Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский для подготовки к ЕГЭ. Учебник
.pdf
61
Must
Глагол must имеет только форму настоящего времени.
Эквивалентом must является глагол have (to).
You will have to come at 3 p.m.
We had to walk home last night because we couldn’t get a taxi.
Глагол must выражает:
1) долженствование, необходимость (в утвердительном и вопросительном
предложениях):
The windows are dirty. I must clean them.
2) запрещение (в отрицательном предложении):
You mustn’t touch the glass.
В отрицательных предложениях для передачи отсутствия необходимости
употребляется глагол need.
“Must I do it?” “No, you needn’t”
Сравните: You needn’t go. You can stay here if you want.
You mustn’t go. You must stay here.
3) вероятность (в утвердительном предложении):
It must be late. It’s very dark.
He must be cleaning the carpet. I hear the noise of the vacuum cleaner.
To Have (to)
Как модальный глагол to have выражает:
1) необходимость в силу обстоятельств:
They had to cut the tree because it was very dark in the room.
62
В модальном значении to have (to) образует вопросительную и
отрицательную форму с помощью вспомогательного глагола do.
He doesn’t have to come here. It’s very dangerous.
Did they have to whitewash the ceiling?
To Be (to)
Как модальный глагол to be (to) употребляется для выражения
необходимости совершить действие согласно предварительной договоренности
или заранее намеченному плану.
You are to come here in half an hour. You remember that Mary will be
waiting for you at that time.
Need
Need имеет только одну форму. Он выражает необходимость или
отсутствие необходимости совершить действие в вопросительном и
отрицательном предложениях.
Andrew needn’t go to the hospital.
His mother came home in the afternoon.
Should, Ought (to)
Эти модальные глаголы имеют только одну форму.
Они выражают:
1) моральный долг (в утвердительном и отрицательном предложениях):
You ought to write to your friends. They hope to get a letter from you.
2) совет (в утвердительном и отрицательном предложениях):
You shouldn’t give your car to Tom. He is a terrible driver.
63
Shall
В утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях модальный глагол
shall в сочетании с местоимениями 2-го и 3-го лица или существительным
выражает:
1) обещание:
You shall get your books.
2) угрозу, предостережение:
He shall be punished.
Will (Would)
Will имеет две формы: настоящего времени will и прошедшего времени
would.
Он выражает:
1) желание, намерение (с 1-м лицом):
I will visit the Smiths when I’m on holiday.
2) отказ совершить действие (в отрицательном предложении):
I won’t do it.
3) вежливую просьбу:
Will you pass me the salt, please?
Would you phone me one of these days?
Exercises
1. Write questions.
1. Bob can run very fast.
2. Steve should drive a car.
3. We must go to the library today.
4. I had to go to the bank yesterday.
5. Ben has to wear glasses.
6. They are to meet at the cinema at 7 p.m.
64
7. You may use my dictionary.
8. They could play table tennis when they were ten.
9. You ought to be politer.
10. I have to go to the dentist.
2. Write the negative.
1. You should clean your teeth twice a day.
2. Carol ought to buy some new clothes.
3. Jill has to work very hard.
4. You must remember to phone Alice.
5. Now Jane can understand much English.
6. Steve could ski well.
7. She might come to the party.
8. Barbara may take one of the books.
9. She shall have her paper.
10. Keith had to go to the police station yesterday.
3. Make the right choice.
1. I’d like (to have, have) a cup of coffee.
2. I don’t want (to go out, go out).
3. I couldn’t (to do, do) the exercises.
4. I’m not going (to phone, phone) Ann now.
5. I’m too tired (to go, go) to the station now.
6. You should (to eat, eat) more.
7. They didn’t have (to get up, get up) early.
8. I won’t be able (to see, see) you tonight.
9. What time do you have (to go, go) to the doctor tomorrow?
10. She can (to translate, translate) the text today.
11. We ought (to visit, visit) the boy every day.
12. We needn’t (to write, write) an invitation card to William. I phoned
yesterday and invited him to our party.
