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Файл:HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE = История английского языка.pdf
61
GLOSSARY
Notes on the Use of the Glossary
1. The alphabetic order.
The letter æ is given a separate place in the glossary,
immediately after a.
The letters Þ and ð are used indiscriminately; they are placed
after t.
2. y, i and ie are to be found under I and may be used
indiscriminately.
3. A participle II occurring in the text may correspond to an
infinitive without the prefix e-.
List of Abbreviations
adj. – adjective;
adv. – adverb;
conj. – conjunction;
demon. pron. – demonstrative pronoun;
indecl. – indeclinable;
num. – numeral;
ME – Middle English;
n. – noun, the following letter denotes gender, the third denotes
the stem;
p. – person;
pl. – plural;
prep. – preposition;
pron. – pronoun;
s. – see;
sg. – singular;
sg. Pres. Subj – singular Present Subjunctive
sv. – strong verb, it is followed by a figure denoting the class
they belong to.
v.suppl. – suppletive verb;
v. prt. prs. – preterite-present verb;
wv. – weak verb, it is followed by a figure denoting the class
they belong to.
62
A
ā, adv. – ever, always
ac, conj. – but
al, eall, adj. – all
ālecgan, wv. 1 – to lay
and, conj. – and
atol, adj. – terrible, horrid
Æ
ælc, pron. – each
æni , pron. – any
B
baÞian, v. ME bathen – to bathe
bærnan, sv. 3 – to burn
be, prep. – by
bēn, n.f.ō. – prayer
bēodan, sv. 2 – to bid, command, proclaim, offer, give
bēon, v. suppl. – present: bēo, bist, biÞ, prt.: wæs, wæron – to be
betwēōnan, prep. – between
byri , n.f.jo. – city
birinen – v. – to rain
bischinen, v. – to shine
biweste – in the western part of the country
bliÞe, adj. – joyful, merry, gentle, kind, sweet, calm
blōde, n.m.a. – blood
bræÞ, n.m.i. – breath, ME breeth
brēōwan, sv. 2 – to brew
bri t, adj. – bright
brim, n.n.a. – surf, sea, ocean
būan, v. anom. – live
būde -3 p. sg. Past of būan
burh, bur , n. – fortress, castle, town
buton, conj. – but
C
cild, n.n.es. – child; ME – child
colur, n. ME– colour
63
course, n. ME – course
crop, n. ME – crop
cuman, sv. 4 – to come
cweÞan, sv. 5 – say
cynin , n. m. a. – king
D
deaÞ, n.m.a – death
deaÞ-fæ e, adj. – doomed to die
dēō , v. – to hide or to die
drēām-leas, adj. – joyless, sad
drincan, sv. 3 – to drink
droghte, n. ME – drought
E
eal, pron. – all
ealo, n.n. – ale
engrendren, v. ME – to produce
F
fæ en, adj. – glad, joyful
fæ er, adj. – glad, joyful; ME fair, fayre
feawum, adj. – few
fen-freoðo, n.f.indecl. –shelter in fens
feorh, n.n.a. – life, soul, spirit
feorh-lāstas, pl. – steps taken to preserve one’s life, fight
feorran, adv. – far off, from far
feran, wv. 1 – to go, get on
feren, v. ME –to go, travel
fisc, n.m.a. (plur, fiscas) – fish
fiscaÞ, n.m.a. – fishing
flēō an, sv. 2 – to fly
flur, flour, n. ME – flower
folc-to a, n.m.n. – leader of the people
fowel, n. ME – bird
frēā, n.m.n. – lord
64
, G
ebrowen – past participle II of brēōwan
eflyman, wv. 1 – to put to flight
efrǽ e, n.n.a. – information; mine efrǽ e – I have been told
emengan, wv. 1 – to mix, mingle
enoh, enog, adj., adv. – enough, sufficient
eond, prep. – through, beyond, among, across
eswing, n.n.a. –vibration
ewinn, n.n.a. – battle, contest
