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Файл:Термодинамические циклы теплоэнергетических установок. Учебное пособие
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ɫɬɢɤɭ:
0
t
= 385 °ɋ;
1
ɈɌȻ
0
t
= 284 °ɋ.
ɈɌȻ
3
0
D
= 760 ɬ/ɱ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɯ:
Ɍ
0
p
= 2,28 Ɇɉɚ;
2
ɈɌȻ
0
t
= 335 °ɋ;
2
ɈɌȻ
0
p
= 3,4 Ɇɉɚ;
1
ɈɌȻ
0
p
= 1,47 Ɇɉɚ;
3
ɈɌȻ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ Ɏɥɸɝɟɥɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ
ɪ
= 1,0 Ɇɉɚ:
Ʉ
2
pp
KɈɌȻ
1 ɄɈɌȻ
§
2
0,1
¨
760
©
ɇɚ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ h
D
Ɍ
2
·
§
D
T
¸
¨
])()[(
0
¸
¨
D
T
¹
©
2
7,746
·
¸
¹
ɈɌȻ
= 746,7 ɬ/ɱ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
2020
ɪp
1
22
= 3180 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.7);
1
Ɇɉɚ.17,3]47,14,3[
= 236,9 °ɋ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɝɪɟɜ
ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
t
= 232 °ɋ.
ɉȼ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ:
d
ɋȿɉ
'
h
ɝɞɟ
= 666,8 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
= 1565 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ (ɩɪɢ ɪɄɍ = 13,8 Ɇɉɚ);
ɉɊɈȾ
d
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ:
'
ɋȿɉ
T
= 4,9 °ɋ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
DDDD
ɌɉɊɈȾɌɉȼ
D
ɉɊɈȾ
''
hhD
dDD
ɋȿɉɉɊɈȾɉɊɈȾ
'"
hh
ɋȿɉɋȿɉ
ɋȿɉɉɊɈȾɉɊɈȾ
ɬ/ɱ.467,7
)(
(ɫɦ. ɡɚɞɚɱɭ 14),
''
h
= 2755,5 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
ɋȿɉ
)8,6661565(467,7
8,6665,2755
ɬ/ɱ.21,3
ɬ/ɱ.167,7547,74601,101,1
ɬ/ɱ.257,421,3467,7
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ:
D
ɉɊɈȾ
tt tt
ȾɈȻ ɏɈȼ ɋȿɉ ɋɅ
( ) 30 (158 60) 34,63 °ɋ.
D
ȾɈȻ
4, 257
81 0, 012 747, 7
81
''
t
=
1
'
h
=
ɋȿɉ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ:
ttt'
ɉȼ ɉȼ Ⱦ
232 158 74 °ɋ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ:
74 : 3 ~ 25 °ɋ.
t'
ɉȼȾ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɉȼȾ:
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɉȼȾ1:
D
1
ɈɌȻ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ:
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɪ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɏɥɸɝɟɥɹ:
'
tt t '
ɉȼ ɉȼȾ
1
'
'
)(
hhD
ɉȼɉȼ
1
'
)(
hh
K
ɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻ
11
'
ɇ
ttĬ
21
ɈɌȻ ɉȼȾ
= 1,985 Ɇɉɚ.
ɈɌȻ
2
2
pp
2 ɄɈɌȻ
§
2
0,1
¨
©
])()[(
KɈɌȻ
232 25 207 °ɋ.
207 5 212 °ɋ;
2
'
·
§
D
ɈɌɋ
¸
¨
0
¸
¨
D
ɈɌɋ
¹
©
2
24,417,746
·
¸
24,41760
¹
)1,8847,999(167,754
98,0)10233180(
ɬ/ɱ.24,41
2020
ɪp
2
22
Ɇɉɚ.981,1)47,128,2(
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬ-
h
ɛɨɪɟ:
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɉȼȾ2
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ:
= 3070 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h'
ɈɌȻ2
t'
= t
2
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɉȼȾ2:
'2'
1
D
ɈɌȻ
2
= 908 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɈɌȻ
2
B
T = 180 – 4 = 176 °ɋ.
