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Файл:Английский язык для технических направлений подготовки и специальностей. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
Modern road scheme
To ensure consistency and quality of road construction design standards are created for each
functional type of a road. The number of traffic lanes depends on the intercorrelation of traffic volume
and speed. A maximum number of vehicles per hour passing through a traffic lane should be calculated.
The width of a carriageway is the sum of the width of lanes and shoulders. It is based on equilibrium
between comfort of a road and construction cost. Moreover, standards determine roadside barriers and the
clear transverse distances required on either side of the carriageway to ensure safety in the situation when
vehicles accidentally leave the carriageway. Therefore, the width of the whole road or total right-of-way
width is the sum of all identified elements, but intersections will require some special features.
6.13. In pairs answer the questions.
1. What is the purpose of design standards?
2. How is the amount of traffic lanes identified?
3. What are factors effecting the right-of-way width?
4. What parts of a road do you know?
6.14. Read and learn the following words.
Vocabulary
To ensure — обеспечить.
Pattern — слои, полосы.
To crush — дробить, крошить.
Advancement — успех, достижение.
Forerunner — предшественник.
Tar — дёготь, гудрон, смола.
Bitumen — битум.
Durable — долговечный.
Explosion — взрыв.
Water-bound macadam — необработанное щебеночное покрытие с поливом водой перед
укаткой.
6.15. Read the text and answer the question.
Why is J.L. McAdam considered to be a famous highway engineer?
JOHN LOUDON MCADAM (1756–1836)
John Loudon McAdam was born in Scotland in 1756. He began his road-building career in 1787.
In 1804 he was hired as a general surveyor for Bristol. At that time in England Bristol was the most
important port city.
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Scheme of a macadam road
The roads in Bristol were not of high quality. McAdam came up with the idea of raising roadbeds to
ensure adequate drainage. To form the roadbeds broken stones were placed in compact and symmetrical
patterns. After that small stones were laid upon the surface to make it hard. McAdam discovered that
the best stone or gravel for road surfacing had to be broken or crushed. McAdam’s design of roads,
called “macadam roads,” greatly improved road construction at the time. The water-bound macadam
roads were the forerunners of the tar- and bitumen-based binding that was to become tarmacadam.
The word tarmacadam was shortened to the name: tarmac*. The first tarmac road was laid in Paris in
1854, a prototype of today's asphalt roads. By making roads both significantly cheaper and more
durable, MacAdam caused an explosion in road construction across the countryside.
6.16. Read the text and fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the list below.
Surface, method, skill, condition, layer, stone, compacted, thick, pavement, voids, road, efficient,
traffic.
The roads in Bristol were in poor _______, and in 1816 McAdam came up with an idea that
traffic lane should be based by a thin ________ of small fragments of broken ________ placed and
________ on a well-dehumidified natural base and covered by a ________ of smaller stones. Drainage of a r oad made McAdam’s ________ successful, and according to the design the ________
should be raised above the surface. The coating of broken stone was eight inches ________. It used
small stones put in layers and compacted by ________. The top layer thickness was two inches,
using small stones to fill surface ________ between the large stones. The design of the “macadam”
________ is applied up till now. McAdam’s design became popular thanks to his ________ administration. Also, McAdam believed that road constructors needed motivation and ________.
6.17. Prepare a 2-minute talk on a topic “McAdam’s contribution to highway engineering”.
6.18. Answer the questions (If you need, you can find necessary information on the Internet).
1. Do you know any famous highway engineers?
2. Do you know these engineers — Trésaguet, Telford?
3. How did they develop highway engineering?
6.19. Prepare a presentation on the topic “Great highway engineers” using the plan.
1. What is his/her name?
2. When and where did the person live and work?
3. What was done to develop highway engineering?
4. What are the most important built objects?
*
Nowadays the word “tarmac” means a black material that is a mixture of tar and gravel used for making
road surfaces, an area with a Tarmac surface, especially at an airport.
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6.20. Form nouns and adjectives from verbs. You can use a dictionary.
Verbs: control, design, level, pave, plan, evaluate, drain, measure, join, add.
