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Термодинамические циклы теплоэнергетических установок. Учебное пособие

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Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ h'K. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ h' ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɪ ɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ: ɩɪɢ 5 ɤɉɚ h'

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ:

= 137,8 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.



, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨ-

21243303



8,1373303

.372,0

= hɀ

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ: ɪ0, t0; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ

; ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ

= 0,92; ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ N. Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɚ ɪɚ-

ɗɆ

= 0,82;

ɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3.

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.3

ɪ0, Ɇɉɚ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 15

t0, °ɋ 400 450 500 550 400 450 500 550 400 450

ɪɄ, ɤɉɚ 6,0 7,0 8,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

Nɗ, Ɇȼɬ 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ (ɫɦ. ɡɚɞɚɱɭ 2), ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɪ ɬɭɪɵ t

= 100 °ɋ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2)? Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ

ɉȼ

= 0,1 Ɇɉɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɈɌȻ

ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ [1].

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɫ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ N

= 12 Ɇȼɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɧɟɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ



KɈɌȻ

(3.2)

ɈɌȻ



ɝɞɟ y = (h

yDDD



ɈɌȻT



– hɄ)/(h0 – hɄ) – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɞɨɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚ-

ɈɌȻ





ɗɆOiKS

ɪɨɦ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ;

– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ

ɈɌȻ

ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ.





, t0

ɉȼ

2 ~

ɈɌȻ

p’

ɈɌȻ

ɉȼ

0 t0

ɈɌȻ

ɚ ɛ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ɉɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ:

ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ;

1 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 2 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 4 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ;

5 –

ɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ

Ɉɬɛɨɪ D

= aDɌ, ɝɞɟ a – ɞɨɥɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɚ ɞɨ-

ɈɌȻ

ɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:

ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ (3.2) ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ D

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ:

ɈɌȻ

'''

hhhha 

KɈɌȻKɉȼ

, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:

ɈɌȻ

;

yaDDyDDD  



ɌɈɌȻT

).1/( yaDD

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɫ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ D ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ a ɢ y.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ y ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ h ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ h ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ 2: h

, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ

= 2653 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; hɄ = 2336 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.

ɈɌȻ

ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ

ɈɌȻ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ a ɢ y ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢ t

= 100 °ɋ,

ɉȼ

= 137,7 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ, tɄ = 32,9 °ɋ:



Kɉȼ



KɈɌȻ



KɈɌȻ



 



7,137413

7,1372653

23362653

23363303

= 413 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ

ɉȼ

;109,0

.328,0

ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ a, y, D ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ:

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ:

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ:



Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɄɉȾ:



 ay

aDD

TɈɌȻ

yDDD

ɈɌȻT



ayhh

ɉȼ



100 

49,13

328,0109,01



 





372,0

99,13



372,0393,0

ɤɝ/ɫ;

53,199,13109,0 

ɤɝ/ɫ.

99,1353,1328,049,13  

ɤɝ/ɫ.

328,0109,0121243303



4133303

%.6,5100

.393,0

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ

Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ (ɫɦ. ɡɚɞɚɱɭ 2), ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɪ

ɜ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ tɉȼ? Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ

ɈɌȻ

ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ.

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4.

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.4

ɪ0, Ɇɉɚ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 15

t0, °ɋ 400 450 500 550 400 450 500 550 400 450

ɪɄ, ɤɉɚ 6,0 7,0 8,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

Nɗ, Ɇȼɬ 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

, Ɇɉɚ 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,12

ɈɌȻ

tɉȼ, °ɋ 102 105 107 102 105 107 102 105 107 105

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧ- ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɪ0 = 4 Ɇɉɚ; t0 = 450 °ɋ; ɪɄ = 4 ɤɉɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3) ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t

= 0,93; Nɗ = 25 Ɇȼɬ [1].

