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Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ȼ
ȼ
ȼ
ȼ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.13) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɧɚ 't = 2,0 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɯɉ. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ
ɉ
. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ,
ɉ
, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ t
ȼ
2
ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ t
ȼ
1
. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ȼ
2
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ 1 ɤɝ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.9.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ɪɉ, Ɇɉɚ 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70
ɯ 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,96 0,90 0,92 0,96
ɪ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 0,8 0,9
2
t
, °ɋ 100 110 120 105 115 100 110 105 115 110
1
t
, °ɋ 145 155 165 150 160 145 155 150 160 155
2
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.9
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 11. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 3.14) [1].
Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ
ɉɚɪ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ
1
p
, t2, G
2
2
2
3
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ
p3, t
p1, x, G
1
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
3
Ɋɢɫ. 3.14. ɉɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ: ɪ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ
ɪɨɣ t
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ G
= 4ā105 ɉɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɯ = 0,98. Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ
1
= 6ā105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ t2 = 220 °ɋ. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
2
= 5ā105 ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
3
= 60 °ɋ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, G1 = 5,5 ɤɝ/ɫ.
3
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɩɨ-
2
ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 3 %.
91
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪ
ɪ
ɪ
ɯ
ɪ
t
ɪ
G
= 4ā105 ɉɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
1
ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ h' = 604,7 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: r =
= 2134 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɜɧɚ:
h1 = h' + x r = 604,7 – 0,982133 = 2698 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɩɪɢ ɪ3 = 5ā105 ɉɚ ɢ t3 = 60 °ɋ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ h'
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪ
ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ h
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɪ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ h'
= 251,4 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
3
= 2891 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
2
= 670,5 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
2
= 6ā105 ɉɚ ɢ t2 = 220 °ɋ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ
2
= 6ā105 ɉɚ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ
2
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ:
K
G
2
K
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
U = G1 / G2 = 5,5 / 6,25 = 0,88 ɤɝ/ɤɝ.
hhG
hh
'
222
'
311
'
22
'
hhGhhG
,
311
4,25126985,5
25,6
5,670289197,0
.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 3.14). ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ: ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɯ. Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ t
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ G
= 60 °ɋ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, G1.
3
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɩɨ-
2
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ t2.
2
3
ɢ ɬɟɦ-
,
1
ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 3 %.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.10.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,6
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚ
ɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
0,96 0,97 0,98 0,96 0,97 0,98 0,96 0,97 0,98 0,96
, Ɇɉɚ 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,8 0,6 0,8
2
, °ɋ 240 250 270 250 270 290 260 260 260 280
2
, Ɇɉɚ 55 60 65 70 55 60 65 70 55 60
3
, ɤɝ/ɫ 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 4 4,5 5 5,5 6,0
1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.10
92
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 12. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɬɟɩ-
K
ɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.15) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ t
= 120 °ɋ [1]. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ W
ɪ
= 0,25 Ɇɉɚ; t
ɈɌȻ
= 200 °ɋ. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɈɌȻ
= 480 ɬ/ɱ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ
ɋȼ
ɉɚɪ
= 50 °ɋ ɞɨ tɉ =
O
ȼɵɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
ȼɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ:
Ɋɢɫ. 3.15. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ Ɍɋȼȼɉ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ h
= 2870 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h'
= 127,4 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
ɈɌȻ
480 120 50 4,19
G
ɈɌȻ
2870 127, 4 0, 98
52,38 ɬ / ɱ.
.)'
ɫttWhhG
ɊɈɉɋȼɌȺɈɌȻɈɌȻɈɌȻ
=
ɈɌȻ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.15) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ t
ɞɵ W
. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɪ
ɋȼ
ɈɌȻ
; t
ɈɌȻ
ɞɨ tɉ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨ-
O
. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚ-
ɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.11.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
tɈ, °ɋ 40 45 50 55 40 45 50 55 40 45
tɉ, °ɋ 110 120 105 105 110 115 120 125 110 120
ɪ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,3 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,3
ɈɌȻ
t
, °ɋ 200 210 220 200 210 220 200 210 220 200
ɈɌȻ
Wɋȼ, ɬ/ɱ 400 420 440 460 480 500 400 420 440 460
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.11
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 13. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɭɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ (ɪɢɫ. 3.16) ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [1]: ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Q
ɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɪ
93
= 50 Ɇȼɬ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟ-
ɋɉ
= 0,25 Ɇɉɚ; t
ɋɉ
2
= 200 °ɋ;
ɋɉ
2
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ: ɪ
ɪ
= 120 °ɋ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t
ɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
= 65 °ɋ. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚ-
Ɉ
ɉɚɪ
ɉɚɪ
= 0,1 Ɇɉɚ; t
ɋɉ
1
ɋɉ
=
1
ȼɵɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɋɉ2
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
ɋɉ1
ȼɯɨɞ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.16. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ: ɋɉ1 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɩɨɞɨɝ
ɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ; ɋɉ2 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
3
1050
19,465120
W
Q
ɋɉ
ɋȼ
''
hh
Oɉ
Q
ɋɉ
|
ɫtt
ɊɈɉ
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɠ-
T
ɧɟɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ
ɞɵ ɡɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ:
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ:
1
2
= 5 °ɋ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨ-
ɇ
' 100 5 95 °ɋ.
tt
ɋɉ ɋɉ
ɫttWQ
ɊɈɋɉɋȼɋɉ
ɫttWQ
T
1
Ɋɋɉɉɋȼɋɉ
3
3
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ:
QQQ
12
ɋɉɋɉɋɉ
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ h
= 2780 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ (ɩɨ ɬɟɪ-
ɋɉ
1
.Ɇȼɬ73,2227,270,50
ɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ).
