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Файл:Термодинамические циклы теплоэнергетических установок. Учебное пособие
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t
ɪ
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t
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= 550 °C;
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6 10 14
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ɪ2, ɤɉɚ
ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.9. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (ɚ) ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ (ɛ)
2.4.2. ɐɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɐɢɤɥ ɉɌɍ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2.10, ɚ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɢɦ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.10, ɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɫɤɥɸ-
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ (ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ), ɢɫ-
ɱɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɭ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɄɉȾ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10–15 %.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
ɩɚɪɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
1
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
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5 6 5 6 5
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h
1
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ɈɌȻ
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ɈɌȻ
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ɈɌȻ
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4
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4
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- a2 - a
1
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P
Ɋɢɫ. 2.10. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; ɛ, ɜ – ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
(ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ Ɍs
ɢ hs; 1 – ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 – ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ;
3 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ;
4 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ; 6 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ; 7 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ
1
6
2
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2.4.3. ɐɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ
ɐɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.11, ɚ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:
– ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɸ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ;
– ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ
K
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ-
t
ɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɤ ɰɢɤɥɭ Ʉɚɪɧɨ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ:
q1 = q'1 + q"1,
ɝɞɟ q'1 = h1 – h'2 – ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ;
– ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ;
h'
2
q"
= hb – ha – ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ.
1
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ
ɩɚɪɚ:
q2 = h2 – h'2.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ:
''
hhhhhh
qq
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s
Ɋɢɫ. 2.11. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɩɚɪɚ: ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ;
ɛ – ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ Ɍs ɢ hs; 1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ;
2 – ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 3 – ɩɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ; 4 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ;
5 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 7 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟ-
ɧɢɸ
K
ɧɚ 2–3,5 %. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ
t
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ (ɨɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɜɭɦ-ɬɪɟɦ).
43
2.4.4. Ɍɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɪ
ȼ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 1–2–3–
4–5–6–1 (ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɛ ɢ ɜ) ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɞ ɥɢ-
ɧɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 2–3 ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɜ) ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ,
ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ.
Ɍ
3
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7
6
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2
1
4
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3
8 9
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1
5
3
10
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6
7
3
ɜ ɝ
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10
8
9
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2
5
Ɋɢɫ. 2.12. Ɍɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ (ɚ) ɢ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ:
ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɛ), ɫ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɨɦ (ɜ) ɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ
ɨɬɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ (ɝ); 1 ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ;
3 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 4 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ;
6 – ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ; 7 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 8 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
9 –
ɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ; 10 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 2.12, ɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 1–2–3–4–5–1 ~ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 2–3–8–10 ~
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ t
= 20 °ɋ.
0
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 6–2–3–7–6, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ,
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 6–10–9–7–6, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ t
= 150200 °ɋ
0
ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
44
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
– ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɪ
– ɫ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɨɦ, ɪ
= 0,12–1,2 Ɇɉɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.12, ɛ);
2
= 0,05–0,09 Ɇɉɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.12, ɜ);
2
– ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.12, ɝ).
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ, ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵ ɢ
ɞɟɲɟɜɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɚɥɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɨɬ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ.
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɬɨɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.12,
ɝ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟ, ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ 9, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-
ɈɌȻ
ɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ 8 ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ 10
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɄɉȾ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ. Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ w ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ q
ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ q
K
.
Ɍɂ
ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
K
ɂ.Ɍ
:
1
qw
2
q
1
hhhh
10661
.
'
hh
101
= 100 %, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ – 70–75 %.
ɤ ɤɨ-
2
2.5. Ƚɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ƚɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ȽɌɍ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɚɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹɫɶ
ɜ ɫɨɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȽɌɍ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨ
-
ɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ȽɌɍ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɪ = const);
X
ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ (
= const);
45
ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
ɪ
S
XXU
X
ɂɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ
ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const.
2.5.1. ɐɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɣ ȽɌɍ ɫɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɪ = const) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.13. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ʉ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ
ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ȽɌ, ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ Ʉɋ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
Ʉɋ
2
Ʉ
1
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
3
p
2'
ɗȽ
q
1
2
3
Ɍ
~
ȽɌ
4
ɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ȽɌɍ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const (ɚ)
ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪ
Ʉ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ; Ʉɋ – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ; ȽɌ – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭ
2"
q
1
ɛ
X
2
4
(ɛ) ɢ Ɍs (ɜ):
ɪ = const
2
ɪ = const
1
ɜ
ɛɢɧɚ
3
4
s
ȼ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪ
ȽɌɍ 1–2–3–4–1. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɚ ɪ-
X
ɢ Ɍs (ɪɢɫ. 2.13, ɛ ɢ ɜ) ɰɢɤɥ
X
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ 2"–4–3–2' ɢ 2"–1–2–2', ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ: 1–2 – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ; 2–3 – ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const; 3–4 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ; 4–1 – ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:
K
tp
U
:
.
