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Файл:A guide to effective communication in English. Учебное пособие по практике устной и письменной речи английского языка
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ask questions in class
revise each lesson before the next one
set yourself learning targets (e.g. 5 new phrasal verbs each week)
find out which areas of language you are weak in and give yourself
extra practice in them
With other students discuss why certain habits might not be helpful.
Round- the- table discussion. A tutor and a group of first-year students are
discussing their progress in English and challenges they have to face in learning
the language. The tutor knows the students’ weak points and is eager to help
them.
Translation skills
1. В этом семестре я не пропустил ни одного семинара. 2. Если вы хотите
преуспеть в изучении иностранного языка, вы должны регулярно посещать
занятия. 3. О том, чтобы прогуливать лекции, не может быть и речи! 4. На
завтра мы должны сделать пять упражнений: два из них – устно и три –
письменно. 5. Она никогда не опаздывает на лекции. 6. К сожалению, вы
мало практикуетесь в произношении, поэтому иностранцы вас не поняли. 7.
Марк вернулся домой поздно, у него слипались глаза. Он отложил перевод
на следующий день, но назавтра у него практически не было на это
времени. В результате он пришел на занятие неподготовленным. 8. Утром я
проспал, опоздал на автобус и на полчаса опоздал на семинар по
английской литературе. Я получил от преподавателя строгий выговор. 9. –
Завтра вы будете писать тест по грамматике. – В нашем распоряжении
будут какие-нибудь словари? – Нет, на завтра не забудьте повторить
тематический вокабуляр. 10. – Ты учишься во вторую смену, не так ли? –
Совершенно верно. – Я никогда не учился во вторую смену. Это удобно? –
Вполне. Во-первых, не нужно рано вставать. У меня достаточно времени,
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чтобы вовремя добраться до университета, это большое преимущество! –
Согласен. А когда ты делаешь домашнее задание – утром или вечером? –
Как правило, я делаю основную часть заданий вечером: просматриваю
учебники и делаю записи к семинарским занятиям, делаю письменные
упражнения. Утром я лишь повторяю материал. Вообще – такой режим
учебы меня вполне устраивает, я к нему привык. 11. Мы должны
систематически работать над книгами по индивидуальному чтению –
записывать в словарь новые слова и т.п., поэтому каждый день я посвящаю
минут 20 этой языковой деятельности. 12. Полина хочет осваивать
английский язык в Америке. Она собирается жить в специальном лагере
для детей со всего света, которые хотят усовершенствовать свои языковые
навыки в стране, где английский является основным языком. Мама Полины
считает, что такой способ изучения английского будет оптимальным, но
папа девочки сомневается в успехе поездки. Дело в том, что Полина
собирается ехать в Америку с несколькими одноклассниками, и для них не
будет реальной необходимости говорить по-английски. «В лучшем случае,
ты подхватишь несколько слов по-китайски или по-японски», - говорит
папа с иронией.
Unit 3. CHOOSING A FUTURE CAREER
Vocabulary development
Topical vocabulary: to come down to a choice, to have a calling for, to follow
one’s vocation, to make a good interpreter / teacher, to be cut out for profession,
to go up to university, to get (to obtain) a place at university, the places are
limited, to do a language course/basic course in, education (compulsory,
optional, state, private, by correspondence, primary, secondary, higher, further),
tuition, to pay tuition fee, free (half) tuition, degree, to take one's degree,
Bachelor's degree, BA (Bachelor of Arts), BSc (Bachelor of Science), to do a
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postgraduate course, Master’s degree, MA (Master of Arts), MSc (Master of
Science), MPhil (Master of Philosophy), PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), diploma,
scientific / research work, dissertation, to do postgraduate work, to do / conduct /
carry out research into, translator, to translate from … into, to translate word for
word, to render a text, to face challenges, a challenging profession, to deal with,
to require, professional, amateur, (un)promising, to coach smb.
Additional vocabulary: rector, vice-rector, deputy-rector, dean, dean’s office,
assistant dean, secretary, professor, assistant professor, associate professor, (in)
department, head of department, teaching staff, faculty / faculty office, lecturer,
to deliver a lecture, tutor, tutorial, instructor, chair.
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. Match the words for people in education with
the correct definition.