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ:
Q
1
D
1
ɋɉ
ɋɉ
hh
'
K
11
ɌȺɋɉɋɉ
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ h
27270
98,04192780
= 2870 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ (ɩɨ ɬɟɪ-
ɋɉ
2
ɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ).
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ:
Q
2
D
2
ɋɉ
ɋɉ
'
hh
K
22
ɌȺɋɉɋɉ
22730
94
98,08,5332870
.ɬ/ɱ781ɤɝ/ɫ0,217
;Ɇȼɬ27,271019,46595217'
.Ɇȼɬ73,221019,495120217'
.ɬ/ɱ43,42ɤɝ/ɫ786,11
.ɬ/ɱ74,35ɤɝ/ɫ93,9
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɪ
ɪ
t
t
t
Q
ɋ
ɉ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɭɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.16) ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Q
ɬɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɪ
ɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ: ɪ
= 0,1 Ɇɉɚ, t
ɋɉ
1
ɋɉ
2
; t
; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɫɟ-
ɋɉ
; ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɨ-
ɋɉ
2
; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ tɈ.
ɋɉ
1
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.12.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 14. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (t'
ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ d
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ: ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ D
ɛɚɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɪ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ D
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t
= 14 Ɇɉɚ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɪ
Ȼ
= 2,8 ɬ/ɱ; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɏɈȼ
= 30 °ɋ. ɉɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɢ-
ɏɈȼ
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ t'
ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ [1].
ȼɚ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32
ɋɉ2
, °ɋ 180 190 200 210 220 220 200 190 180 220
ɋɉ2
, °ɋ 110 115 120 125 130 110 115 120 125 130
ɋɉ1
, °ɋ 40 45 50 55 60 65 60 55 50 45
Ɉ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
, Ɇȼɬ 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
ɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
d
= 3,0 ɬ/ɱ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɚɪɚ-
ɉɊɈȾ
= 0,7 Ɇɉɚ; ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɋȿɉ
= 57 °ɋ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɉɊɈȾ
ɋȿɉ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.17),
ɋȿɉ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.12
ɏɈȼ
)
h"
ɋȿɉ
p
h'
D
ɉɊɈȾ
ɉɊɈȾ
t'
ɏɈȼ
ɋȿɉ
D'
ɉɊɈȾ
t'
ɉɊɈȾ
t
ɏɈȼ
D
ɏɈȼ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.17. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ
95
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɪɨ-
K
K
ɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ h'
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
ɂɡ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ:
h"
= 2765 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h'
ɋȿɉ
d
ɋȿɉ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ:
= 1572,3 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɉɊɈȾ
Dh
dh D h
ɋȿɉ ɋȿɉ ɉɊɈȾ ɋȿɉ ɋȿɉ
d
ɋȿɉ
ɋȿɉ
D
ɉɊɈȾ
'''
QDhtc
ɉɊɈȾ ɉɊ ɈȾ ɋȿɉ ɉɊɈȾ P
1, 7 5 6 96 , 8 5 7 4 ,1 9 1 0
'
tt
ɏɈȼ ɏɈȼ
30 98,5 °ɋ.
'
ɉɊɈȾ ɉɊɈȾ ɋȿɉ
"'' .
.'
DdD
hh
ɉɊɈȾɋȿɉɉɊɈȾ
hhD
K
''
ɋȿɉɋȿɉɉɊɈȾɉɊɈȾ
;
'"
ɋȿɉɋȿɉ
= 696,8 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ (ɩɪɢ ɪ
98,08,6963,15720,3
8,6962765
= 3,0 – 1,24 = 1,76 ɬ/ɱ.
803,9 10 ɤȾɠ/ɱ;
803,9 10
2,8 10 4,19
3
D ɫ
3
'
Q
ɉɊɈȾ
ɏɈȼ Ɋ
3
3
= 0,7 Ɇɉɚ);
ɋȿɉ
|
.ɬ/ɱ24,1ɬ/ɱ2445,1
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t'
ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ d
ɜɟɫɬɧɵ: ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ D
ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɪ
ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ D
; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɪ
Ȼ
; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t
ɏɈȼ
; ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢ-
ɋȿɉ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.17)
ɏɈȼ
ɋȿɉ
; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɉɊɈȾ
ɏɈȼ
, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡ-
= 30 °ɋ.
ɉɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ t'
ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ.
ɉɊɈȾ
96
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.13.
ɉɊɈȾ
ɋ
ȿɉ
Ⱦ
X
X
ɪ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.13
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
D
, ɬ/ɱ 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ɪȻ , Ɇɉɚ 12 13 14 15 12 13 14 15 16 15
ɪ
, Ɇɉɚ 0,6 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,6 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80
D
, ɬ/ɱ 2,2 2,4 2,8 3,0 3,2 2,2 2,4 2,8 3,0 3,2
ɏɈȼ
t'
, °ɋ 50 52 54 56 58 56 50 52 54 56
ɉɊɈ
3.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 15. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.18) ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ Ɍ
= 1 ɛɚɪ, Ɍ1 = 273 Ʉ, ɪ2 = 9 ɛɚɪ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
ɪ
1
X
/
X
3
, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɵ
3
= 1,5, ɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
2
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – 1 ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 1–2 ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ:
H
K
tp
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 1–2:
T
2
T
1
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 2–3:
1
k
k
§
·
p
2
¨
¸
¨
©
;
¸
p
1
¹
T
3
3
T
X
2
2
X
1
X
2
1
H
;
1
k
·
§
p
2
¸
¨
¸
¨
p
1
¹
©
1
1
§
·
p
2
¨
¸
TT
12
¨
¸
p
1
©
¹
3
TT
23
X
2
1
4,1
9
·
§
¸
¨
1
¹
©
1
14,11
k
8,4
1
kk
273
.8,4
.466,0
14,1
4,1
9
·
§
¸
¨
1
¹
©
K.511
K.7665,1511
ɪ
q1
2
3
ɪ1
1
q2
97
Ɋɢɫ. 3.18. ɐɢɤɥ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
4
v
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 16. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
q
(ɪɢɫ. 3.19) ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ Ɍ
ɪ
= 1 ɛɚɪ, Ɍ1 = 273 Ʉ, ɪ2 = 9 ɛɚɪ, ɪ3 = 13 ɛɚɪ, ɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – 1 ɤɝ
1
ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɪ
3
, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɵ
3
q1
ɪ2
2
4
ɪ1
1
v
Ɋɢɫ. 3.19. ɐɢɤɥ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɫ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 1–2 ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ:
1
k
·
§
p
v
H
v
K
10,50.
2
1
2
S
t
¸
¨
¸
¨
p
1
¹
©
p
13
3
p
2
k
1
X
k
HS
1, 4 1, 44 1
1,4 1
4,8 1, 44 1
1
4,1
9
·
§
¸
¨
1
¹
©
9
1
k
1
S
1
1
1
1,4
.8,4
.44,1
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 1–2:
T
2
T
1
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 2–3:
1
k
k
§
·
p
2
¨
¸
¨
¸
p
1
©
¹
p
3
p
2
T
T
,
3
2
;
TT
12
kk
1
·
§
p
2
¸
¨
¨
p
1
©
p
TT
13
p
273
¸
¹
511
13
9
3
2
14,1
4,1
9
·
§
¸
¨
1
¹
©
K.511
.K738
98
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 17. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: ɪ
ɯɥɨɩɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɪ
K
ɧɵ
= 0,85. Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ɤ = 1,4).
Ɉi
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ:
= 0,125 Ɇɉɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢ-
ȼɌ
S
= ɪ
Ɍ
= 0,8 Ɇɉɚ; tɇɌ = 750 °ɋ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵ-
ɇɌ
/ ɪȼɌ = 0,8 / 0,125 = 6,4.
ɇɌ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɟ:
1
ɤɤ
ɌT
S
ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ:
3.3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɌɇɌɚȼɌ
ɌɌɌT
K
ɈiɚȼɌɇɌɇɌȼɌ
14,1
4,1
.Ʉ6024,6/)750273(/)(
.Ʉ15,66585,0)6021023(1023))((
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 18.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.17) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
(ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ) ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ
ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
K
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
= 0,1 Ɇɉɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
1
ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
t
X
K
= f (H). ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɚɜ-
t
X
H
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ k = 1,41.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.14, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩ. 2.6.1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.14
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɪ2, Ɇɉɚ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
0,41,2
Ɍ, Ʉ 273 278 283 288 293 273 278 283 288 293
O = ɪ3 / ɪ2
1,35 1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,55 1,50 1,45 1,40 1,35
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 19. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɭɬ-
ɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.21), ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
, ɪ3, ɪ4, Ɇɉɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍ1, Ʉ. ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɤɚ-
1
ɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ k = 1,41.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.15, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩ. 2.6.2.
99
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.15
ɪ1, Ɇɉɚ 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,10
Ɍ1, Ʉ 273 278 283 288 293 273 278 283 288 293
ɪ3, Ɇɉɚ 4,0 4,5 5,0 6,0 6,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 6,0 6,5
ɪ4, Ɇɉɚ 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,30 0,30 0,25 0,25
100
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