,12/pp
46
/
23
q
2
,1
q
1
S
ɝɞɟ
U
U
P
P
,
TTcq
231
.
TTcq
142
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ:
ɬɨɱɤɚ 2
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ:
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
TT
12
K
1
k
k
;
S
1
tp
ɬɨɱɤɚ 3
T
1
k
1
k
US
T
1
Tcql
11
Ptɐ
1
1
1
k
k
k
1
k
;
US
TT
13
,
K
1
tp
ɬɨɱɤɚ 4
S
§
1
¨
USK
11
k
¨
¨
©
k
S
TT
1
.
(2.2)
1kk
·
¸
.
1
¸
¸
¹
.
14
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (2.2) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ȽɌɍ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ (ɞɚɧɧɨɦ k) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
S
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚ-
S
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɡɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 8001000 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ.
2.5.2. ɐɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ȼ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ (
X
= const) (ɪɢɫ. 2.14), ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ʉ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ȽɌ, ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ Ʉɋ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ Ʉɥ1. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ Ʉɥ2 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ Ʉɥ3.
47
ɪ
O
X
X
Ʉɥ2 Ʉɥ3
Ʉɥ1
2
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
Ʉɋ
Ʉ
1
ɚ
3
ɗȽ
~
ȽɌ
4
p
3
q
1
2
Ɍ
2
3
= const
4
q
2
1
4
ɛ
1
ɪ = const
ɜ
s
Ɋɢɫ. 2.14. ɋɯɟɦɚ ȽɌɍ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ X = const (ɚ)
X
ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪ
Ʉ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ; Ʉɋ – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ; Ʉɥ1-Ʉɥ3 – ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ; ȽɌ – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭ
(ɛ) ɢ Ɍs (ɜ):
ɛɢɧɚ
ȼ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɯ Ʉɥ1 ɢ Ʉɥ2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧ Ʉɥ2 ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɝɚɡ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ɇɚ ɪ-
X
- ɢ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ 1–2 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ; 2–3 – ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ
X
= const; 3–4 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ; 4–1 – ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦɭ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
ɬɨɱɤɚ 2
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ:
S
ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ O:
.23/pp
TTc
P
P
13
k
OS
14
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k
1
1
TTc
23
1
k
;
OS
ɬɨɱɤɚ 4
.
(2.3)
k
TT
S
12
S
K
t
X
1
k
;
ɬɨɱɤɚ 3
K
,12/pp
q
2
q
1
TT
/1
O
k
1
X
t
k
1
k
/114k
.
TTO
48
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ:
t
X
X
k
1
k
Tcql
tɐ
11
X
ª
k
«
OSK
11
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k
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.3) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
O
, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨ-
ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
ɂɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const
ɢ
X
= const ɧɚ ɪX- ɢ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 2.15) ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɢ
p
2
Ɋɢɫ. 2.15. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
3
3'
1
ɚ
ɩɪɢ ɪ = cons
4
X
= const ɜɵɝɨɞɧɟɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const.
Ɍ
ɢ X = const ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪX (ɚ) ɢ Ɍs (ɛ)
= const
2
p = const
1
ɪ = const
ɛ
3
3'
4
s
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɰɢɤ-
ɥɟ
X
= const, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ.
X
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ
= const
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɭɥɶɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɝɚɡɚ.
2.5.3. ɐɢɤɥ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ
ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.16).
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ȽɌɍ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
49
ɪ
K
1
X
Ʉ
ȽɌ
ɗȽ
~
6
5
Ʉɋ
2
Ɋ
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
3
4
ɚ
p
5
2
3
1
6
4
ɛ
Ɍ
3
5
2
4
6
1
s
ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.16. ɋɯɟɦɚ ȽɌɍ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɚ) ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪX (ɛ) ɢ Ɍs (ɜ):
Ʉ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ; Ɋ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; Ʉɋ – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
ȽɌ – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; ɗȽ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟ
ɚɬɨɪ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ʉ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ Ɋ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɢɡ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ Ʉɋ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ.
ɐɢɤɥ ȽɌɍ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.16. ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ: 1–2 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ; 2–5 ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ; 5–3 – ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ; 3–4 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ; 4–6 – ɨɬɞɚɱɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ; 6–1 – ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const
ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, Ɍ6 = Ɍ2, ɬɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ Ɍ4 – Ɍ6 =
– T2, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
= Ɍ
ɝɞɟ
5
Ɍɨɝɞɚ
PP
PP
;
TTcTTcq
43531
.
TTcTTcq
12162
K
,/1
qqt
12
TT
t
12
.1
TT
43
50
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