6.21. Read the following sentences and identify the part of speech of the underlined words.
1. Road accidents cause traffic chaos.
2. Drinking and driving is the most common cause of traffic accidents.
3. We experience problems with our IT systems.
4. My lack of practical experience was a disadvantage.
5. These cities have low levels of unemployment.
6. The first coat of plaster levels out the surface of the wall.
7. Our house was built to a traditional design.
8. He designs and builds houses.
9. Measure its length more accurately.
10. The company introduced a number of measures designed to improve working conditions.
11. There are no plans to build new offices.
12. It’s vital to plan your kitchen well.
13. The results show a significant effect.
14. The new machines effect the transition to computerized accounting.
15. They walk along the lane in a line.
16. Parks line both sides of the highway.
17. He lost control of the car.
18. They built a reservoir to control the flow of water.
19. I use pencils. This software is no longer in common use.
6.22. Read a sentence and explain a meaning of an underlined world.
1. I think the kitchen drain is blocked.
2. It is an estimate from the plumber of what is needed to put in adequate drainage.
3. A dangerous amount of radioactivity was released into the environment.
4. Environmentalists are working to improve the quality of our lakes and rivers.
5. The lead car is now three minutes ahead of the rest of the field.
6. The firm is a leader in the field of product safety evaluation.
7. Strong leadership is needed to captain the team.
8. The new government is trying to effect a change in foreign policy.
9. The type of audience will affect what you say and how you say it.
10. The town offers a fascinating mix of old and new.
11. The city is a mixture of old and new buildings.
12. Additives keep certain foods fresh.
13. We’re building an addition to our house.
14. This model has been designed for greater ease of use.
15. With normal usage, the equipment should last at least five years.
16. The building has outlived its usefulness.
17. The house needs a lot of work to make it usable.
18. These small village shops serve a very useful purpose.
19. The car broke down, leaving us without transport.
20. We provide transportation to and from school.
6.23. Match synonyms.
Oversee, undertaking, evaluate, responsibility, implementation, prepare, inside, vary, diverse,
develop, supervise, task, duty, provide, realization, make, range, estimate, external, create, outside,
give, various, internal.
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6.24. In pairs discuss the questions.
1. What is your future profession?
2. What skills and knowledge does it require?
3. What are job responsibilities of a highway engineer?
6.25. Read the text and find the answers.
WHAT DOES A HIGHWAY ENGINEER DO?
Any major road or highway construction involves a variety of transport professionals, including
highway engineers, highway designers, water resources engineers, transport planners, environmental
planners, and many more experienced personnel.
The role of a highway engineer is to oversee the costing, estimating, planning and implementation
of a project. This makes highway engineering a diverse and rewarding career, with day-to-day duties
ranging from undertaking site surveys to preparing design specifications and much more. Highway
engineers plan, design, and build transportation systems and infrastructures such as highways,
bridges, streets, and tunnels — along with supporting systems to handle things like lighting, safety,
and traffic control. They create strategies for incorporating innovative and efficient technologies
into the design and building processes. They provide technical expertise, prepare drawings and
schematics, and oversee day-to-day operations as projects are being executed. They perform analysis
and calculations to determine capacity, identify and address safety concerns, and assist with problem
resolution throughout all phases of the design, construction, and maintenance processes.
A highway engineering job is a great career in which you can develop a knowledge of highways,
the associated infrastructure and an understanding of how different engineering and non-engineering
disciplines collaborate to deliver projects in a safety critical environment.
6.26. In pairs discuss the questions.
1. What skills should you acquire studying at the university?
2. What are your future job responsibilities?
3. Why have you chosen this profession?
6.27. Prepare a 2-minute talk on the topic “My future profession”.
6.28. Read and learn the following words.
Vocabulary
Artery, arterial — магистраль.
Freeway — скоростное шоссе.
Speed — скорость.
Intersection — пересечение.
Ramp — съезд.
Underpass — проезд под полотном дороги.
Footpath — пешеходная дорожка/переход.
Expressway — скоростная магистраль.
Junction — развязка.
Highway — автомагистраль.
Pedestrian crossing — пешеходный переход.
Local street — улица местного назначения.
Collector road — магистральная дорога местного значения.
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6.29. Match antonyms.
Major, move, recently, exit, before, rural, prohibit, wide, modern, narrow, entrance, pedestrian,
minor, stay, driver, ancient, outside, urban, permit, inside.
6.30. Read the following sentences and identify the part of speech of the underlined words.
1. The traffic signals were on red.
2. The patrolman signals for her to stop.
3. A public park will be built around the complex.
4. They saw his vehicle parked in the driveway.
5. Access points to the site had been blocked.
6. States need to understand how to access the federal resources that are available.
7. There was no influence from outside.
8. A number of social factors influence life expectancy.
9. The emergency exit is at the back of the bus.
10. We exit via a fire door.
11. Living in Scotland has its good points but the weather is not one of them.
12. A compass needle points north.
13. His speed was double the legal limit.
14. Try to limit the number of trips you make.
15. Oil does not mix with water.
16. The precise mix will vary.
17. We need a reliable transport network.
18. The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports on the coast.
19. The project will have a benefit for the local community.
20. The project will benefit the local community as a whole.
6.31. Read the text and list main characteristics of each type of a road: arterial, freeway,
expressway, highway, local street, collector road.
