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Файл:Английский для подготовки к ЕГЭ. Учебник
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I have done the work and now I am free.
I’ve been to Scotland this year.
Have you ever tried Chinese food?
Present Perfect также употребляется для выражения действия, которое
началось в прошлом и еще продолжается в настоящее время. Present Perfect
употребляется в этом значении с глаголами, не употребляющимися в Present
Perfect Continuous: глаголы, которые не употребляются в длительном виде (см.
Present Continuous), и с глаголами, выражающими процесс: live, work, study и
др. Present Perfect Continuous также употребляется в данном случае.
Сигналы времени Present Perfect в данном значении: предлоги for
(означает весь период времени, в течение которого происходит действие) и
since (обозначает начало действия). Since вводит как обстоятельство времени,
так и придаточное предложение с глаголом в Past Indefinite.
I’ve lived in the capital city of this country for three years (since I entered
the University).
How long have you lived in Saratov? (You still live in Saratov).
Exercises
1. Write in the Past Participle of the following verbs.
talk, try, visit, travel, prefer, study, decide, stop, translate, play, live, die, beg, work.
2. Change the following statements into questions of different types.
1. I’ve worked here for ten years.
2. The TV programmes have become better of late.
3. Jane has bought a first-rate TV set.
4. She has gone to bed.
5. I’ve lost my key.
3. Put “for” or “since” into each gap.
1. He hasn’t seen Bill … a while.
2. I’m looking after the baby today. He’s been at my house … 8.00 this morning.
3. We have been friends … we were at university together.
4. You have known me … five years.
5. He has not been at the theatre … a year.
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6. We’ve studied French … two years.
7. She’s lived next to me … her son was born.
8. He has worked for the company … several years.
9. Alice has been in Moscow … January.
10. Sophie has been angry with her friend … a week.
4. Put “for” or “since” into each gap. Make sentences with each word group.
1. … ten days 6. … a long time
2. … he was sixteen 7. … 1 May
3. … June 8. … ages
4. … 10.30 9. … two days
5. … an hour 10. … the beginning of school year.
5. Make sentences and questions about the following people.
Model: Ann is a pupil. … study/at school for 5 years. → Ann has studied at
school for 5 years.
… get bad marks for her papers. →
Has she ever got bad marks for her papers?
1. Tony is fond of skiing.
… go skiing/for two hours.
… take part/in a skiing competition.
2. Katty is a pupil of a lyceum.
… study English for three years.
… read/English books.
3. Gregory is fond of hiking.
… go hiking/in all weathers.
… go hiking/to the Caucasus.
4. Paul is an actor.
… star/in many films.
… play/in comedies.
5. Bill and Jane are a married couple.
… live/in a new flat for a year.
… not go/to the cinema for half a year.
6. Mike is a football player.
… play/since he was ten.
… take part in serious competitions.
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7. Sophie is a journalist.
… meet/a lot of famous people.
… work/on television.
8. Robert is a pianist.
… play/in an orchestra since he graduated from the conservatoire.
… be/to London with the orchestra.
9. Sheila is a film star.
… act/in many films for five years.
… be/in Holywood.
10. John is a driver.
… drive/a car for two years.
… have an accident.
6. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect. Use one of the words in
the box in the sentences (Mind their place!).
this week, this year, recently, lately, always, sometimes, just, already,
of late, never, ever, yet
1. He says he (be) ill in his life. He (have) a cold, of course, but nothing serious.
2. He goes swimming every day. He (do) it since he was a boy. Look, he
(return) from the beach.
3. He and his wife, Mary, (be) married for seven years, and they (guarrel).
4. He is in Italy. He (not come) back.
5. It is already Saturday but I (not see) Andrew. By the way, I (meet) Henry.
6. “He (meet) the President?” “I don’t think so. He (tell) me about it”.
7. “You (forget) to do your homework?” “As a rule, I don’t, but I (do) it”.
8. “They have a holiday”. “I (have not) a holiday since Christmas”.
9. We (come) to a definite conclusion. Now it’s time we began working hard.
10. She (put) a lot of weight, so she is on a diet now.
7. Complete the sentences using verbs in the Present Perfect.
1. Mark: I saw you in the swimming-pool last week.
Steve: No, it wasn’t me. I … never there.
2. John: Can I have some marmalade, please?
Jill: We haven’t got any. I … n’t it today.
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3. Paul: Is that your new car?
Pete: Oh, yes, but I n’t … it yet.
4. Alan: Where’s Bill?
Mike: He’s got a headache so he … to bed.
5. Sam: What about your article?
Sue: I … it yet.
6. Sally: Where is Alan?
Kate: He … to the USA.
Sally: How many times … he … there?
Kate: It’s his first visit.
7. Tony: Are you OK? You look a bit pale.
Mary: I … a headache.
8. Bill: I believe you know that David works for our company.
Sven: How long … ?