1) apprentice a) female teacher in charge of a school
2) cadet b) person who trains sportsmen for contests or
prepares private students for an exam
3) coach c) highest grade of university teacher
4) dean d) the lowest teaching rank at a university
5) disciple e) person in charge of a division of study
6) headmistress f) person who teaches you driving
7) instructor g) the head of some universities and schools
8) lecturer h) a person studying to become an officer in the army or
a
policeman
9) trainee i) someone learning a trade who works in return for
being taught
10) principal j) person undergoing some form of vocational
training
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11) professor k) anyone devoted to the acquisition of
knowledge, especially attending university
12) pupil l) attends primary school
13) student m) follower or a religious teacher
Reading and speaking
Text 3. CAREER PROSPECTS
Before reading the dialogue try to answer the following questions: How do you
understand the meaning of the notion “vocation”? In what way can a young
person realize that he/she is cut out for a particular profession? Who and what
can influence his choice? Will you share your personal experience?
Tasks
1. Read and translate the dialogue
- How have your two sons been doing at school lately, Andy?
- Terrible! James never starts working, and Malcolm never stops working.
- You’re joking, of course. I hear that Malcolm is likely to win all the
prizes in the exams this year.
- Yes, so his teachers say. But he deserves to do well. He’s always been so
conscientious and hard-working, and he’s been slaving at his books every
evening for months on recently. He wants to go to Oxford University next
year.
- Maybe he’ll become a university lecturer himself eventually.
- Maybe. But I think he studies too hard; I sometimes wish he’d go out and
enjoy himself for a change.
- Yes … What about the younger one?
- Well, James’ teachers say that he has ability, but that he’s too
inconsistent and that he rarely does his best. In other words, he is not
bad when he makes an effort, but he is too idle. He couldn’t care less
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about exams. He does his home work in ten minutes every evening and
then rushes out to play tennis.
- He’s crazy about tennis, isn’t he? Perhaps he can make his fortune at it.
You can make more money from sport than from an old-fashioned
profession these days.
- So I believe. But my wife always worries about the children’s future. She
wants James to give up tennis and study law, but I don’t believe in forcing
boys to take up careers they are not cut out for. I wonder how James’ll
develop in a couple of years’ time!
(Dennis Ware. Intermediate English Course: Linguaphone Institute
Limited, London, 1980, p. 38)
2. Answer the questions:
1) What kind of education are James and Malcolm getting at the moment?
2) Malcolm is likely to become a university lecturer. What career stages are
necessary for a person to overcome to gain this position? Are all those stages
necessary to become an interpreter?
3) What does the speaker mean saying “an old-fashioned profession”? In this
context – what “modern” professions can you mention? Are they popular among
young people?
3. Retell the dialogue using as much of topical and additional vocabulary as
possible.
4. Translate the proverbs and try to find their Russian equivalents. Explain
the meaning of the proverbs. Make short stories to illustrate them.
It’s never too late to learn. Everything is good in its season. Actions speak louder
than words. Better late than never. A good example is the best sermon. All work
and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
5. Read and translate the text.
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1) Pay attention to the following expressions: challenging, real-time account,
presentable, on a freelance basis, the target language, read extensively,
internship, proofreading. After reading explain how you understand them (if you
fail to do it use an explanatory dictionary).
2) While reading make a) a list of requirements for people who are going to take
interpreting (translating) career; b) a list of advantages of being an interpreter or
a translator.
3) Make the list of prepositional phrases and phrasal verbs you’ve come
across in this text.
The English Language: a Good Career Ground?
Studying foreign languages has been popular in Russia since the reign of Peter
the Great. In Russia foreign languages have been a symbol of Western progress and
exquisite foreign culture. In the 19-th century many representatives of Russian
gentry could hardly find equivalents of many Russian words, tutors of French
origin taught them to speak the language of Rousseau since childhood. In Soviet
period which is known for many social and cultural restrictions British and
American culture (songs, movies, books) were a kind of forbidden fruit for Soviet
citizens. That is why to possess the professional knowledge of the English language
was very prestigious (though sometimes dangerous) in the USSR.
Nowadays the English language has held a position of pre-eminence in the
world which few languages can claim to have achieved in human history. In nearly
all spheres of life all over the world English is used as the common language of
communication. This fact is one of manifestations of such phenomena of the latest
historical period as globalism and globalization. This global diffusion of English
affected literature so that a narrowly national outlook on literature disappeared. The
general tendency of modern time is that authors from different European, Latin
American, and Asian countries write their works not in the vernacular but in
English to address directly wider audience. So when we say English literature we
mean now the literature of the English-speaking world.
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Due to this tendency of globalization many people all over the world can speak
English more or less well. It’s the demand of the modern time: people travel, make
business deals, communicate with people from the other continents by means of the
Internet. It requires at least the status of an elementary learner. Thousands of
Indian, Arabian, German and Chinese people speak English rather fluently without
having any special education.
But there are a few professions for which an amateur’s level of English wouldn’t
be enough. These are interpreting or translating (an interpreter/a translator) and
teaching English (a teacher/a tutor).
Interpreting is the transfer of one spoken or signed languages to another.