TYPES OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS
Roads and highways are traveled way on which people, or wheeled vehicles move. The word
way is the most ancient name for traveling arteries. Today the word road means a lesser traveled way
somewhere in a rural area, while the term street has a meaning of a roadway in a city. The word
highway has a general meaning that is a main rural way. However, this term is widely used in the
meaning of a rural of an urban road, which entrance and exit for traffic are limited and controlled.
Modern roads can be classified by speed and accessibility. Freeways are also called as accesscontrolled highways. Freeways are wide roads designed for fast-moving vehicles to travel long distances with higher speeds. These are generally designed in four lanes, two lanes in each direction.
Traffic movement on freeways is continuous and free because there are no intersections and no signals.
Freeways are accessed only through ramps. Bridges or underpasses are constructed to create a passage
for roads which cross freeways. They don’t have footpaths on either side of roads. Expressways are
one of the types of access-controlled roadways where the entry and exit of the expressway are fully
controlled by ramps. Expressways are designed to travel quickly with great comfort and safety by
avoiding sharp curves, busy traffic intersections, railway junctions. Highways are the roads run
through the length and breadth of the country. They are generally laid in two lanes.
Arterials are the roads laid inside the city or town for the movement high volume of traffic. An
arterial road joins the central business point to the outside residential areas. Arterials provide access
to the highways. Pedestrians are allowed to cross the roads only at intersections or at designated
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pedestrian crossings. The flow of traffic is controlled by a signalling system at intersections. Local
streets don’t carry a large volume of traffic like arterials. The speed limit is restricted to 30 km/hr in
a local street. Local streets allow you to properties around it. Pedestrians can cross the road at any point
in local streets. Collector roads collect and deliver the traffic to and from local streets and arterials. The
speed limit usually ranges between 35–55 km/hr. Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections.
6.32. Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous task.
_________ is a low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets
to arterial roads. _________ a wide road where traffic can travel fast for long distances. You can only
enter and leave freeways at special ramps. _________ is a major route, especially one with many
minor branches. _________ is a main road for travelling long distances, especially one connecting
and going through cities and towns. _________ is a wide road that allows traffic to travel fast
through a city or other area where many people live. _________ is used to gain access to the property
surrounding it.
6.33. In pairs discuss the question (Using the Internet find classifications of road types).
What types of roads can you find in your hometown?
6.34. Match antonyms.
Heat, reduce, separate, flexible, freeze, flexibility, restrict, resistance, unsteadiness, stability,
solid, pollution, purification, minor, allow, bind, consume, increase, release, primary.
6.35. Fill sentences with an appropriate word: durability, performance, impact, heat, binder,
resist, water-bound macadam, obtain, flat, ability.
1. The goal is to enhance the __________ of biofuels.
2. They are pressed with high pressure without any __________.
3. The system produced enough energy to __________ several thousand homes.
4. The road stretched ahead across the __________ landscape.
5. Aluminium __________ corrosion and rust.
6. She was finally able to __________ legal possession of the house.
7. Asphalt road construction methods are very popular due to asphalt roadway’s flexibility and
the __________ to acquire the shape of the load above it.
8. __________ means, the pavement base course made of crush or broken aggregate mechanically
interlock by rolling and the voids fill with screening and binding material with the assistance of water.
9. The environmental __________ of this project will be enormous.
10. __________ of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action
while maintaining its engineering properties.
6.36. Read the text and list main characteristics of each material type. What is the most
common road construction material?
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Road construction requires a range of materials to ensure the motorways are durable and well able
to support heavy loads and traffic. Let us consider some common types of road construction materials.
Soil supports the complete structure of the road. Indeed, soil is the primary material for the
foundation, or the pavement in the case of low traffic rural roads. It provides the flat base that offers
the support for the road structure. A process known as compaction, where soil particles are pressed
together to reduce pore space between them, is usually carried out on site to give the soil at the base
some higher resistance and greater stability.
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Stone aggregate, also known as mineral aggregate, is easily the most important component of
road construction materials. It is made by breaking up natural rocks to form coarse aggregate (like
gravel) or fine aggregate (like sand). Aggregates are used for granular bases, sub-bases, as part of
bituminous mixes and cement concrete. They are also used as t he primary material for relatively
cheaper road, known as water-bound macadam.
