platforms should be __________________, properly braced, should not be
overloaded and safe for the working personnel.
• All the working areas and passageways should be free from waste or debris or any of
obstruction like __________________.
• The site should be clean all the times and the material should be stored safely.
• There should be proper arrangement of collection and __________________.
• First aid should be available at all times on site for __________________,
__________________ or any mishaps.
• Fire __________________ to be placed on site on proper locations in case of any fire.
• That should be proper __________________ on the site especially when the work is carried
out during the night stand.
5.19. Read the text and do exerсises after it.
WELFARE
General provisions. At or within reasonable access of every construction site an adequate
supply of wholesome drinking water should be provided. At or within reasonable access of every
construction site, the following facilities depending on the number of workers and the duration of
the work should be provided, kept clean and maintained:
− sanitary and washing facilities or showers;
− facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of clothing;
− accommodation for taking meals and for taking shelter during interruption of work due to
adverse weather conditions.
Drinking water. All drinking water should be from a source approved by the competent
authority. Where such water is not available, the competent authority should ensure that the necessary
steps are taken to make any water to be used for drinking fit for human consumption.
Drinking water for common use should only be stored in closed containers from which the water
should be dispensed through taps or cocks. If drinking water has to be transported to the worksite,
the transport arrangements should be approved by t he competent authority. The transport tanks,
storage tanks and dispensing container should be designed, used, cleaned and disinfected at suitable
intervals in a manner approved by the competent authority. Water that is unfit to drink should be
conspicuously indicated by notices prohibiting workers from drinking it. A supply of drinking water
should never be connected to a supply of water that is unfit to drink.
Sanitary facilities. The scale of provision of toilet or sanitary facilities, and the construction
and installation of water flush toilets, privies, chemical closets, plumbing or other toilet fixtures
should comply with the requirements of the competent authority.
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No toilet other than a water flush toilet should be installed in any building containing sleeping,
1. Drinking water
a) rooms in a public place with a toilet and sink;
2. Sanitary facilities
b) accommodation and facilities of workers at construction site;
3. Living accommodation
c) a room in which different clothing may be placed during one’s stay;
4. Cloakroom
d) water that is safe for people to drink.
to wear special work clothes,
separate changing rooms,
accessible,
to lock away,
to be contaminated,
responsible for
eating or other living accommodation and should be adequately ventilated and not open directly into
occupied rooms.
Adequate washing facilities should be provided as n ear as practicable to toilet facilities. The
number and standard of construction and maintenance of washing facilities should comply with the
requirements of the competent authority.
Washing facilities should not be used for any other purpose. Where workers are exposed to skin
contamination by poisonous, infectious or irritating substances, or oil, grease or dust, there should be
a sufficient number of appropriate washing facilities or shower-baths supplied with hot and cold water.
Cloakrooms. Cloakrooms should be provided for workers at easily accessible places and not
be used for any other purpose. Cloakrooms should be provided with suitable facilities for drying
wet clothes and for hanging clothing including, where necessary to avoid contamination, suitable
lockers separating working from street clothes. Suitable arrangements should be made for disinfecting
cloakrooms and lockers in conformity with the requirements of the competent authority.
Facilities for food and drink. In appropriate cases, depending on the number of workers, the
duration of the work and its location, adequate facilities for obtaining or preparing food and drink at
or near a construction site should be provided, if not otherwise available.
Shelters. Shelters should, as far as practicable, provide facilities for washing, taking meals and
for drying and storing clothing, unless such facilities are available in the vicinity.
Living accommodation. Suitable living accommodation should be made available for the
workers at construction sites which are remote from their homes, where adequate transportation
between the site and their homes or other suitable living accommodation is not available. Men and
women workers should be provided with separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities.
5.20. Read the text again and say if the following statements are true or false.
1. Men and women workers should not be provided with separate sanitary and washing facilities.
2. Water that is unfit to drink should be conspicuously indicated by notices prohibiting workers
from drinking it.
3. Washing facilities should be used for any other purpose.
4. Cloakrooms should be provided for workers at easily accessible places and not be used for
any other purpose.
5. Men and women workers should not be provided with separate sanitary, washing and sleeping
facilities.
5.21. Match the terms with the definitions.
5.22. Read the text, pay attention to the new words and word-expressions. Use the words
from the box to complete the text.
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CHANGING ROOMS AND LOCKERS
A contractor ________________ a construction site shall ensure that appropriate changing rooms
are provided for persons at work if they have __________________ and if for health or other
appropriate reasons they cannot be expected to change in another area. The changing rooms should
be easily _________________, of sufficient capacity and provided with seating. If work clothes are
likely _________________ by dangerous substances, atmospheric conditions or other conditions the
relevant contractor shall provide facilities to enable working clothes are kept in a place separate from
personal clothing and personal belongings and _________________ are provided for both men and
women. If changing rooms are not required the relevant contractor shall ensure that every person at
work is provided with a place _________________ his or her own clothes and personal belongings.
Unit 6. ROAD CONSTRUCTION
6.1. Read and learn the following words. Make up sentences with the words.
Vocabulary
To evaluate — оценивать.
Condition — условие.
Crash — дорожно-транспортное происшествие.
Soil — почва.
Property — свойство.
Drainage — дренажная система.
Ratio — степень, доля, число.
Bid — заявка на участие в тендере.
Earthwork — земляные работы.
Embankment — насыпь.
Cuts and fills — выемка, отсыпка и сброс грунта.
To screen — отбирать, отсеивать.
Petroleum — нефтепродукт.
To compact — трамбовать, уплотнять.
Edge — край.
To moisten — увлажнять.
To spread — распространять.
To trim — отсекать, подгонять.