ɈɌȻ
3
'
'
222
'2'
1
'
'
hh
22
98,0)9083070(
'
hhDhhDhhD
11
'
hhDhhD
K
)()(
2
11
K
)(
ɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻ
98,0)9081023(24,41)7371,884(167,754
K
2
ɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɉȼ
.)]()([)(
ɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɉȼ
.ɬ/ɱ15,50
82
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ t
= 1,0 Ɇɉɚ). ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
h
ɇ
= 180 °ɋ (ɪ
ɈɌȻ
3
= 2930 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h'
ɈɌȻ
3
ɈɌȻ
ɈɌȻ
3
3
=
=
= 764,2 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ:
D
ɈɌȻ
3
ɝɞɟ h'ɉȼ = h'Ⱦ + 'hɉɇ – ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ;
ɪ
'
h
'
ɉɇ
D
3
ɈɌȻ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
D
Ⱦ hK KȾ
D
Ⱦ
K
ɉɇ
+ d
DȼɄ h'
+
)(
ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ:
.ɬ/ɱ57,95
D
= D
Ɍ
= 41,24 + 50,15 + 11,26 + 95,57 + 540 = 738,22 ɬ/ɱ.
''
K
'
hh
= 666,8 + 25 = 692 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
h"
+ (D
ɋȿɉ
¦
ȼɄ
1
+ D
+ D
ɈɌȻȾɍɌɉȼ
ɉȼȾ
ȾɈȻ
ɈɌȻ
h'
+ D
2
3
1075,0
98,0)2,7642930(
+ D
ɈɌȻ
1
= (Dɉȼ + DɍɌ) h'Ⱦ;
ȾɈȻ
3
h
K
ȾɄ
98,02930
ɈɌȻ
3
X
h'
2
CPɉɇ
ɉȼ
ɋȿɉ
'
ɈɌȻ
)(
K
33
6
ɈɌȻ
+ DȾ + Dȼɉ =
ɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻ
0013,010)588,00,15(
+ D
2
'
ɈɌȻ
'
)])([()(
hhDDhhD
ɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɌɈɉȼɉȼ
3
221
) h'
3
ɈɌȻ
,
;ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ25~
)2,764908()15,5024,41(98,0)692737(167,754
+
3
hDhDhdhDhDD
.ɬ/ɱ260,11
''"'
ȼɄȼɄȾɈȻȾɈȻɋȿɉɋȿɉɈɌȻ
29345914596,895,275521,32,76465,1028,666)96,8167,754(
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
D
'
T
22,7387,746
7,746
%.1,1100
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ (ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 2 %).
83
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ:
HDDhDhDhDhDN
KK
¦
97,0 u
1000
3600
332211
Ɇȼɬ.7,108
])([
ɗɆiȼɉȾɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻɗɆiiɗ
u ]570)54057,95(57026,1143015,5032024,41[
ɉɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ) ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 6. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢ-
N
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
D
= 120 ɬ/ɱ (ɪɢɫ. 3.8). Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɪɉ = 1,0 Ɇɉɚ; ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɈɌȻ
ɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ
ɬɨɪɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
ɧɵ
K
= 0,85; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
Oi
ɪ
Ʉ
p
, t0
0
D
Ɍ
D
ɈɌȻ
ɪ
ɈɌȻ
h
ɈɌȻ
= 60 Ɇȼɬ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɗ
ɪ
= 12,7 Ɇɉɚ, t0 = 540 °ɋ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚ-
0
= 4 ɤɉɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢ-
K
= 0,98 [1].
ɗɆ
p
1
2
h
h
0
~
h
ɈɌȻ
D
p
K
3
p’
K
h
K
h'
ɉȼ
h
KS
h'
K
t
ɉȼ
0 t0
0
ɈɌȻ
p
ɈɌȻ
p
K
K
K
S
''' '
ɚ
ɛ
s
Ɋɢɫ. 3.8. ɉɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ:
ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ;
1 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 2 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɪ
h
ɟɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ
= 3440 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
0
s
0
= const ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɪɄ = 4 ɤɉɚ
ɢ t0 ɢ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-
0
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
= 1980 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
'hS = h0 – hKS = 3440 – 1980 = 1460 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
84
h
=
ɄS
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ:
'h = 'h
K
= 14600,85 = 1241 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
S
Oi
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ):
h
= h0 – 'h = 3440 – 1241 = 2200 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
K
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱ-
Ʉ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ h
ɤɨɣ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ 0-
Ʉ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ.
ɢ ɪɄ.
Ʉ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 0-
Ʉ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
= 1,0 Ɇɉɚ. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ h
ɉ
ɈɌȾ
=
= 2962 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɞɨɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ:
hh
y
KɈɌȻ
hh
0
K
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ:
N
3600
D
Ɍ
ɗ
hh
0
3
yD
KK
ɗɆOiKS
ɈɌȻ
.ɬ/ɱ251,28ɤɝ/ɱ1028,251
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ G
ɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.9) (ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
22002962
22003440
3
36001060
ɪ
= 2ā105 ɉɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ tɉ =
ɉ
.614,0
3
98,085,0)19803340(
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɢ-
ɉ
10120614,0
= 130 °ɋ), ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 100 °ɋ ɢ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ:
G
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
ɪ
= 3ā105 ɉɚ;
ɢ
ɌɄ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɪ
= 40 °ɋ ɢ
= 5ā105 ɉɚ.