if-heall, n.f.ō. – a hall where gifts are distributed
glas, n. ME – glass
gume, gome, n. ME –man
guð-rinc, n.n.a. –warrior
H
habban, wv. 3 – to have; ME haven, han, hafen
halfe, n. ME – half
hæðen, adj. – heathen, pagan
hē, pron. – he
heall, n.f.ō – hall, residence
hel(l), n.f.i. – hell
heolfor, n.m.a. – blood coming from the wounds
heoro-drēōr, n.m.a. – blood coming from wounds
hlāford, n.m.a. – lord
his, pron. ME – his
hit, pron. – it
holt, n.n.a. – grove, wood
hū, adv. – how
huni , n.n.a. – honey
huntoÞ, n.m.a. – hunting
I, Y
ic, pron. – I, ME ich
iliche, prep., adv. – like, alike
ymb, prep. – about, by;
younge, adj. ME – young;
65
inspiren, v. ME – to inspire
y-ronne – past participle II of rynnen
K
king, n. ME – king
L
land, n.n.a. – land;
lan , adj. – long, ME lon ;
lāst, n.m.a,i – step, footstep, track, trace;
lāstan, wv. 1 – 1) to follow, attend; 2) to do, perform, carry; 3)
to continue, last; ME lesten, lasten;
laÞ, n.n.a. – what is hateful, harmful, evil, injury, grief, pain;
licour, n. ME - liquor;
līf- edāl, n.n.a. – parting with life;
līðe, lyðe, adj. – lithe, soft, meek, mild, serene;
M
macian, wv. 2 – to make; ME maken, makie
man(n), n.m.cons. – man, pl. menn, men
mani , moni , adj. – many
Marche, n. ME – March
medu, medo, meodu, n.m.n. – mead, a drink made from honey
melody, n. ME –melody
meolc, n.f.ō – milc
mere, n.m.i. – sea, lake, mere
mest, s. mycel
mycel, micel, adj – much
mid, prep., adv. – with
mi te, v. –might
mīn, pron. – my
myri , miri , adj. – pleasant, delightful, sweet
mōd, n.n.a. – the inner, spiritual part of a man, spirit, mind
moni , adj., -s. mani
mor en, n.m.a. – morning
N
nān = ne ān, pron. – none, no, not one
næni , pron. – no, none, not a single one
66
ne, negat. particle –not
nicer, n.m.a. – 1) hippopotamus, 2) water-monster
nō, pron. – no
non, pron. – none, no one
norÞ, adv. – north
norÞmest, adv. – to the north
norÞweardum, adj. – to the north
O
on, prep. – on
ond, conj. – and, but
onfon, v. – to receive, get, take
oÞer, adj. – one of two, something else
P
percen, v. ME – to pierce, penetrate
pleyen, v. ME – to play, to move briskly
Q
quen, n. ME – queen, wife
R
rein, n. ME – rain
riche, adj. ME – rich
ricost, adj. – most powerful
rose, n. and adj. – rose
rōte, n. – root
S
sārlīc, adj. – giving occasion for sorrow, sad, lamentable
sang, n.n.a. – song; ME sang, song
sāwol, n.f.ō. –soul
sæ, n.f.i. – sea
sæde, 3 p. sg. Past of sec an
scēāwian, wv. 2 – to look, observe , consider, inspect, examine
sē, pron. –that
sec an, wv. 3 – say
shore, n. ME –shower
sīe, sg. Pres. Subj. of beon
singan, sv. 3 – to sing
67
siððan, adv., conj. – afterwards, since, after
small, adj. ME –small
stow, n.f.wo. – place
stycemælum, adv. – here and there
sumer, n.m.u. – summer
sunne, sonne n.f.u. – the son
swete, adj. ME – sweet
swich, pron. ME – such
swiÞe, adv. – very
T
tellan, tealde, talde wv. 1, irr.; ME tellen, teolde – to tell, count
tēōn, tēāh, tu on, to en, sv. 2 – to draw, pull, bring up, proceed
tīma, n.m.n. – time, period of time
tir-leases, adj. – unglorious
twelf, num. – twelve, ME twelf, twelve
Þ (ð)
Þā, adv., conj. – then, when
Þā, demon. pron. pl. – those
Þanne, adv. – then, when
Þanon, adv. – from there, thence
Þāra – demon. pron. gen. pl. – those