Working as a professional Interpreter is challenging and requires a special
combination of skills and experience but in return it offers opportunities for
uniquely interesting experiences and can be hugely rewarding. This career path
opens up global job opportunities and continues to be in demand, especially as
public services. Interpreting is a specialist skill. In most cases, you need specialist
training and qualifications to work at a professional level.
There are two types of interpreting – simultaneous interpreting (delegates at a
meeting or conference receive a real-time account of what is being said in a
language they understand). Consecutive interpreting is used for smaller meetings,
discussions between individuals, politicians or journalists and the interpreter gives
an accurate account of what a speaker has said immediately after they have spoken.
Interpreters can expect to travel frequently. They need to work well with people
in groups and on a one-to-one level, be presentable and quick-thinking. Interpreters
need confidence in public speaking, a good memory and concentration and the
ability to stay calm under pressure.
Working on a freelance basis, the value of modern technology cannot be
underestimated. Email is crucial for transferring documents and the internet is a
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vital research tool. Generally, translators will spend much of their time at their
desk, perhaps working from a home office.
Job Description - Translator or Interpreter:
A translator or interpreter converts one language, known as the source language,
into another, known as the target language. Translators work with the written word,
while interpreters deal with the spoken word. More is involved in this work than
simply converting words from one language into another. Translators and
interpreters relay ideas and concepts using their knowledge of languages, cultures
and the subject matter.
Educational Requirements - Translator or Interpreter:
Most employers hire only translators and interpreters with a bachelor's degree. A
translator or interpreter should receive specialized training for this job through
formal programs available at colleges and through non-university training
programs, conferences, and courses.
Other Requirements - Translator or Interpreter:
To work as a translator or interpreter one must have fluency in at least two
languages. Knowledge about other cultures, preferably through direct contact
acquired by traveling to other countries, is important. In preparation for becoming a
translator or interpreter, one should also read extensively, on a variety of subjects,
in both languages.
A Day in a Translator Or Interpreter's Life:
On a typical day a translator or interpreter's tasks might include:
Following ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information.
Identifying and resolving conflicts related to the meanings of words,
concepts, practices, or behaviors.
Translating messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified
languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and
style as much as possible.
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Proofreading, editing and revising translated materials.
Checking translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure they
are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.
Reading written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works, or
news reports, and rewriting material into specified languages.
Referring to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons,
encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure
translation accuracy.
DO YOU STILL WANT TO BE AN INTERPRETER/TRANSLATOR?
Teaching as well as interpreting implies a person’s deep professional knowing
the language. No doubt being a teacher is a special calling, ability to teach is a gift
which, of course, can be developed. Whatever might be said nowadays - teaching is
a noble profession, challenging but rewarding. By the way teachers of foreign
languages and especially teachers of English are expected to be in demand because
Russian school-children officially start learning two foreign languages instead of
one. So you may not be afraid of being unemployed!
Sources:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook
Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Translator or Interpreter, on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos175.htm (visited June 16, 2010).
Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, O*NET
Online, Translator or Interpreter, on the Internet at
http://online.onetcenter.org/link/summary/27-3091.00 (visited June 16, 2010).
Answer the questions:
1) Why has learning of foreign languages been popular in Russia? Is it popular
nowadays? What could be the sources for common people to learn some bits of
English?
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2) What’s the link between globalization and wide spreading of English? What are
the manifestations of globalization in linguistic sphere?
3) What’s the difference between an amateur and linguistic professional? What
skills should a professional learner of the language obtain at the University?
4) Which career do you like more: interpreting/translating or teaching? Explain
your preferences.
6. Read the text. Spot all the errors. Make a competition in the group: who will
find a greater number of mistakes.
Maria's Linguistic Progress
Maria Gromova is a girl in eighteen. She entered Southern Federal University
3 years ago. Now she is a freshman. She studies in the Translation Department.
She studies English language.
Maria is considered to be a high flier. They say the girl is cut out to her future
profession because she has a gift at languages.
Mary is an ambition person. Recently she had taken part on a very interesting
Internet competition organized by the University of Oxford. The task was to
write an essay «My Way to English». Maria's essay appeared one of the best. A
smart girl gained a special Oxford grant. Now she has been doing a research into
Runglish.
Maria is a promising young lady. She was sure to succeed making her career.
But just few people know that Mary's «way to English» was very tough firstly.
The little Mary made down her mind to study languages when she was nine.
Exotic foreign speech was associated in her mind with stunning celebrities and
glamorous life. In her sweet dreams she imagined herself at brilliant parties,
dressing up in minks and pearls, speaking English fluently to her favourite actor
Bred Pitt… A dreamer!
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