Asphalt and bitumen are often mistaken as being one and the same thing. However, while asphalt is
a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used for constructing roads bitumen is actually the semi-solid
binder that holds asphalt together. Bitumen, which is also known as mineral tar, is obtained through
unfinished distillation of crude petroleum. It contains 87 % carbon, 11 % hydrogen and 2 % oxygen.
On the other hand, asphalt is manufactured in a factory that heats, dries and mixes aggregate, bitumen and
sand into a composite mix. When used for road construction, asphalt comes in the form of a composite
material known as asphalt concrete. This road making material is 70 % asphalt and 30 % aggregate.
Asphalt is 100 % recyclable, which makes it one of the most popular materials for making roads.
Concrete offers a lot of flexibility and ease of construction — making it an important road
construction material. It is created by mixing cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, and chemical
admixtures (which make up 25–40 % of concrete). In addition to reducing costs, concrete is popular
among road builders due to its ability to extend the service life of a road. It provides a strong, steady
and long-lasting pavement for a road — resisting repetitive impact from heavy commercial vehicles.
A “super” pavement is a type of pavement that consists of both asphalt and concrete. Composite
pavements can potentially become a cheaper alternative to traditional pavements thanks to their
ability to provide higher levels of performance and durability, both structurally and functionally.
Road builders need to lower their carbon footprint. Considering the fact that the production of
one tonne of cement (a key material in road construction) contributes one tonne of carbon. Reduction of carbon emission can be achieved by use of alternative road construction materials such as
crushed concrete — a recycled material — which can generate savings in energy and production
costs. In order to reach sustainability ecofriendly concrete should be used. It cuts the usage of Portland cement in road construction. Besides, the use of recycled materials components, which are
produced from industrial wastes, can lower greenhouse gas emissions and can reduce costs. Other
sustainable materials include reclaimed asphalt pavements, recycled concrete aggregate, and coal
combustion products.
6.37. Answer the questions.
1. What should be done to make soil pavement stable?
2. What material is used for water-bound macadam?
3. What is the difference between asphalt and bitumen?
4. Why is concrete used in road construction?
5. Why materials can be considered as a super pavement?
6. What materials can be called ecofriendly?
7. What is the reason to use ecofriendly materials?
6.38. Choose one construction material and prepare a presentation on the topic “The use
of (material) in road construction”.
1. What properties allow a material to be used in road construction?
2. What are advantages and disadvantages of a material?
3. How can it be improved?
6.39. Form nouns and adjectives from verbs. You can use a dictionary.
Verbs: access, free, permit, limit, sustain, consider, produce, use, differ, recycle.
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6.40. Match words debris, renewable, recycle, polymer, emission, pollution, greenhouse gas,
finite, fossil, damage, deplete and definitions.
Any of the gases that are thought to cause the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide; the
production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.; the process of making air, water, soil, etc. dirty;
the state of being dirty; a substance consisting of large molecules (= groups of atoms) that are made
from combinations of small simple molecules; to treat things that have already been used so that
they can be used again; (of energy and natural resources) that is replaced naturally and cannot come
to an end; pieces of wood, metal, building materials, etc. that are left after something has been
destroyed; the parts of a dead animal or a plant that have become hard and turned into rock; having
a definite limit or fixed size; harmful effects on somebody/something; to reduce something by a
large amount so that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a large amount.
6.41. What do you know about sustainability? Read the text and explain the essence of a
“sustainability” concept.
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of a current generation without depleting or damaging
available resources for future generations. Economic, societal, and environmental aspects form this concept.
Why do we need sustainability? There are several reasons. Firstly, the world population is
increasing (by 2050, 9,7 billion will live on the planet), while the stocks of natural resources like oil
or gas can come to an end. In addition to these facts, highway construction requires lots of energy
and consumes a lot of fossil resources. The highest amount of greenhouse gas is generated by the
road construction industry. Transportation and paving works use fossil energy producing emissions
that pollute the atmosphere. Indeed, the environmental pollution rises constantly due to increasing
number of road vehicles and traffic volume.
To improve ecological situation a sustainable or a green highway should be used. Green highway
concept refers to a system of roads which use different sustainable methods to reduce the environmental pollution. The basic idea is to make a durable highway while decreasing any emissions. Today there are a number of sustainable construction techniques, for example, the application of recycled
materials, the creation of an ecological management system, the application of methods to reduce
energy consumption. What practices are used today in sustainable highways construction?
Every year in Europe million tons of asphalt are produced for the construction of roads. Asphalt
production is one of the most energy consuming industries and generates a lot of CO2. How can
sustainability with asphalt be reached?