Þāt – s. Þæt
Þær, adv. – there, where
Þære – Dat. of Þæt 2
Þæt 1, conj. – that
Þæt 2, pron. – that
Þe, relative particle, often enclitically joined to pronouns or
adverbs
Þēah, conj. – through
Þonan, adv. – from there
U
unspedi , n.adj. – poor
upon, prep. ME – upon
V
68
vertu, n. – power
W
wæs, v. – was, ME was
weallan, sv. – to well, flow
wēste, adj. – uninhabited
we , n.m.a. – way
wēōl, - s. weallan
wēri -mōd, adj. – with weary mood, weary at heart, sad
whan, conj. ME – when
which, conj. – which
whit, adj. ME – white
wīcoan, wv. 2 – live
wīd-we as, n. pl. – broad paths, roads
winnan, sv. 3 – to toil hard, labour, make war, fight, win
winter, n.m.u. – winter
wiÞ, prep. – with
wundor, n.n.a. – wonder, smth. that excites wonder, feeling of
wonder, admiration
69
Appendix
Appendix 1
Plan for the Seminars (18 hours)
Seminar № 1
I. Theoretical questions. Make a report on the following topics
(2-3 minutes):
1. The Subject matter of the History of the English
Language
2. Periodisation of the History of the English Language
3. Peculiarities of the Germanic Languages (Grimm’s Law,
Verner’s Law)
II. Do the practical assignments
1. Apply Grimm’s Law for each English word and choose a
corresponding Russian one:
Fish – рыба, икра, форель, пескарь;
Friend – приятель, знакомый, друг, товарищ;
Pool – болото, озеро, пруд, лужа;
Care – забота, несчастье, горе, беда;
Foot – нога, ступня, колено, пята;
Naked – голый, нагой, раздетый, лысый;
Tree – дерево, растение, куст, береза;
Cow – бык, корова, говядина, вол;
Thou – ты, вы, Вы;
Twin – брат, близнец, двойник, сестра;
Fine – штраф, взыскание, наказание, пени;
Tamed – дрессированный, тренированный, домашний,
прирученный;
Модель: fish – пескарь.
2. Read and translate the Text “Ohthere’s Account of his
Voyage around the North Cape” into Russian.
Seminar № 2
I. Theoretical questions. Make a report on the following
topics (2-3 minutes):
70
1. O.E. Alphabets and O.E. Writing
2. Celts in Britain
3. Romans in Britain
4. The First Layer of Latin Borrowings
II. Do the practical assignments
1. Make a map of the Roman Civilization (walls and roads)
in Britain
2. Classify the following words into Latin Borrowings of
the 1st, 2nd and 3rd layers. Write them in three columns:
pear, pope, annual, plum, bishop, lunar, beet, pepper,
neutral, monk, wine, commit, pea, priest, minor, obvious,
devil, major.
3. Read, translate and learn (if desired) the poem “Roman
Centurion Song” by R. Kipling. What is the poem about?
What’s its main idea?
Seminar № 3
I. Theoretical questions. Make a report on the following
topics (2-3 minutes):
1. Christianity and Paganism in Britain
2. Anglo-Saxon invasion
3. The O.E. Phonetic System
II. Do the practical assignments:
1. Draw a map of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
2. Explain the Consonant correspondences using Grimm’s
and Verner’s laws (Линский, упр. 2 – II, стр 11)
3. Account for the origin (Germanic, Celtic, French) of the
following place names: Germany, Saxony, Anglia,
Gothenberg, Jutland, France, Normandy, Anglesea,
England, Britain, Bretagne, Sussex, Middlesex, Wessex,
Northumbrialand.
Seminar № 4
I. Theoretical questions. Make a report on the following topics
(2-3 minutes):