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Файл:Термодинамические циклы теплоэнергетических установок. Учебное пособие
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Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ), ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ Ɉ2 ɢ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɵɪɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ 48.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɨɫɟɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ. ɇɚɤɢɩɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ
ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥ-
ɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ – ɲɥɚɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ (ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ) ɜɨ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɭ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɟɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɵɪɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɹɸɬ
(ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɜɡɜɟɫɟɣ), ɭɦɹɝɱɚɸɬ (ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɵɪɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɛɚɤ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 47 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 46 ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ 45, ɝɞɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɭɦɹɝɱɢɬɟɥɶ 44 ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɫɨɥɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ.
ȼɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 41 ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ 40 ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ 42, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ȼɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢ-
ɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ɋ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɭɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ.
31
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ
ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɭ 20, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ
ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɤɚɩɟɥɟɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ 23.
2.3. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
(ɌȽɍ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɬɢɩɚ ɌȽɍ, ɬɢɩɚ
ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ
ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɌȽɍ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɨɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ.
2.3.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɌȽɍ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɌȽɍ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Ⱦȿ,
Ʉȿ, ȾɄȼɊ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1,4 Ɇɉɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.4.
ɉɚɪ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ 1, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ 3, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨ 0,7 Ɇɉɚ), ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɌȽɍ, ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ 14 ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ
ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-
ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ 3 ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɸɬ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ.
32
8 – ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ-ɛɚɪɛɨɬɺɪ; 9 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
29
17 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
14 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 15, 16 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
10 – ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 11 – ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ; 12 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 13 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ;
3 – ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 4 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 6 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ; 7 – ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Ⱦȿ ɢ Ʉȿ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 1,4 Ɇɉɚ: 1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ;
Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɌȽɍ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ 1, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɚ»,
ɬ. ɟ. ɜɵɜɨɞ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ
ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ
ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ. ɉɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶ) ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ 6, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,15 Ɇɉɚ) ɨɧɚ
ɜɫɤɢɩɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 7 ɢ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɺɪ 8
ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɫ «ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɨɣ» ɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ
ɌȽɍ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ.
ɗɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ 9 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ 7, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɺɪ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 5, ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨ 20–25 °ɋ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ
ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ
ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ 10.
ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ 10 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɤɢɩɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ. ɍɦɹɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 15 ɢ 16 ɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ 11
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ
ɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ (Ɉ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ 4, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɜɨ-
ɢ ɋɈ2), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ
2
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɬɪɭɛ ɤɨɬɥɚ.
ȼ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 4 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ 14. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ 3 ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ 6. ȼɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɩɚɪɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ 11, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɝɚɡɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.
ɍɦɹɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 2 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ 1 ɢ ɤ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ 3.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 13. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 12. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɌȽɍ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 17.
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ
ɌȽɍ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ.
34
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɌȽɍ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.4, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɪɢɫ. 2.5.
20
Ɍɋ
D
Ⱦ
ɉɄ
G
ɏɈȼ
ɉɄ
D
G
ɏɈȼ
ɉɂȼ2
19
18
10
D
t
ɉɂȼ2
G
ɂȼ
ɏȼɈ
G
ɏɈȼ
h
Ʉ
Ɍɋ
ɉɈȼ1
15
t
ɉɈȼ1
h
Ʉ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɫ
Ɍ8
Ʉ
h
G
Ɍȿɏ
Ʉ
21
t
ɉɈȼ3
= 65 Ɉɋ
Ɍɋ
G
ɉɈȾ
13
Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. Ȼɥɨɤ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɌȽɍ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ
ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ:
10 – ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 13 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ;
15 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
18 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 19 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ; 20 – ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ
ȼ ɛɥɨɤɟ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.5:
ɉɄ
– ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ G
ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɏɈȼ
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɏȼɈ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 4 (ɪɢɫ. 2.4);
– ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ G
Ɍɋ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ
ɏɈȼ
ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɏȼɈ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 18, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ
ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 19 ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ 20 ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɛɚɤɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ 21. ɂɡ ɛɚɤɚ-ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 13 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ.
2.3.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ
Ɉɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɌȽɍ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɌȽɍ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.6 (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɬɚ-
35
ɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɌȽɍ,
ɪ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.4 ɢ 2.5, ɬɨ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ).
D
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11
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t
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ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɌȽɍ
ɫ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ:
1 – ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 4 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 7 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
9 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 10 – ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 11 – ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɜɵɩɚɪɚ; 12 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 13 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ; 15 ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 17 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
22 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɤ; 23 –
ɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ
;
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 12 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ 1.
ɇɚɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ Ɍ1 ɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɌȽɍ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ-ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ:
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ ɤɨɬɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɵ (SO
) ɨɛɪɚɡɭ-
2
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 23.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ Ɍ1 ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ,
36
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ 1 ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɭ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ 17.
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɌȽɍ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ
ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ (ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ) ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ. ɇɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 9 ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 7
, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 20–25 °ɋ,
ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ 10, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɟ ɭɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɦɹɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 15 ɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɚ 11 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 4 (ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,03 Ɇɉɚ).
Ⱦɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɚɤɟ
22, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 13 ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ 1.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.6, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ: ɛɚɤɢ-ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɢ ɞɪ.
2.4. ɉɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
2.4.1. ɐɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ – ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ
ɉɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɚ) ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ 1 ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 2 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ 3, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ 4 ɝɚɡɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɤɨɬɥɟ-ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ 5, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ 7 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɩɚɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ 8, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 9 ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 1. ɇɚɫɨɫ
10 ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ
Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ, ɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ (ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ) –
ɰɢɤɥɨɦ Ɇɚɣɟɪɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪ
(ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɛ), Ɍs (ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɜ) ɢ hs (ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɝ).
ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ 6 (ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɟ
37
X
X
ɤ ɯ = 0 ɯ = 1
Ʉɨɬɟɥ
5 6
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ
2
ɛ
1
6
ɯ = 1
2
q
2
q
1
ɤ
p1 = const
p
= const
2
5
6
~
7
p
4
3
8
4 1
ɇɚɫɨɫ
2
9
3
1
10
ɚ
Ɍ
ɤ ɯ = 0 ɯ = 1
p1 = const
1
T
1
5
4
T
2
3 2
6
p
= const
2
h
ɯ = 0
5
4
3
s
ɜ ɝ
s
Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ – ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; ɛɝ – ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ:
1 – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 2 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 3 – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ;
4 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 5 – ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ;
7 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 8 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 9 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ;
10 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ 3–4 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 4–5 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ; 5–6 – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ; 6–1 – ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ; 1–2 – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ (ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ); 2–3 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 4–5–6–1 ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ:
q1 = h1 – h3,
ɝɞɟ h3 – ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 2–3 ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ:
q2 = h2 – h3.
38
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ:
l = q1 – q2 = (h1 – h3) – (h2 – h3) = h1 – h2.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ:
l
ɄɉȾ
K
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ h1 ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ h2, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɭɜɟ-
t
K
t
q
1
ɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
(ɪɢɫ. 2.8).
ɢ t
2
qq
21
q
1
hh
21
ɢ t1 ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɪ2
1
.
(2.1)
hh
31
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ t
– ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨ-
ɧɢɟ ɪ
1
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ-
1
ɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ (ɯ > 0,80–0,86) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ t
ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ t
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ – ɪ
ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ t
ɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ
= 23,5 Ɇɉɚ ɢ t1 = 565 °ɋ. ɇɚ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ-
1
= 29,4 Ɇɉɚ ɢ t1 = 600–650 °ɋ.
1
= 0–25(30) °ɋ.
0
= 26,2–28,6 °ɋ, ɚ ɞɚɜ-
2
= 3,5–4 ɤɉɚ.
2
– t0 ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɚ ɪɚɡ-
2
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ
2
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.8 ɢ 2.9 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪ
, t1 ɢ ɪ2 ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɢ
1
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1'"-ɚ-b-2' ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.8, ɚ
ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ – ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ – ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ – ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ
Ʉɚɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ) ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ
(Ɍɗɐ). ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 3060 Ɇɉɚ.
39
K
t
Ɍ
Ɍ
T
1
T
2
p1 = const
ɤ
ɤ
0,45
0,40
1''' 1'' 1'
a
2''' 2'' 2'
t1'''
t1''
'
t
1
x1 x3 x
2
b
s
p
1
s
ɪ2 = 4 ɤɉɚ
1''
p1'' p1' p1'''
1'
t
1
h
1'''
b
a
2''
2'''
p
2
ɚ
x
3
h
x = 1
t1''
'
t
1
x = 1
2'
x1
x
2
s
t
'''
1
x3
x
p
2
2
x
1
s
ɛ
t1= 600 °C
500
480
450
400
0,35
, Ɇɉɚ
0 5 10 15 20 25
ɪ
1
ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.8. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɚ) ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɛ)
ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ (ɜ)
40
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