ɏɈ
= 6 ɤɝ/ɫ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ tɌɄ = 30 °ɋ
WɌɄ
G
= 7 ɤɝ/ɫ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ tɏɈ =
WɏɈ
ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ 5 % [1].
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ.
ɪ
1. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ
ɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (Ɍɋȼȼɉ) –
2. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ
h
ɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ –
= 125,9 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɌɄ
3. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ
h
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ –
= 167,8 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɏɈ
, tɉ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢ-
ɉ
h
= 2727,5 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɉ
ɪ
, tɌɄ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢ-
ɌɄ
ɪ
, tɏɈ ɢ
ɏɈ
85
4. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪ
ɪ
ɪ
ɉ
t
ɉ
ɪ
Ɍ
Ʉ
t
Ʉ
ɪ
t
G
WɌɄ
G
W
t
= 100 °ɋ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ – hȼ = 419 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ȼ
5. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
(G
ɉ hɉ
+ G
WTK hTK
+ G
WɏɈ hɏɈ
) K = (Gɉ + G
WTK
+ G
WɏɈ
) h
ɢɥɢ
(
G
2727,5 + 6 125,9 + 7 167,8) 0,95 = (Gɉ + 6 + 7) 419.
ɉ
Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ Gɉ = 1,59 ɤɝ/ɫ.
ȼɵɩɚɪ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ
G
WɏɈ
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
G
WTK
Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ
ɩɚɪ
G
ɉ
Gȼ, h
B
Ɋɢɫ. 3.9. Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
G
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
ɪ
ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ (ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ tɉ), ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɟ-
ɉ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɉ
ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 100 °ɋ ɢ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ:
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
G
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ tɌɄ ɢ ɪɌɄ;
WɌɄ
G
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ tɏɈ ɢ ɪɏɈ.
WɏɈ
ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ 5 %.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.6.
ȼɚ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
, Ɇɉɚ 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25
, °ɋ 125 130 135 140 130 135 140 145 135 140
, Ɇɉɚ 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,35
, °ɋ 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Ɍ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,45
ɏɈ
, °ɋ 30 35 40 30 35 40 30 35 40 45
ɏɈ
, ɤɝ/ɫ 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 5 6 4
, ɤɝ/ɫ 7 5 6 6 7 5 5 6 7 5
ɏɈ
ɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
86
= 1ā105 ɉɚ,
ȼ
ȼ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.6
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 8. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪ
= 40ā105 ɉɚ ɢ t1 = 350 °ɋ (ɪɢɫ. 3.10) [1]. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪ
ɩɪɢ
1
ɪ
= 6ā105 ɉɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ
3
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɡɚ 1 ɫ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
h
h
2
ɉɚɪ
ɉɚɪ
2
1
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ
h
3
3
Ɋɢɫ. 3.10. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ
ɩɚɪɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ
G = 1,4 ɤɝ/ɫ?
ɪ
1
Ɋɢɫ. 3.11. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɚ
t1
1
2
3
ɪ
2
s
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 1, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 2 ɢ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ, – ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 3 (ɪɢɫ. 3.11).
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɪ = const, ɬɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ:
ɩɪɢ
Q = G (h
– h3) = 1,4 (3088 – 2760) = 460 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
2
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɪ
ɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɪ1 ɢ t1. ɉɨɫɥɟ
3
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ,
ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɡɚ 1 ɫ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
G?
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.7.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.7
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ɪ3, Ɇɉɚ 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5 0,7 0,75
ɪ1, Ɇɉɚ 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 5,0 5,0
t1, °ɋ 300 350 400 450 300 350 400 450 350 400
G, ɤɝ/ɫ 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
87
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 9. ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚ-
ɰɢɢ) ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.12,
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɭɪɭ 250 °ɋ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ – ɩɚɪɨɦ
ɚ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (3.12, ɛ) ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ [1].
ɪ
= 5105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
1
ɪ
= 1,2105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 130 °ɋ. Ʉɨɧ-
2
ɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ:
G
1) ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɶ,
t
ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
= 60 °ɋ ɞɨ t5 = 110 °ɋ;
3
= 8 ɤɝ/ɫ;
W
2) ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨ-
ɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚ '
K
3) ɄɉȾ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɪ
= 98 %.