ɗɆ

= 150 °ɋ;

ɉȼ

= 0,85;

Ɉi

p0, t

~ 1

a2, p2, D

a1, p1, D

a3, p3 ,D

5 4 5 4 5

Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ

ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ:

1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 – ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ;

4 –

ɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 5 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ 3. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ

D1, D2, D3 ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ DT:

D1 = a1DT; D2 = a2DT;

D3 = a3DT.

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɪ1, ɪ2, ɪ3 ɢ h1, h2 ɢ h3 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.4). Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦ. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ tɉȼ = 150 °ɋ ɢ tɄ = 28,6 °ɋ

= 4 ɤɉɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ:

ɩɪɢ ɪ

ɇɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ:

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ

ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ t ɬɶɟɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɪ

't = tɉȼ – tɄ = 150 – 28,6 = 121,4 °ɋ.

121, 4

tt'

28,6 40,5 69,1 °ɋ.

ttt  

ɇɄɋɌ

= 30 ɤɉɚ.

40,5 °C.

= 69,1 °ɋ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɟ-

3ɇ

0 t0

1ɇ

2ɇ

3ɇ

1ɇ

2ɇ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ

Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ t

tt t t ''  

ɇ KCTCT

tt ttt '  

ɇ KCTHCT

ɢ ɪ2; t

ɢ ɪ1:

28,6 40,5 40,5 109, 6 °C;

Ɇɉɚ;142,02 ɪ

3 109,6 40, 5 150,1 °C.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ tɉȼ = 150 °ɋ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 40,4 °ɋ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ:

tt 

ɇɉȼ

109,6 40, 4 150 °C

ɢ ɪ1 = 0,475 Ɇɉɚ.

ɉɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ

= 3332 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; hɄ = 2281 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h3 = 2508 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ; h2 = 2718 ɤȾɤɝ;

= 2908 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ 3,

ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ a

ɝɞɟ

, y1, a2, y2, a3, y3:



tch

HPH

tch

KPɄ



6,1193,289



3,2892508



22812508

 

22813332

,0765,0

;ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ3,2891,6919,4'

.ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ6,1196,2819,4

;216,0

ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ:



3,289458

ɇH



4582718



,0747,0

ɝɞɟ

tch

ɝɞɟ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ:



HPH



¨ ©



ɇH



tch

HPH





yahh

iiɗɆK

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ:



Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ):

ɉɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɄɉȾ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:



§ 

¨ ©



ɉȼ



yahh

iiKS

386,0416,0 

386,0



22812718

 



22813332

458628

6282908





22812908

 

22813332

25000



u



 



20923332

6,1193332

.ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ4586,10919,4

;406,0

,0746,0

;ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ6281,15019,4'

.597,0

0765,01(93,022813332

ɤɝ/ɫ.4,28

)597,00746,0406,00747,0216,0

908,020923332



6283332

.386,0

%.77,7ɢɥɢ0777,0

u

.416,0

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɪ0; t0; ɪɄ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ (ɪɢɫ. 3.5) ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t

ɉȼ

;

= 0,85;

Ɉi

= 0,93; Nɗ .

ɗɆ

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.5.

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ

ɪ0, Ɇɉɚ 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 t0, °ɋ 460 440 420 400 460 440 420 400 460 420 ɪɄ, ɤɉɚ 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,2 5,4 5,6 5,8

tɉȼ, °ɋ 155 150 145 155 150 145 155 150 145 155 Nɗ, Ɇȼɬ 20 25 30 35 40 20 25 30 35 40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.5

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ Ɋ- 100-13/15 (ɅɆɁ) ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [1]:

 ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ɪ

 ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ɪ

= 1,0 Ɇɉɚ;

 ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ D

 ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ

 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ

= 12,74 Ɇɉɚ, t0 = 560 °ɋ;

= 540 ɬ/ɱ;

ȼɉ

= 0,844;

Ɉi

= 0,97;

ɗɆ

 ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ n = 3;

 ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ

 ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɪ

= 0,588 Ɇɉɚ;

 ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ t

 ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ a

= 10 % DɌ;

ɉɊɈȾ

 ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ a

= 0,85; tȼɄ = 70 °ɋ;

ȼɄ

= 30 °ɋ;

ɏɈȼ

= 1,2 % DɌ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ

ɍɌ

ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢɡ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ);

 ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ t

= 60 °ɋ.

