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Файл:English for Postgraduates. Практикум
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quite as many....... as .......
nouns
prediction
forecast
anticipation
projection
verbs
predict
forecast
anticipate
project
practically as many...... as
Expressions of approximation
X is just under....
X is just over....
X is well under....
X is well over....
X is approximately ....
X is roughly ...
X is about....
“The highs” and “the lows”
X reached an all-time high of...(amount)... in/at/on ...(time)...
X reached a peak at ...(amount)... in /at/оп ..(time)...
X peaked at ...(amount)... in /at/оп ...(time)...
X reached an all-time low of ...(amount)... in /at/оп ...(time)...
X bottomed out at ...(amount)... in /at/оп ...(time)...
X hit a low of ...(amount)... in /at/оп ...(time)...
Expressions of the future
It is anticipated that ...
It is forecast that...
It is projected that...
The chart shows forecast that...
The forecast for... is that...
.... is set to ....
The expectations are that...
.... is likely to be ...
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MIND the difference
Let us use these figures:
Company profit in 2005 = £20,000
Company profit in 2010 = £25,000
Now compare these sentences:
- Company profit rose to £25.000 in 2010.
- Company profit rose by £5,000 between 2005 and 2010.
It’s easy: ’to’ is used before the new figure, and ’by’ is used to
show the change. It’s the same when you are talking about a fall.
Useful Vocabulary
It is evident that …
It is noticeable that...
We can see from the data that...
From the pie chart it can be seen that...
It is worth noting that...
The pattern is a complete reverse when it comes to ...
For... the pattern is reversed.
... clearly appeals more to ...
on a weekly/monthly/... basis
During the same period, ...
... at a slower/faster pace
to show in percentage terms ...
If you look at the figure,...
As you can see, the figure shows/gives ...
As the figure/diagram shows,...
As can be seen,...
Look at this flowchart/diagram.
The horizontal axis represents ...
The table/diagram summarises the data ...
As the line graph/diagram shows, there was an upward trend in
...
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EXERCISE
surge
breakdown
fluctuate
remain steady
trend
decline
plummet
downward
noticeable
show
Fill in the gaps with the given words:
1 The most.................... feature of the chart was the sharp fall in
theater attendances.
2 The graph.................... the increase in the market share of
Modern TEC compared to the other two sites.
3 Shopper numbers......................over most of the year, but the
last three months were less erratic.
4 There was a .................... in visitors to the site during the
holiday period with numbers almost doubling.
5 The amount of energy used.................... throughout the first
nine months and then it began to increase.
6 Sales......................in September, hitting a low for the year.
7 There was a gradual......................in profits over last year.
8 The trend for two of the sites was upward, with the other being
clearly...........
9 There was very little difference between......................in sales
for all five companies, with the exception of Iran Khodro.
10 The chart provides a ..................... of the number of passenger
miles travelled according to different modes of transportation.
Translate the following sentences using the adverbs of
comparison:
1. Велосипед купили чуть больше женщин. чем мужчин.
2 В прошлом в сельской местности проживало значительно
больше людей, чем в городах.
3 Сегодня гораздо больше людей могут пользоваться
компьютером, чем тридцать лет назад.
4 Теперь на домашнюю работу тратится значительно
меньше времени, чем раньше.
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5 В настоящее время на производстве работает значительно
меньше людей, чем в прошлом.
6 Спортивные программы сейчас смотрит практически
столько же людей, сколько и в прошлом.
7 Выставка о кино привлекла гораздо меньше посетителей,
чем ожидалось.
8 Неграмотность встречается гораздо реже, чем в
предыдущих поколениях.
9 Почти столько же детей, сколько взрослых, смотрят
программы о древней истории.
Rewrite the sentences replacing the exact numbers with
approximate ones using just/well over and just/well under.
1 Last year we sold 90.083 mobile phones in Italy.
2 14.8% of the people asked said they were unhappy with the
new design.
3 We will be spending € 1.98 m on this technology.
4 Our laboratory says that the ideal temperature is 18.1°C.
5 It will cost S3.97 to produce this item.
Fill in the gaps and describe the graph.
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The graph shows changes in the age profile of Internet
users in Taiwan between..........and .............
The main users of the Internet in Taiwan were young
adults between 16 and .......... years old. In 1998. they accounted
for more than ..........all users. In 1999 the number dropped
slightly to .........., but even in 2000 they were the biggest group.
The second biggest group of users was aged between 31
and 50. They made up 41% in 1998, falling slightly to .......... in
2000. When combined with the 16-30 age group, over 94% of
users in 1998 were between 16 and 50. However, this number
dropped steadily as more children and older users logged on. In
..........., the number of children online quadrupled2 from 2% to
........... and it continued to increase in 2000. There were 2
increased four times similar increases for older users, rising from
4% in 1998 to 10% in 2000.
In summary, while adults between 16 and 50 represent
the great majority of Internet users in Taiwan, their share was
declining as more children and older users joined the web.
Fill in the gaps and describe the table
The table shows … of consumer expenditure for three
categories of products and services in five countries in 2002.
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It is clear that the largest … of consumer spending in
each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other
hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest … in the
table.
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food,
drinks and tobacco was noticeably … in Turkey, at 32.14%, and
Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure
and education was also … in Turkey, at 4.35%, while
expenditure on clothing and footwear was … higher in Italy
(9%,) than in any of the other countries.
It can be seen that Sweden had the … percentages of
national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for
clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively.
Spain had … higher figures for these categories, but the …
figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.
Describe the graphs
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68
Analyse the pie charts and give an overview on the level of
women education.
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