Steel dowel — стальной соединительный, стыковой стержень/штырь.
Slab — плита.
To expand — расширяться, увеличиваться.
To slide — скользить, двигаться.
To grind — шлифовать.
Smooth — гладкий.
Surface — поверхность.
6.2. Match synonyms.
Information, ground work, amount, place, identify, sewer, ratio, number, dirt, determine, drain,
scale, location, data, earthwork, soil.
6.3. Match antonyms.
Much, edge, demolition, moisten, put in, smooth, less, high, spread, building, rough, remove, dry,
to collect, centre, low.
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6.4. Match words traffic, slab, plant, embankment, crack, bid, pavement, drainage and their
definitions.
The system of water or waste liquids flowing away from somewhere into the ground or down pipes;
an offer to do work or provide a service for a particular price, in competition with other companies,
etc.; a thick wall of earth that is built to carry a road or railway over an area of low ground, or to
prevent water from a river or the sea from flooding the area; the surface of a road; a line on the surface
of something where it has broken but not split into separate parts; a thick flat piece of stone, wood
or other hard material; a factory in which a particular product is made or power is produced; the
number of vehicles moving along roads.
6.5. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from tasks 6.1–6.4.
The primary functions of __________ are to reduce flooding and delay the start of the flood.
The new threat to cyclists is the cars parked on the __________ thus forcing the cyclist back to the
dangers of the road. __________ had appeared in the dry ground. The fire __________ very rapidly
because of the strong wind. The road ahead was flat and __________. __________ something
means to make it slightly wet. One of the __________ of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity
very well. One of the __________ in the contract is that we don't build on the land.
6.6. Read the following text and match paragraphs with their titles: open to traffic, earthwork,
paving, design, planning.
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION
Phase I: _______ The first step in a road project development is evaluation of the transporta-
tion system. A vast amount of information about roads is collected and maintained, including:
road conditions, traffic volumes, crash statistics. Using this data, professionals like engineers, transportation planners, environmentalists, soil scientists, landscape architects identify what should be built
and how to build it.
Phase II: _______ Many factors influence designs, including: location, properties of terrain and
soil, drainage capabilities, traffic volume, future development in the area, influence on the environment
or nearby residents. With a design in hand, a contractor is advertised to do the actual building.
Contracts are awarded based on low bid price.
Phase III: _______ With a contractor on board, earthwork can begin. Earthwork is one of the
most important processes in road construction because it forms a stable foundation. First, the contractor
builds embankments using cuts and fills. Next, bulldozer levels the screened dirt. The screened dirt
is pulverized with water and compressed to its maximum density. During this stage, the contactor
installs drains and sewers. The central part of the road must be higher than the edges to let water
runoff into the sewers. To complete the earthwork, the contractor places gravel in 30 cm layers on
the road bed, each layer is moisten and compacted. Layers are added until the road bed rises up to
the height required in the design.
Phase IV: _______ Finally, the road bed is ready for paving. Pavement materials include: asphalt
or concrete. Asphalt consists of bitumen, a petroleum product, gluing together sand and crushed rock.
At the construction site, the hot mixture is spread and compacted onto the roadbed by w orkers.
Concrete uses cement and water as t he adhesive between crushed rock and sand. Workers place
concrete into steel forms called molds. A finishing machine vibrates and trims concrete to the required
height. To prevent cracks, workers cut joints between the concrete slabs. Each joint has steel dowels
connecting the slabs. These let the slabs to expand and shrink when the temperature changes. The
slabs can slide from side to side along the dowels, but they cannot move up and down.
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Phase V: _______ When the new surface is ready, ride quality testing is ordered. Testers use
measure vibrations of the new pavement with seismology equipment. If there is too much vibration,
the contractor must grind the pavement to make a surface smooth. At last, the permanent pavement
markings are applied, it's time to remove the barriers and return the freeway to the motorists.
6.7. Answer the questions.
1. How can the transportation system be evaluated?
2. What factors influence road design?
3. What stages does the earthwork phase have?
4. What characteristics of paving materials are mentioned in the text?
5. Is your future profession mentioned in the text?
6.8. Match activities and phases of construction.
Placing gravel on a roadbed, analysis of data and statistics, installing of a drainage system, selection
of a contractor, compacting of a roadbed layer, application of road surface marking, evaluation of
the transportation system.
6.9. Identify the main idea of each paragraph and write a plan of the text. Describe the
process of road construction using this plan.
6.10. Form nouns from adjectives and translate the words.
Wide, deep, broad, long, high, low, entire, direct, thick, thin, efficient, durable, hard, dense.
6.11. Match English and Russian equivalents.
Wheeled vehicle — примыкающая полоса дороги.
Embedded marker — профиль поперечного сечения.
Transverse distance — нанесенная разметка.
Adjoining lane — продольная линия.
Longitudinal line — трасса автомобильной дороги.
Cross-sectional profile — транспортная развязка, перекресток.
Traffic intersection — поперечное расстояние.
Road alignment — колесное транспортное средство.
6.12. Read the text and find English equivalents to the following phrases.
Полоса движения транспорта, обочина автомобильной дороги, ширина дорожного полотна,
полоса отвода дороги.
ROAD DESIGN
After a route has been selected, a three-dimensional road alignment is designed and its crosssectional profiles are produced. Let us define some standard terms to understand the design process.
A traffic lane is the part of pavement assigned to a single line of vehicles; it is marked on the road
by painted lines or embedded markers. The shoulder is a strip of pavement outside an outlying lane;
it is used in case of emergency and to protect the edges of road pavement from traffic damage.
A group of connected lanes and shoulders is called a roadway or carriageway. The pavement,
shoulders, and bordering roadside up to adjoining property lines form the right-of-way.
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