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Файл:English for Postgraduates. Практикум
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Population in the world is currently (2020) growing at a
rate of around 1.05% per year (down from 1.08% in 2019,
1.10% in 2018, and 1.12% in 2017). The current average
population increase is estimated at 81 million people per year.
How To Make a Presentation
The Structure of Presentation
1. greet the audience
2. introduce yourself
3. thank the organisers
4. introduce the presentation topic and objectives
5. outline the presentation structure
6. say when you would like to take questions
7. signal the beginning of the talk
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8. present the main body of the talk
9. summarise the main points
10. have a strong ending
11. handle questions
12. thank the audience
The Main Steps to Produce a Successful Presentation
I Preparation and Practice
1 Ten Stages in Preparing Your Slides
1. Find out about the potential audience
2. Identify your key points/messages
3. Prepare a two-minute talk
4. Record and transcribe your two minutes
5. Expand into a longer presentation
6. Practice with colleagues
7. Give your presentation a structure
8. Create the slides
9. Modify your script
10. Cut redundant slides, simplify complicated slides
2 Writing Out Your Speech in English
1. Use your script to write notes to accompany your slides
2. Only have one idea per sentence and repeat key words
3. Simplify sentences that are difficult to say
4. Do not use synonyms for technical/key words
5. Avoid details/exceptions
6. Avoid quasi-technical terms
7. Explain or paraphrase words that may be unfamiliar to
the audience
8. Only use synonyms for nontechnical words
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9. Be concise – only say things that add value
10. Use verbs rather than nouns
11. Avoid abstract nouns
12. Avoid generic quantities and unspecific adjectives
13. Choose the right level of formality
II What to Write on the Slides
1Titles
1. Decide what to include in the title slide
2. Remove all redundancy
3. Make sure your title is not too technical for your
audience
4. Use a two-part title to attract both a general and a
technical audience
5. Don’t be too concise in titles—use verbs and
prepositions not just nouns and adjectives
6. Check your grammar
7. Check your spelling
2 Writing and Editing the Text of the Slides
1. Be aware of the dangers of PowerPoint
2. Only use a slide if it is essential, never read your slides
3. Only write what you are 100% sure is correct
4. One idea per slide
5. Avoid complete sentences
6. Use only well-known acronyms, abbreviations,
contractions, and symbols
7. Choose the shortest forms possible
8. Cut brackets containing text
9. Make good use of the phrase that introduces the bullets
10. Avoid references
11. Keep quotations short
12. When you’ve finished creating your slides, always
check your spelling
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3 Using Bullets
1. Avoid having bullets on every
2. Choose the most appropriate type of bullet
3. Limit yourself to six bullets per slide
4. Keep to a maximum of two levels of bullets
5. Choose the best order for the bullets
6. Introduce items in a list one at a time only if absolutely
necessary
7. Use verbs not nouns
8. Be grammatical
9. Minimize punctuation in bullets
4 Visual Elements and Fonts
1. Only include visuals that you intend to talk about
2. Avoid visuals that force you to look at the screen
3. Use visuals to help your audience understand
4. Simplify everything
5. Avoid animations
6. Make sure your slide can be read by the audience in the
back row
7. Use maps to interest the audience and boost your
confidence
8. Use color to facilitate audience understanding
9. Explain graphs in a meaningful way
10. Remember the difference in usage between commas and
points in numbers
11. Design pie charts so that the audience can immediately
understand them
Part III What to Say and Do at the Presentation
1 Methodology
1. Use an “Outline” slide for longer presentations and for
arts, humanities, and social sciences
2. Use transitions to guide your audience
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3. Signal a move from one section to the next
4. Be concise
5. Give simple explanations and be careful when giving
numbers
6. Give examples first, technical explanations second
7. Reduce redundancy
8. Use active and passive forms effectively
9. Bring your figures, graphs, etc., alive
10. Minimize or cut the use of equations, formulas, and
calculations
11. Explain statistics, graphs, and charts in a meaningful
way
12. Communicate the value of what you have done – put
your results in the big picture
13. Avoid phrases that might make you sound overconfident
or arrogant
14. Be positive about others in your field
15. Be upfront about your poor/uninteresting/negative
results
16. Be brief and don’t deviate from your planned speech
17. Make sure your final slides give useful
18. Show your enthusiasm
19. Directly relate your findings to the audience
2 Questions and Answers
1. Don’t underestimate the importance of the Q&A session
2. Prepare in advance for all possible questions
3. Give the audience time to respond to your call for
questions
4. Remember that it is not just your fault if you can’t
understand the
5. Don’t interrupt the questioner
6. Be concise
7. Always be polite
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Useful language for overviews
“My presentation is in three parts.”
“My presentation is divided into three main sections.”
“Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally…”
“I’m going to…
take a look at…
talk about…
examine…
tell you something about the background…
give you some facts and figures…
fill you in on the history of…
concentrate on…
limit myself to the question of…
“Please feel free to interrupt me if you have questions.”
“There will be time for questions at the end of the
presentation.”
“I’d be grateful if you could ask your questions after the
presentation.”
The main body of the presentation
During your presentation, it’s a good idea to occasionally
remind your audience why your presentation and ideas are
important or relevant.
“As I said at the beginning…”
“This, of course, will help you (to achieve the 20% increase).”
“As you remember, we are concerned with…”
“This relates directly to the question I put to you before…”
Emphasizing, qualifying, giving examples
Emphasizing a point
I must emphasize that ..
What I want to highlight is . . .
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At this point I would like to stress that . . .
What I would really like you to focus on here is . . .
These are the main points to remember: ...
The fact is that . . .
This is a particularly important point.
Emphasizing, qualifying, giving examples
Communicating value and benefits
So, the key benefit is. . .
One of the main advantages is. . .
What I would like you to notice here is . . .
What I like about this is . . .
The great thing about this is . . .
Qualifying what you are saying
Broadly speaking, we can say that . . .
In most cases/In general this is true.
In very general terms . . .
With certain exceptions, this can be seen as . . .
For the most part, people are inclined to think that . . .
Here is a broad outline of . . .
Having said that . . .
Nevertheless, despite this . . .
But in reality . . .
Actually . . .
In fact . . .
Giving explanations
As a result of . . .
Due to the fact that . . .
Thanks to . . .
This problem goes back to . . .
The thing is that . . .
On the grounds that . . .
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Giving examples
I’ve got an example of this here . . . show slide
I’ve brought an example of this with me . . . show object
There are many ways to do this, for example/for instance you
can . . .
There are several examples of this, such as . . .
Keeping your audience with you
Remember that what you are saying is new to your
audience. You are clear about the structure of your talk, but let
your audience know when you are moving on to a new point.
You can do this by saying something like “right”, or “OK”. You
can also use some of the following expressions:
“I’d now like to move on to…”
“I’d like to turn to…”
“That’s all I have to say about…”
“Now I’d like to look at…”
“This leads me to my next point…”
If you are using index cards, putting the link on the
cards will help you remember to keep the audience with you. In
addition, by glancing at your index cards you will be pausing –
this will also help your audience to realise that you are moving
on to something new.
Phrases for introducing visuals
It’s important to introduce your visual to the audience.
You can use the following phrases:
“This graph shows you…”
“Take a look at this…”
“If you look at this, you will see…”
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“I’d like you to look at this…”
“This chart illustrates the figures…”
“This graph gives you a breakdown of…”
Give your audience enough time to absorb the
information on the visual. Pause to allow them to look at the
information and then explain why the visual is important:
“As you can see…”
“This clearly shows …”
“From this, we can understand how / why…”
“This area of the chart is interesting…”
Diagrams
Making initial reference to the diagram
Here you can see . . .
I have included this chart because . . .
This is a detail from the previous figure . . .
This should give you a clearer picture of . . .
This diagram illustrates . . .
Explaining what you have done to simplify a diagram
For ease of presentation, I have only included essential
information.
For the sake of simplicity, I have reduced all the numbers to
whole numbers.
This is an extremely simplified view of the situation, but it is
enough to illustrate that . . .
In reality this table should also include other factors, but for the
sake of simplicity I have just chosen these two key points.
This is obviously not an exact/accurate picture of the real
situation, but it should give you an idea of . . .
I have left a lot of detail out, but in any case, this should help
you to . . . if you are interested you can find more information
on this in my paper.
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Indicating what part of the diagram you want them to focus
on
Basically what I want to highlight is . . .
I really just want you to focus on . . .
You can ignore/Don’t worry about this part here.
This diagram is rather complex, but the only thing I want you to
notice is . . .
Explaining the lines, curves, arrows
On the x axis is . . . On the y axis we have . . .
I chose these values for the axes because . . .
In this diagram, double circles mean that . . . whereas black
circles mean . . . dashed lines mean . . . continuous lines mean ...
Time is represented by a dotted line.
Dashed lines correspond to . . . whereas zig-zag lines mean . . .
The thin dashed gray line indicates that . . .
These dotted curves are supposed to represent . . .
The solid curve is . . .
These horizontal arrows indicate . . .
There is a slight/gradual/sharp decrease in . . .
The curve rises rapidly, then reaches a peak, and then forms a
plateau.
As you can see, this wavy curve has a series of peaks and
troughs.
Explaining positions
on the left is . . .
on the left side here . . .
in the middle . . .
here, at the top . . .
down in this section . . .
over here is a . . .
the upper/lower section . . .
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