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Файл:Pronunciation in practice. Year II. Undergraduate course in practical phonetics. Учебное пособие по практической фонетике для студентов II курса
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Andlose,andstartagainatyourbeginnings
Andneverbreathawordaboutyourloss;
Ifyoucanforceyourheartandnerveandsinew
Toserveyourturnlongaftertheyaregone,
Andsoholdonwhenthereisnothinginyou
ExcepttheWillwhichsaystothem:“Holdon!”
Ifyoucantalkwithcrowdsandkeepyourvirtue,
Orwalkwithkings—norlosethecommontouch,
Ifneitherfoesnorlovingfriendscanhurtyou;
Ifallmencountwithyou,butnonetoomuch,
Ifyoucanlltheunforgivingminute
Withsixtyseconds’worthofdistancerun,
YoursistheEarthandeverythingthat’sinit,
And—whichismore—you’llbeaMan,myson!
Заповедь
Владейсобойсредитолпысмятенной,
Тебяклянущейзасмятеньевсех,
Верьсамвсебянаперекорвселенной,
Ималовернымотпустиихгрех;
Пустьчаснепробил,жди,неуставая,
Пустьлгутлжецы,неснисходидоних;
Умейпрощатьинекажись,прощая,
Великодушнейимудрейдругих.
Умеймечтать,неставрабоммечтанья,
Имыслить,мыслинеобожествив;
Равновстречайуспехипоруганье,
Heзабывая,чтоихголослжив;
Останьсятих,когдатвоежеслово
Калечитплут,чтобуловлятьглупцов,
Когдавсяжизньразрушенаиснова
Тыдолженвсевоссоздаватьcоснов.
Умейпоставитьврадостнойнадежде,
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Haкартувсе,чтонакопилcтрудом,
Bceпроигратьинищимстатькакпрежде
Иникогданепожалетьoтом,
Умейпринудитьсердце,нервы,тело
Тебеслужить,когдавтвоейгруди
Ужедавновсепусто,всесгорело
ИтолькоВоляговорит:«Иди!»
Останьсяпрост,беседуяcцарями,
Будьчестен,говоряcтолпой;
Будьпрямитвердcврагамиидрузьями,
Пустьвсевсвойчассчитаютсяcтобой;
Наполнисмысломкаждоемгновенье
Часовиднейнеуловимыйбег,—
Тогдавесьмиртыпримешькаквладенье
Тогда,мойсын,тыбудешьЧеловек!
Перевод М. Лозинского
72
The Naming of Cats
TheNamingofCatsisadifcultmatter,
Itisn’tjustoneofyourholidaygames;
YoumaythinkatrstI’masmadasahatter
WhenItellyou,acatmusthaveTHREEDIFFERENTNAMES.
Firstofall,there’sthenamethatthefamilyusedaily,
SuchasPeter,Augustus,AlonzoorJames,
SuchasVictororJonathan,GeorgeorBillBailey—
Allofthemsensibleeverydaynames.
Therearefanciernamesifyouthinktheysoundsweeter,
Someforthegentlemen,someforthedames:
SuchasPlato,Admetus,Electra,Demeter—
Butallofthemsensibleeverydaynames.
ButItellyou,acatneedsanamethat’sparticular,
Anamethat’speculiar,andmoredignied,
Elsehowcanhekeepuphistailperpendicular,
Orspreadouthiswhiskers,orcherishhispride?
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Ofnamesofthiskind,Icangiveyouaquorum,
SuchasMunkustrap,Quaxo,orCoricopat,
SuchasBombalurina,orelseJellylorum—
Namesthatneverbelongtomorethanonecat.
Butaboveandbeyondthere’sstillonenameleftover,
Andthatisthenamethatyouneverwillguess;
Thenamethatnohumanresearchcandiscover—
ButTHECATHIMSELFKNOWS,andwillneverconfess.
Whenyounoticeacatinprofoundmeditation,
Thereason,Itellyou,isalwaysthesame:
Hismindisengagedinaraptcontemplation
Ofthethought,ofthethought,ofthethoughtofhisname:
Hisineffableeffableeffanineffable
DeepandinscrutablesingularName.