Highway construction is a complex process that consumes a lot of energy at each stage. Energy
is required during the production process of pavement materials, for road maintenance. Vehicles
stuck in a traffic jam spend a lot of fuel due to low-quality highways. One way to save energy is to
use “Bio-binders” as su stainable road construction materials. Bio-binders (biopolymer) are made
from natural resources and are fully bio degradable. They are cost effective and durable.
The use of recycled materials (like crushed concrete) can also create sustainability. Examples
of recycled and renewable materials are: Recycled Materials Components (RMCs) (generated from
industrial by-products), reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA),
Environmentally Friendly Concrete (EFC) (the use of Portland cement is reduced).
Some other sustainable practices include: using of local materials and long-lasting pavement,
recycling on-site debris, using dust control measures, using special design of a highway to save energy
especially with the help of the decreasing of traffic jams’ amount: the less traffic jams there are, the
less energy is consumed and the less emissions are released by vehicles.
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6.42. In pairs discuss the following questions.
1. Sustainability is the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment.
2. Why is it needed?
3. What highway is considered to be green?
4. What materials are sustainable?
5. What measures can be taken to make road construction sustainable?
6.43. In pairs make a list of measures to be taken in order to increase road construction
sustainability. Explain and prove your point of view.
6.44. Read a sentence and explain a meaning of an underlined word.
1. Access points to the site had been blocked.
2. The building has limited wheelchair accessibility.
3. The company failed to obtain the necessary permits for the landfill project.
4. The council granted outline permission for the construction of a house on the land.
5. The EU has issued a new set of directives on pollution.
6. The road was blocked in both directions.
7. His speed was double the legal limit.
8. They would resist any limitation of their powers.
9. It is the responsibility of the industry to produce safe products.
10. The new plant is due to begin production next year.
11. Wage rates depend on levels of productivity.
12. The models differ in size and shape.
13. It’s difficult to differentiate between the two varieties.
14. We found no significant difference between the two groups.
15. There needs to be a clear differentiation between communal and private areas of the house.
6.45. Match synonyms.
Beyond, delay, permit, evaluate, equipment, sight, price, precise, assess, allow, stoppage, in
addition to, accurate, cost, vision, machinery.
6.46. Fill sentences with an appropriate word to draft, to link, to execute, to facilitate,
compliance, reliable, constructability, efficiency.
1. A design for __________ is a design to facilitate construction, taking account of worker’s
qualifications, capabilities, and safety, environmental conditions, and the interfaces between the
equipment and workers.
2. A pedestrian bridge __________ the two buildings.
3. Our information comes from a __________ source.
4. They drew up and __________ a plan to reduce fuel consumption.
5. The use of computers has greatly __________ the firm’s ability to keep accurate records.
6. __________ with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement means doing what you
are required or expected to do.
7. They hired an architect to __________ the plans for their new home.
8. The new computer system will cut costs and increase __________.
6.47. Read the text and answer the question.
What is BIM used for?
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WHAT IS BIM?
Building information modeling — BIM — is an integrated process built on coordinated, reliable information about a project from design through construction and into operations. While it has
its roots in architecture, the principles of BIM apply to everything that is built, including roads and
highways.
The benefits of BIM for road and highway design are better designs and increased efficiency
and productivity. Because design and construction documentation are dynamically linked, the time
needed to evaluate more alternatives, execute design changes, and produce construction documentation
is reduced significantly. Beyond efficiency and productivity, BIM facilitates roadway optimisation
by including visualization, simulation, and analysis as part of the design process.
Let us consider two criteria that can be assessed to achieve an optimal roadway design. Constructability: civil engineers typically design for code compliance, not for constructability. Designing
for constructability can help prevent errors, delays, and cost overruns. Road safety: analysis to ensure
safe stopping and passing sight distances is a key factor driving design decisions. Integrating interactive
visualization and sight distance simulation into the design process allows the civil engineer quickly
to identify whether the road geometry meets safety parameters.
Probably the most significant advantage of BIM compared with a drafting process is the ability
to extend the use of the information model beyond design, analysis, and simulation into construction
operations. For example, transportation agencies are using the 3D model for operating construction
equipment with GPS machine guidance. Benefits include increased productivity and accuracy, reduced
survey costs, lower equipment operating costs, and an extended work day.
6.48. In pairs answer the questions.
1. What are benefits of using BIM?
2. Why is constructability important for the design process?
3. What is the connection between BIM and construction equipment?
6.49. Prepare a presentation on the topic “BIM software” using information resources
from the Internet.
1. What computer programs can be used?
2. What are purposes of using BIM?
3. What industries can BIM be used in?
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