13. You must (to do, do) shopping. We have no bread.
14. I hope (to see, see) Mary today. We are meeting at the Simpsons.
15. You mustn’t (to touch, touch) the picture.
4. Complete these sentences. Use can or can’t (could or couldn’t).
1. I’m sorry but I … lend you any money. I’ve got too little.
65
2. Martin got a job because he … speak three languages.
3. William was tired but he … sleep.
4. I wanted to speak to Barbara but I … find her.
5. I like my room. I … see the central square from the window.
6. Ben … go to the theatre yesterday. He was ill.
7. You are speaking very quietly. I … hear you.
8. Ann doesn’t know what to do. She … decide.
9. I … give you the book. I don’t want it now.
10. When I was young, I … run very fast.
5. Complete the sentences. Use must, have to, be to in the present or in the
past.
1. When I was at school I … learn a lot of irregular verbs by heart.
2. Who … go to the library to get the books? I guess it was Jim but he was not
at school yesterday.
3. The children will be home from school soon. I … cook their lunch.
4. I left my front door key yesterday so I … get into the house through a
window.
5. My hair feels really dirty. I … wash it tonight.
6. You … go to the concert hall and wait for me there.
7. Let’s catch the 8.30 train tomorrow. I … not be late for the meeting.
8. When Andrew was five, he … go to the kindergarten, but he didn’t want to.
9. You … ask Bill about his holiday. He’ll tell you a lot of interesting things.
10. If you are absent for more than three days, you … bring a letter from
your doctor.
6. Complete the sentences. Use mustn’t or needn’t.
1. It’s late. I … go out.
2. We have a lot of time. We … hurry.
3. We … forget to turn off the lights before we leave.
4. We’ve got enough bread, so you … go shopping.
5. Carol … help you with your homework. It’s important that you do it
yourself.
6. You … help me with the cooking. Barbara has already done it.
7. I just want a general idea of the story. So I … read all the book.
8. I usually work in the garden on Sunday but this Sunday I … work.
9. I … hurry yet. We’ve got plenty of time to get to the station.
10. We can do it tomorrow. So you … be in a hurry.
66
7. Complete the sentences. Use must or have (has) to (sometimes must and
have (to) are both correct).
Note: When you give your opinion, use must or have (to). When you are not
giving your personal opinion, have (to) is preferable.
1. It’s an interesting book. You … read it.
2. Where is your driving licence? You … not drive without it.
3. I didn’t have any money with me, so I … borrow some.
4. “Why are you in a hurry?” “I … meet Bob”.
5. It’s late. I … go now.
6. She eats too much chocolate. She … really stop doing it.
7. In some countries, women … do military service.
8. Why is Albert working so much? He … not do it.
9. Why do you get up so early? You … do it.
10. You can’t park your car here for nothing. You … pay.
8. Rewrite the sentences so as to refer them to the past.
Model: I must see Ann. → I had to see Ann.
1. You must stop here.
2. He can’t be a pilot.
3. I don’t have to do this exercise.
4. He won’t go to bed.
5. He has to wear a uniform at school.
6. I have to take the medicine three times a day.
7. We mustn’t run in the school.
8. They have to take off their shoes.
9. You may come here every week.
10. He can walk fast.
9. Use one of the modal verbs.
1. It’s Saturday night. There … be something good on TV.
2. He … speak three languages fluently.
3. I … learn a second foreign language at the institute next year.
4. Young children … be taken care of in the forest.
67
5. You’ll … work much harder if you want to pass your exams.
6. … I ask you a question?
7. I … not watch my favourite TV programme because my wife rang up for a
long chat.
8. He’s so stubborn. He just … not do what he’s told.
9. Look at the grass in Bill’s garden. He … cut it.
10. Why did you come so late? It’s 5 o’clock. Your watch … be slow.
11. You … wear glasses or you will be short-sighted.
12. The mother is very tired and angry. You … have helped her to clear up
after the party.