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Кошачьи имена
Котаокрестить—непустаязабава,
Поверьте,задачанетакужпроста.
«Свихнулся!»—выскажите.Пусть!Только,право,
ТРИИМЕНИРАЗНЫХбытьдолжноукота.
Можетимядомашнеебытьбезыскусным:
Чтожсемьяобудобствездесьпечьсявольна,
Скажем,Питер,Алонзо,БиллБейли,Августа―
Вотразумные,будничныеимена.
Ну,авпрочем,кому-тодляпущегошика
Иэкзотикатоже,пожалуй,нужна:
Скажем,ЗевсильПлатон,ильДеметра,ильНика―
Вотдобротно-обыденныеимена.
Толькокошкенужноиособоеимя,
Благородней,точней.Даитоведьсказать,
Ейженужногордитьсяусамисвоими,
Идержатьхвосттрубой,исебяуважать.
Иподобныхименестьогромноемножество:
Сладкоежка,Ревун,Полотер,Салабон,
Грозныйрык,СладкийликилиПегаярожица―
Вотпримерытакихуникальныхимен.
Ипоследнееимя.Заметимприэтом:
Человекуегонипочемнеузнать.
Никакаянауканедаствамответа―
Кошкажзнаетего,толькобудетмолчать.
Есликошкасидит,погруженнаявмысли,
Топричинатому,ужповерьте,одна:
Размышляетоналишьобистинномсмысле,
Чтоскрывают,таятихранятимена.
Несказанно-сказанноНикемнеузнанные
Сокровенно-особенныеимена.
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Перевод С.Г. Дубовицкой
Ecclesiastes 3:1–8
Toeverythingthereisaseason,andatimetoevery
purposeundertheheaven:
Atimetobeborn,andatimetodie;atimetoplant,
andatimetopluckupthatwhichisplanted;
Atimetokill,andatimetoheal;atimetobreakdown,
andatimetobuildup;
Atimetoweep,andatimetolaugh;atimetomourn,
andatimetodance;
Atimetocastawaystones,andatimetogatherstones
together;atimetoembrace,andatimetorefrainfromembracing;
Atimetoget,andatimetolose;atimetokeep,anda
timetocastaway;
Atimetorend,andatimetosew;atimetokeepsilence,
andatimetospeak;
Atimetolove,andatimetohate;atimeofwar,
andatimeofpeace.
Oftensomespeakerswillperformwithimpressive,thrillingpower.
Thesecretisthatthisskill,thisattributecanbelearnt,evenifyouhave
asmall,athinvoice.Manypeoplewouldliketospeaklikegoodlm
actors,orthetopstageactorsandactresses.InEnglandthelate
, and , are two outstanding examples.
Justonesuperladyistheactress.FromtheUSA
wasacreditablepractitioner.Theycouldactwithbrillianceand
theirsecretwasthattheycouldspeaktheirlines,withtremendous,brilliantpower.Canordinarymortalsachievetheresonance,thediction,
andstyleofthegreatones?
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The Voice
Usingyournormaltoneandlevelofvoice,youcanspeakcomfortablyfor15minutes.Somepeoplecanspeakforaslongas30minutes,
inthisfashion.Mostpeoplewillusethemusclesandorganslocatedin
thethroat.Afterabout30minutes,tirednessinthevoice,anddiscomfort
willsetin.Sowhatcanyousensiblydo,ifyouhavetoperformforan
hour,ortwohours?Thisis one ofthesecretsofactors,actresses,and
publicspeakers.Theyuseamuscleinthebodycalledthediaphragm.
Sowhereisitlocated?Ifyoustandupandplaceyourhandsover
thetopofyourstomachyoucanndit.Breatheinandholdyourbreath
for1to2minutes.Thenbreatheout.Youshouldthenfeelsomething
moveinyourstomach.Itisyourdiaphragm,astrongmuscleatthetop
ofyourstomach.Ifyourelaxand contract it, as youspeak,youcan
bothtakethepressureofyourthroat,andincreasethepowerofyour
speaking.Thisisoneofthesecretsofpoliticians,actorsandotherpublicspeakers.Usingthediaphragm,youcanalso combat hoarseness.