9. Barbara: I enjoyed staying at the hotel.
Paul: How long … ?
Barbara: I … here since March.
10. Liz: Don’t forget to tell Mary about the hike.
Chris: I … already. She likes the idea.
8. Complete the conversations. Make questions with “How long”.
Model: Mike: Do you like playing football?
Ben: Yes, very much.
Mike: … (play)? →
How long have you played it?
I. Jean: This is a nice party, isn’t it?
Mary: Yes, fantastic.
Jean: … here? (be)
II. Sarah: You always speak on the phone for a long time.
Helen: Oh, yes, I usually do.
Sarah: … today? (speak)
III. Lynn: Do you know that John and Pam are going to get married?
Laura: Oh, it’s wonderful. … each other? (know)
IV. Chris: I hate rain. I feel depressed.
Kevin: … (rain)?
V. John: Does Pete enjoy his work?
Keith: I don’t think so. He complains that it seems boring to him.
John: … there? (be)
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VI. Jane: I don’t like New York.
John: … here? (be)
VII. Sue: David plays the piano at the theatre.
Kenny: … there? (work)
VIII. Jan: Mary is going to get her driving licence soon.
Teddy: … ? (study)
IX. Kate: Tony and Chris are going to sell their house.
Mike: Really? … there? (live)
X. David: Let’s go to the new exhibition at the art museum. I’m afraid they are
going to change it.
Mark: … there? (be)
9. Use the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect.
1. John and Kate (be) married. They (be) married for five years.
2. Susan (be) in a holiday camp. She (be) there for ten days.
3. We (live) in Kenwood Road. We (live) there for ten years.
4. Frank (have) a headache. He (have) a headache since he got up this morning.
5. Judy (be) in the USA. How long … she (be) there?
6. I (learn) German. I (learn) it for six months.
7. We know Brian. We (know) him since 1998.
8. Mark (work) in the hotel. He (work) there since he came to London.
9. My brother (live) in Scotland. How long … he (live) there?
10. Jill (be) on holiday in Italy. She (be) there since April.
Present Perfect Continuous
Настоящее совершенно-длительное время
Настоящее совершенно-длительное время образуется при помощи
глагола to be в Present Perfect и причастия настоящего времени (Participle I)
знаменательного глагола.
I, we, you, they
He, she, it
have been working
for 3 hours.
has been working
They
He
have not been working
for 3 hours.
has not been working
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Have they
Has he
been working for 3 hours?
Have they
Has he
been working for 3 or 4 hours?
How long
have they
has he
been working?
Who
has been working for 3 hours?
They
He
have been working for 3 hours, haven’t they?
hasn’t been working for 3 hours, has he?
Настоящее совершенно-длительное время употребляется для выражения
действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось до настоящего времени и
протекает в настоящем.
I have been waiting for you for twenty minutes.
Настоящее совершенно-длительное время означает длительное действие,
которое только что закончилось, а результат его налицо.
She is tired because she’s been shopping all day.
Сигналы настоящего совершенно-длительного времени: словосочетание с
предлогом since, предложение с союзом since (в придаточном предложении
обычно употребляется Past Indefinite), которое обозначает начало действия, или
словосочетание с предлогом for для обозначения периода времени, в течение
которого происходило действие.
They have been going to school since 1998.
They have been going to school since they came to Saratov.
They have been going to school for two years.
Exercises
1. Choose the correct form. In the following pairs of sentences, one verb
form is right and one is wrong. Put a cross next to the wrong one.
1. I’ve cut my finger.
I’ve been cutting my finger.
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2. Sorry. I’ve broken one of your glasses.
Sorry. I’ve been breaking one of your glasses.
3. How long have you had this book?
How long have you been having this book?
4. They live here for three years.
They’ve been living here for three years.
5. How long have you been learning English?
How long do you learn English?
6. I’m learning French for two years.
I’ve been learning French for two years.
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. If both the Present Perfect
and the Present Perfect Continuous are possible, use the Continuous.
1. How long you (learn) chemistry?
2. How long you (know) your teacher?
3. He (visit) two museums today.
4. She (find) a good job.
5. Alan (buy) a new TV set.
6. He is tired because he (travel) around London all day.
7. I (have) this book for six months.
8. He is hot because he (run).
9. Her eyes hurt because she (work) on the computer.
10. I (meet) a lot of famous people.
3. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. It (rain) now. It (rain) all day.
2. Margaret (watch) TV. How long she (watch TV)?
3. I (learn) German. I (learn) it for a year.
4. Tom (write) a paper. How long he (write) it?
5. Martin (read) the newspaper. He (read) it for half an hour.
6. The girls (paint) the door. They (do) it since they came home.
7. David (play) the piano. The mother (listen) to him for twenty minutes.
8. Look, it (snow). It (snow) for three hours.
9. She (study) astronomy at university. She (study) it for a year.
10. The boys (play) football. They (play) since two o’clock.
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4. Write a sentence for each situation. Use the Present Perfect Continuous
+ for or since.