13. You … give me a lift. I’ve got my car here.
14. Bring very warm clothes. It … snow when we arrive. It … snow in the
mountains even in summer.
15. I don’t know where they are. They … be away on holiday.
UNIT 6. VERBALS
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Неличные формы глагола в отличие от личных форм не имеют категории
лица, числа и не употребляются в функции простого глагольного сказуемого.
В английском языке имеются следующие неличные формы: инфинитив
(the Infinitive), герундий (the Gerund), причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II
(Participle II).
Все неличные формы, помимо свойств глагола, обладают свойствами
других частей речи: инфинитив и герундий — некоторыми свойствами
существительного, причастия I и II — некоторыми свойствами прилагательного
и наречия.
Неперфектные неличные формы обозначают действия, одновременные с
действием, выраженным личной формой глагола. Перфектные неличные формы
обозначают действия, предшествующие действию, выраженному личной
формой глагола.
I’m glad to work here. — Я рад, что работаю здесь.
I’m glad to have worked here. — Я рад, что работал здесь.
68
The Infinitive
Инфинитив
Инфинитив имеет следующие формы:
Active
Passive
Indefinite
to do
to be done
Continuous
to be doing
–
Perfect
to have done
to have been done
Perfect Continuous
to have been doing
–
Перед инфинитивом стоит частица to.
Mr. Swenson likes to cut the grass on the lawn in front of his house.
Частица to опускается в следующих случаях:
1. После модальных и вспомогательных глаголов: сan (could), may
(might), must, shall (should), will (would), do (did), need:
Shall I open the window?
She may be at home.
2. После глаголов let, make, have:
The mother doesn’t let the boy watch TV in the afternoon.
The father makes his son jog in the park.
3. После глаголов to feel, to see, to hear, to watch:
I watch her enter the house.
4. После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы):
You had better go out at once.
Инфинитив может выполнять следующие функции:
1) подлежащего:
To jog is useful.
2) части составного глагольного сказуемого:
I began to read.
69
3) части составного именного сказуемого:
My wish is to go to London.
4) дополнения:
He asked me to translate the text.
5) определения:
She was the first to come.
6) обстоятельства:
Jim went to the river to have a good rest.
Complex Object with the Infinitive
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
Инфинитивный оборот в роли сложного дополнения состоит из
местоимения в объектном падеже или существительного в общем падеже и
инфинитива. На русский язык данная конструкция переводится
дополнительным придаточным предложением.
I want her to be on time. Я хочу, чтобы она пришла вовремя.
Данная конструкция употребляется:
1) после глаголов физического восприятия to hear, to see, to watch, to feel
инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.
We watched the car approach.
2) после глаголов умственного восприятия to think, to know, to
understand, to believe и др. инфинитив употребляется с частицей to.
I know him to be a good pupil.
70
3) после глаголов, обозначающих чувства: to like, to love, to hate
инфинитив употребляется с частицей to.
Henry likes his mother to read to him.
4) после глаголов, выражающих желание: to want, to wish инфинитив
употребляется с частицей to.
He wants us to go skating.
5) после глаголов, выражающих побуждение:
а) с частицей to — to ask, to tell, to order, to cause;
б) без частицы to — to make, to let, to have.
Bill asked his cousin to help him.
Bill made his cousin help him.
Infinitive Construction with the Preposition ‘for’
Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
Этот оборот состоит из существительного в общем падеже или
местоимения в объектном падеже, перед которым стоит предлог for, и
инфинитива. Такая конструкция переводится на русский язык придаточным
предложением или неопределенной формой глагола.
It is difficult for me to understand the rule. — Мне трудно понять это
правило.
I’ll read the text for you to remember it better. — Я прочитаю текст,
чтобы вы его лучше запомнили.
Complex Subject with the Infinitive
Именительный с инфинитивом
Данный оборот, употребляемый в роли сложного подлежащего, состоит
из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном
падеже, стоящего перед сказуемым, и инфинитива. Сказуемое выражено
глаголами to hear, to see, to think, to know, to believe, to say, to report, to ask и
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]