Whenyouhavetoprojectyourself,throwyourvoice,withorwithout
amicrophone,useyourdiaphragm!!Thisskillishandyifyourmicrophonegoesdead,orifyouareinlargehall addressing a largeaudience,withoutaPublicaddresssystem.Thekeypointtorememberis
thatthevoicecanbetrained.
Voice Gestures
Itshouldnotbeassumedthattheonlyobjectiveisvolume,loudness, when you speak. How loudly should the speaker speak? He
shouldspeakloudlyenough,tobeheardatthebackoftheaudience,
butnotsoloudly,astobeasourceofirritation.Itisaquestionofboth
judgmentandexperience.Tooquietavoice,canirritatetoo.Youwill
soon know,as comments such as “Wecan’thear you” and “Please
speakup”;willcomefromallsectionsoftheaudience.
Justasyouhavevarietyandgestureswithyourhands,sotooyou
have gestures with your voice. The volume should not be monotonouslystrong,orweak,butshouldchangetobringoutdifferencesin
meaning.Somepeopleareextraordinarilygoodatthis,speakingpowerfullyonemoment,and5or10minuteslaterdroppingtheirvoices,
solow,thattheaudienceleansforward,craningtheirnecks,tocatch
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eachsyllable, each whisper.These are voice gestures, and variation
ofloudnessisarequirementforemphasis.Oneofthemostdifcult
thingsforanovicespeakeristolearntomakeimportantideasstand
out.Thiscanoftenbestbedone,byutteringimportantwords,phrases,
andideas,withadditionalforce.
Stressisloudnessorforceappliedtoawordorasyllable.Stress
alsoincludesfeaturesofpitchandlength.Russianhasmanystresses
onwords,andtoanovicespeaker,orastudentofthelanguage,their
unexpectednesscanbeadelight,especiallywhenheorshegetsthem
right.AnEnglishword,ofmorethanonesyllable,hasstressonatleast
onesyllable,aspartofthepronunciationoftheword.
Withmostspeakers and most people, an almost endless variety
ofvocalqualitiesispossible,yettherearesomevocalqualitieswhich
maybefoundwantinge.g.Thevoicemaysoundsmallwispyorweak.
Itmaybebreathy,raspy,huskyorhoarse.Itcanbehollow,mufed,
throaty,orswallowed.Itmaybeharsh,strident,orpiercing.Poorvocalqualities,often expressattitudesnotintendedbyspeakersuch as
whining,boredom,annoyanceorbelligerence.
ThispartofthecourseinvitesyoutopracticeShadow-readingtech-
niqueinordertohelpyoutomasteruencyofspeech,butaboveall,
tocultivategoodvoicequality,eleganceofspeech,andgooddiction.
shadOw-reading
maTilda
(from the book by Roald Dahl)
It’safunnythingaboutmothersandfathers.
Evenwhentheirownchildisthemostdisgusting
little blister you could ever imagine, they still
thinkthatheorsheiswonderful.
Some parents go further. They become so
blinded by adoration they manage to convince
themselvestheirchildhasqualitiesofgenius.
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Well,thereisnothingverywrongwithallthis.It’sthewayofthe
world.Itisonlywhentheparentsbegintellingusaboutthebrilliance
oftheir own revolting offspring,that we start shouting, “Bring us a
basin!We’regoingtobesick!”
Schoolteachers suffer agood deal from having to listen tothis
sort of twaddle from proud parents, but they usually get their own
backwhenthetimecomestowritetheend-of-termreports.IfIwerea
teacherIwouldcookupsomerealscorchersforthechildrenofdoting
parents.“YoursonMaximilian”,—Iwouldwrite,“Isatotalwashout.Ihopeyouhaveafamilybusinessyoucanpushhimintowhenhe
leavesschoolbecausehesureasheckwon’tgetajobanywhereelse.”