Model: Jane is tired. She started working at 2 o’clock and she is still working.
She … → She has been working since 2 o’clock.
1. You went to the institute when Ben came home and you’re still working
there. You …
2. Keith felt unwell at 3 o’clock and he is still feeling sick. Keith …
3. Sam started his phone call ten minutes ago and he is still talking. Sam …
4. Jill went to Florida five days ago. She is still travelling. Jill …
5. Fred started writing a book a month ago. He’s still doing it. Fred …
6. It started snowing at 6 o’clock. It’s still snowing. It …
7. Kevin began watching TV when the news programme began. He’s still
watching TV. Kevin …
8. Six days ago the Smiths began repairing the flat. They’re still doing it. The
Smiths …
9. Sam and I arranged to meet at the theatre at 6.00 p.m. I arrived on time but
I’m still waiting for Sam to arrive. I …
5. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense: the Present Indefinite, the
Present Continuous, the Present Perfect, the Present Perfect Continuous.
I (come) from Switzeland. I (come) to London this month to learn English.
I (not meet) many English people yet. I (learn) English for nearly ten years. In
London my English (improve). I just (take) an exam. I (not know) the result but if
I (pass) it, I will move into the next class. I’m excited today because my parents
(come) tomorrow to stay with me for a few days and I (not see) them for a long time.
They never (be) to England and they (not speak) English. At the moment I (do) my
room to make it tidy.
UNIT 2. PAST FORMS
ПРОШЕДШИЕ ВРЕМЕНА
Past Indefinite (Simple)
Прошедшее неопределенное время
Прошедшее неопределенное правильных глаголов образуется путем
прибавления окончания -ed к инфинитиву для всех лиц.
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Окончание -ed произносится как [d] после звонких согласных и гласных,
как [t] после глухих согласных и как [Id] после t, d: lived, walked, translated.
Если инфинитив оканчивается на -y с предшествующей согласной, то y
меняется на i и прибавляется окончание -ed: cry-cried (сравните: play-played).
Если инфинитив оканчивается на одну согласную с предшествующим
кратким гласным звуком, то конечная согласная удваивается: plan-planned.
Форма Past Indefinite нeправильных глаголов образуется различными
способами: bring-brought, fly-flew (см. список неправильных глаголов).
Вопросительная форма правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется
с помощью вспомогательного глагола did и инфинитива смыслового глагола
без частицы to.
Отрицательная форма образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола
did, частицы not и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to.
I, he, she, it
We, you, they
worked in the library yesterday.
You didn’t
work in the library yesterday.
Did you
work in the library yesterday?
Did you
work in the library yesterday or two days ago?
Where did you
work yesterday?
Who
worked in the library yesterday?
You
worked in the library yesterday, didn’t you?
The Past Indefinite of “To be”
I, he, she
We, you, they
was a pupil
last year.
were pupils
He
was not a pupil last year.
Was he
a pupil last year?
Was he
a pupil last year or two years ago?
When was he
a pupil?
Who
was a pupil last year?
He
was a pupil last year, wasn’t he?
Прошедшее неопределенное употребляется для выражения действия,
которое совершилось в прошлом и которое не связано с настоящим, для
описания ряда последовательных действий в прошлом и для выражения обычно
повторяющегося действия в прошлом.
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Сигналы прошедшего неопределенного времени: then, yesterday, the day
before yesterday, last week (month, year), three days ago, in 1999, on Sunday.
I saw them at the theatre yesterday.
He came into the room, shut the windows and switched on the light.
When he was a student, he went in for sports.
Для выражения повторяющегося действия в прошлом может также
употребляться used to (would) с инфинитивом.
When he was a student, he used to go in for sports. Did he use to go in for
sports when he was a student?
Exercises
1. Write in the Past Indefinite of the following verbs.
Start, happen, carry, beg, push, jump, save, study, translate, watch, pass, marry,
rob, die.
2. Make the following sentences interrogative (use different kinds of
questions).
1. Carol worked very hard last week.
2. Bob was a very fast runner when he was at school.
3. My brother had breakfast at 7.00 o’clock.
4. My daughter had a lot of pencils because she wanted to draw.
5. Bill’s son liked his new teacher.
3. Make the following sentences negative. Then give the right information.
Model: Columbus discovered India. → Columbus didn’t discover India. He
discovered America.
1. Moscow was founded in the fourteenth century.
2. The last winter Olympic Games took place in Norway in 1998.
3. Last night I had sugar for dinner.
4. Beethoven came from Paris.
5. Shakespeare lived in America.
6. The Americans landed on the moon in the nineteenth century.
7. Andrew Mironov starred in the film “Gone with the Wind”.
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