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Файл:English for Postgraduates. Практикум
.pdf
https://www.railwaygazette.com
CANADA: Canadian Pacific has been awarded a C$15m
grant from Emissions Reduction Alberta to expand the scope of
its hydrogen locomotive programme, the railway announced on
November 1.
The 50/50 matching grant from ERA’s Shovel Ready
Challenge programme builds on the C$15m that CP expected to
invest in during 2021, and is intended to create ‘a global centre
of excellence in hydrogen and freight rail systems’ in Alberta. It
will enable CP to increase the number of hydrogen locomotive
conversions from one to three and add hydrogen production and
fueling facilities.
CP announced in December 2020 that it intended to
develop North America’s first main line hydrogen-powered
locomotive, converting an existing diesel-electric loco and
fitting it with fuel cells and batteries.
The additional grant will cover the conversion of a
second main line locomotive of a different type and a yard
shunter, helping to refine the conversion process.
The ERA grant will also enable the installation of
hydrogen production and fuelling facilities at CP’s yards in
Calgary and Edmonton to support the operation of the converted
locomotives. The Calgary installation will include an
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electrolysis plant to produce hydrogen from water, powered by
renewable energy from solar panels at CP’s headquarters
campus nearby. Edmonton will trial a small-scale steam
methane reformation system to generate hydrogen from
Alberta’s natural gas resources. This will be designed for the
‘possible future addition of greenhouse gas capture equipment’,
the railway explained.
CP is looking to evaluate the technical performance of
hydrogen locomotives and fuelling infrastructure ‘in real-world
operations’. It anticipates that the programme will generate
‘critical industry knowledge and experience that will inform
commercialisation and future development’.
‘In expanding this groundbreaking project, CP is
demonstrating its commitment to combatting climate change
through transformative technology’, explained President & CEO
Keith Creel.
CP’s initiative represents a highly compelling
opportunity to catalyse the hydrogen economy in Alberta and
around the world. The project will help scale up technology and
bring down the costs of deploying hydrogen to address the
critical challenge of decarbonising the long haul, heavy-freight
sector.
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ARTICLE 7
Diesel locomotives to be converted to hydrogen power
https://www.railwaygazette.com
ESTONIA: National freight operator Operail and
technology company Stargate Hydrogen have signed a letter of
intent for the conversion of diesel-electric shunting locomotives
to fuel cell power.
The project is to be undertaken in two phases, starting
with the completion of a prototype by the end of 2022.
The base locomotive will be the C36-7A, with the
rebuild reusing ‘most of the bottom half’; the diesel engine will
be replaced by a zero-emission powertrain consisting of polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cells from a ’leading brand’ and
lithium ion batteries.
Stargate Hydrogen will develop the powertrain and coordinate the conversion work in co-operation with Operail.
Successful certification of the prototype would be followed by
the conversion of an additional 40 locomotives.
It is estimated that the conversion will save around 370
tonnes of CO2 emissions per locomotive per year.
Economically sustainable
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Stargate Hydrogen said there were only a small number
of companies currently developing hydrogen-powered
locomotives. Combining its technology with Operail’s end-user
experience would help it to become a global leader in the market
for selling or leasing fuel cell locos.
The company will initially offer a full-service package
covering the whole hydrogen value chain, including production.
The conversion of ageing diesel locomotives to hydrogen
power ‘is already an economically sustainable solution and will
be even more so in the future’, said Chief Technology Officer
Rainer Küngas. This would enable the continued use of locos
‘that would otherwise end up as stranded assets once they no
longer meet future emission standards.’
Operail Chairman Raul Toomsalu said the operator’s
sustainability ambitions would primarily be achieved through
the electrification of Estonia’s main lines, but there would still
be requirements for shunting operations.
Even if rail is already largely electrified, energy-efficient
and the most sustainable transport mode, it is certainly no time
to be complacent. For example, around 20% of our engines in
the EU still run on diesel.
‘There is no doubt that we need innovative solutions to
enable the wider use of alternative fuels such as green hydrogen.
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How To Describe a Graph
UP - verbs
go up
increase
shoot up
grow
improve
take off
rise soar
jump
rocket
UP - nouns
an increase
a rise a growth
an upsurge
an upturn
a surge an
improvement
an upward trend
DOWN - verbs
go/come
down
fall
fall off
drop
slump
decline
decrease
slip
plummet
shrink
DOWN - nouns
a downturn
a fall
a decline
a decrease
a drop
a downward trend
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NO CHANGE verbs
remain stable
level off
stay at the same level
remain constant
stagnate
stabilise
AT THE TOP verbs
reach a peak
peak
top out
AT THE BOTTOM
- verbs
reach a low point
bottom out
recover
DEGREES OF
CHANGE
Adjectives:
dramatic, considerable, sharp,
significant, substantial, moderate,
slight
Adverbs:
dramatically, considerably, sharply,
significantly, substantially,
moderately, slightly
SPEED OF
CHANGE
abrupt
quick
steady
gradual
slow
rapid
sudden
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PREPOSITIONS
a rise from £lm to £2m
to fall by 30%
to increase by 50%
an increase of 7.5 per cent
over last year
Types of graphs
Pie charts:
A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into
sectors, illustrating proportions.
Bar graphs:
A bar graph or bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with
lengths proportional to the values that they present. It can be
plotted vertically or horizontally.
57
Line graphs:
A line graph or line chart is a type of graph, which displays
information as a series of data points connected by straight line
segments.
Tables:
A table is a means of arranging data in rows and columns.
List of Verbs
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rise
go up
improve
pick up
climb
increase
boom
leap
rocket
shoot
soar
surge
decline
go down
drop
fall (back)
decrease
reduce
plunge
slump
dive
plummet
oscillate
be erratic
vacillate
be
unpredictable
fluctuate
stay constant
stay static
level off/out
maintain the
same level
reach a
plateau
plateau (v)
stabilize
hold steady
rise
growth
increase
improvement
surge
upsurge
boom
leap
jump
decline
reduction
decrease
drop
fall
downturn
dive
oscillation
vacillation
fluctuation
stability
levelling
off/out
plateau
List of Nouns
List of Adjectives
59
high degree of
change
medium degree
of change
low degree of
change
dramatic
steep
sharp
significant
marked
exponential
remarkable
moderate
steady
progressive
constant
slow
slight
insignificant
negligible
gradual
marginal
minimal
high degree of
change
medium degree
of change
low degree of
change
dramatically
steeply
sharply
significantly
markedly
exponentially
remarkably
suddenly
radically
moderately
steadily
progressively
constantly
slowly
slightly
insignificantly
negligibly
gradually
marginally
minimally
List of Adverbs
Adverbs of Comparison
slightly more/less......than.......
considerably more/less......than........
many more...... than.......
substantially more/less
significantly fewer + count nouns
far fewer/more +count nouns
much more/less + adjective
nearly as many......as ........
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