OrifIwerefeelinglyricalthatday,Imightwrite,“Itisacurioustruth
thatgrasshoppershavetheirhearing-organsinthesidesoftheabdomen.Your daughterVanessa,judgingby what she’slearntthis term
hasnohearing-organsatall.”
Imighteven delvedeeperintonaturalhistoryand say,“Theperiodicalcicadaspendssixyearsasagrubunderground,andnomore
thansixdaysasafreecreatureofsunlightandair.YoursonWilfred
hasspent six years as a grub inthis school andwe are stillwaiting
forhimtoemergefromthechrysalis.”Aparticularlypoisonouslittle
girlmightstingmeintosaying:Fionahasthesameglacialbeautyas
aniceberg,but unlikethe iceberg she has absolutely nothing below
thesurface.”IthinkImightenjoywritingend-of-termreportsforthe
stinkersinmyclass.Butenoughofthat.Wehavetogeton.
Occasionallyonecomesacrossparentswhotaketheoppositeline,
whoshownointerestatallintheirchildren,andtheseof courseare
farworse thanthe dotingones. Mr.andMrs.Wormwood were two
such parents. They had a son called Michael and a daughter called
Matilda,andtheparentslookeduponMatildainparticularasnothing
morethanascab.Ascabissomethingyouhavetoputupwithuntilthe
timecomeswhenyoucanpickitoffandickitaway.Mr.andMrs.
Wormwoodlookedforwardenormouslytothetimewhentheycould
picktheirlittledaughteroffandickheraway,preferablyintothenext
countyorevenfurtherthanthat.
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It’sbad enough when parents treat ordinary children as though
they were scabs and bunions, but it becomes somehow a lot worse
whenthechildinquestionisextraordinary,andbythatImeansensitiveandbrilliant.Matildawasbothofthesethings,butaboveallshe
wasbrilliant.Hermindwassonimbleandshewassoquicktolearn
thatherabilityshouldhavebeenobviouseventothemosthalf-witted
ofparents.ButMr.andMrs.Wormwoodwerebothsogormlessand
sowrappedupintheirownsillylittlelivesthattheyfailedtonotice
anythingunusualabouttheir daughter.Totellthetruth,Idoubtthey
wouldhavenoticedhadshecrawledintothehousewithabrokenleg.
Matilda’sbrotherMichaelwasaperfectlynormalboy,butthesister,asIsaid, was something to makeyour eyes pop. By theage of
one and a halfherspeechwasperfectandsheknewasmanywords
asmostgrown-ups.Theparents,insteadofapplaudingher,calledher
anoisychatterboxandtoldhersharplythatsmallgirlsshouldbeseen
andnotheard.
Bythetimeshewasthree,Matildahadtaughtherselftoreadby
studyingnewspapersandmagazinesthatlayaroundthehouse.Atthe
ageoffourshecouldreadfastandwellandshenaturallybeganhanker-
ingafterbooks.TheonlybookinthewholeofthisenlightenedhouseholdwassomethingcalledEasy Cookingbelongingtohermother,and
whenshehadreadthisfromcovertocovershehadlearntalltherecipes
byheart,shedecidedshewantedsomethingmoreinteresting.
“Daddy,”shesaid,“d’youthinkyoucouldbuymeabook?”
“Abook?”hesaid.“Whatd’youwantaamingbookfor?”
“Toread,Daddy.”
“What’s wrong with the telly, for heaven’s sake? We’ve got a
lovelytellywithatwelve-inchscreenandnowyoucomeaskingfora
book!You’regettingspoiled,mygirl!”
NearlyeveryweekdayafternoonMatildawasleftaloneinthehouse.
Herbrother(veyearsolderthanher)wenttoschool.Herfatherwentto
workandhermotherwentoutplayingbingoinatowneightmilesaway.
Mrs.Wormwoodwashookedonbingoandplayeditveafternoonsa
week.Ontheafternoonofthedaywhenherfatherhadrefusedtobuy
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