= 1,2105 ɉɚ, t2" =
2
t = 8 °ɋ;
= 104,81 °C, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ:
t
= t2" 't = 104,81 – 8 = 96,81 °ɋ.
4
1 ɉɚɪ
ɉɚɪ
2
1’
4
2 ’
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
ȼɵɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
5
ɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.12. ɉɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
ɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ; ɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɪ
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ
= 5105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 250 °ɋ ɪɚɜɧɚ h1 =
1
= 2958 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɪ
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ:
G
(t5 – t4) cW = G1 K (h1 – h1'),
W
ɝɞɟ ɫW = 4,1868 ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝɄ) – ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
cttG
45
WW
G
1
K
'
hh
11
= 5105 ɉɚ h1' = 640,1 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
1
88
1868,481,961108
1,640295898,0
ɛ
ȼɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɤɝ/ɫ.195,0
3
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɪ2 = 1,2105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 130 °ɋ ɪɚɜɧɚ h2 =
= 2735 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɪ
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɴɟɦ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
q
= GW (t4 – t3) cW = 8ā(96,81 – 60)4,1868 = 1234 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ,
Ɉɉ
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ:
q' = K G
(h1' – h2') = 0,950,195(640 – 439,4) = 38,2 ɤȾɠ/ɫ
1
ɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɪ ɩɪɢ ɪ2 = 1,2105 ɉɚ
q
Ɉ
ɉ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ:
qq
'
G
Ɉɉ
2
K
'
hh
22
= 1,2105 ɉɚ h2' = 439,4 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
2
8,1195
531,0
4,439273598,0
ɤɝ/ɫ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ)
(ɪɢɫ. 3.12) ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ (ɚ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (ɛ) ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ
ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɩɚɪɨɦ ɪ
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ t2. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹ-
2
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ t1, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ –
1
ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ:
1) ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɶ, G
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ t
ɞɨ t5;
3
; ɜɨɞɚ ɜ
W
2) ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨ-
ɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚ 't = 8 °ɋ;
K
3) ɄɉȾ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.8.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.8
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɪ1, Ɇɉɚ 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,7
t1, °ɋ 300 300 300 350 350 350 350 350 400 400
ɪ2, Ɇɉɚ 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,13 0,15
t2, °ɋ 120 125 130 135 120 130 130 135 125 135
GW, ɤɝ/ɫ 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
t3, °ɋ 60 70 80 50 60 70 80 60 70 80
t5, °ɋ 110 120 130 100 110 120 130 110 120 130
K
, %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
96 97 98 96 97 98 96 97 98 96
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
89
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 10. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.13) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ
ɢɡ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ
= 0,66 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɯɉ = 0,94 [1]. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
ɉ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚ 't = 2,0 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ
. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɉ
ɜɯɨɞɟ t
= 110 °ɋ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ t
ȼ
1
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ 1 ɤɝ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
= 155 °ɋ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚ,
ȼ
2
mɉ, ɪɉ, ɯɉ, h
ɉ
Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ
= 10 Ɇɉɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚ
ȼ
2
ɪɄ, tɄ, h
Ʉ
ɪȼ1, tȼ1, h
ȼ1
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ȼɨɞɚ
ɪȼ2, tȼ2, h
ȼ2
ɜɨɞɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.13. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
ɞɨɣ, Q
:
ȼ
ɂɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ:
ɉɨ ɪ
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɨɬɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɨɦ, Qɉ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜɨ-
Qɉ = Qȼ;
Qɉ = mɉ 'h = mɉ (hɉ –hɄ);
Qȼ = mȼ ɫɊȼ 'tȼ = mȼ ɫɊȼ (t
m
a
m
, ɯɉ ɢ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ hɉ = 2620 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɉ
–t
).
ȼ
ȼ
2
ttɫ
ɉ
ȼ
hh
1
12ɄɉȼȼɊȼ
.
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɉ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ: t' = 162,6 °ɋ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ t
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɢ t
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ: h
= 677 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ʉ
ɧɚ 2 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ t', tɄ = 160,6 °ɋ.
Ʉ
=160,6 °ɋ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ
Ʉ
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ
Ɍɋȼȼɉ. ɉɪɢ ɪ = 10 Ɇɉɚ ɢ t
m
ɉ
a
m
ȼ
= 130 °ɋ ɫɊȼ = 4,238 ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝɄ).
ɋɊ
ttɫ
12
ȼȼɊȼ
hh
Ʉɉ
110155238,4
6772620
90
098,0
ɤɝ/ɤɝ.
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