ɋȼ

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.5.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɟɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟɦ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ) [1].

ɉɊɈȾ

, t

ɉȼ

ɋȿɉ

ɈɌȻ1

ɈɌȻ2

ɈɌȻ3

ɏɈȼ

ɉɇ Ʉɇ

ɍɌ

ɉȾ

ȼɉ

ȼɄ

ɏɈȼ

ɉȼȾ1

ɉȼȾ2

ɉȼȾ3

ɉɊ

ȾɊ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Ɋ-100-130/15:

Ʉ – ɤɨɬɟɥ; Ɍ – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; ɉ – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ; Ⱦ – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ;

Ʉɇ – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; ɉɇ – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ;

ɉȼȾ – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɋ – ɫɟɩɚ

ɚɬɨɪ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 3.6). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ:

DDD 

PɉȾT

ɝɞɟ

DDD 

ȾȼɉɉȾ

Ɂɞɟɫɶ Dȼɉ – ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ;

– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ;

– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ

ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ.

ɋɬɪɨɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɜ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.7) ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ h

= 2930 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ:

''''

)()(

hhDhhD



ȼɄȾȼɄɏɈȼȾɏɈȼ

ɝɞɟ DȼɄ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɬ/ɱ.



ȾK

Ɋɉ

ɏɈȼ

ɉȼ

ɉɇ Ʉɇ

ȼɄ

ɉȾ

ȼɉ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. Ʉ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ 5:

Ɋɉ –

ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ

ɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ

= 675

= 3500

ɪ0 = 12,74 Ɇɉɚ

= 3180

h2 = 3070

ɈɌȻ1

= 560 OC

= 3,17 Ɇɉɚ

ɈɌȻ2

= 1,98 Ɇɉɚ

Hi = 570

= 2920

ɋɊ

= 1,369 Ɇɉɚ

ɋɊ

= 1,0 Ɇɉɚ

hɄ = 2930

hKS = 2825

Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ Ɋ-100-130/15 ɅɆɁ

ɜ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ:

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, DɍɌ + D'

ɏɈȼ

ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:

~ 15 ɬ/ɱ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ:

ɉɊɈȾ



DDD

ȾȼɉɉȾ

8,6662930

.)1(

DDDD 

ɉɊɈȾɍɌȼɉȼɄɏɈȼ

ɬ/ɱ;9615540)85,01( 

)2938,666(459)6,1258,666(96



ɬ/ɱ.77,98

ɬ/ɱ.77,63877,98540  

Ɂɚɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ tɉȼ = 230 °ɋ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ:



230 158

ɉȼ Ⱦ

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ:

ɉɨ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ



tfɪ

= 2990 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.

194 °ɋ.

Ɇɉɚ.369,1)(

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ:

ɝɞɟ

= 0,98 – ɄɉȾ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ; ɨɬɫɸɞɚ:

ɌȺ

ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ:

(638,77 15) (990,3 666,8)

()()

DDD hh

 

ɉȾ ɍɌ ɉɊɈȾ ɉȼ Ⱦ

()

P ɉȼ ɌȺ

 

(2990 990,3) 0,98



ɋɊ

DDD

ɊɉȾT



107,92 ɬ/ɱ.

'''

),]([)(

hhDDDhhD  

ȾɉȼɉɊɈȾɍɌɉȾɌȺɉȼ

ɬ/ɱ.7,746~69,74692,10777,638  

ɉɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɄ = 1,47 Ɇɉɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ Ɋ-100-130 ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-

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