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Файл:Термодинамические циклы теплоэнергетических установок. Учебное пособие
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ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɟɝɨ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɧɚɯɨ-
X
X
X
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɂɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɪ = const) ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.9 ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ 12 ɢ 34.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ 1–2 ɢ 3–4, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ Ɍ–s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
q
= h2 – h1; q
p
Ʉ
1-2
T
2
ɯ
2
t1 = t2 = t
1
ɪ
1
3
ɪ
3
ɯ = 0
=
1
3
ɯ = 1
4
T
4
1
ɯ
T
3
ɯ
3
ɚ
= h4 – h3.
3-4
Ʉ
ɯ = 1 ɯ = 0
1 2 4
ɯ
1
2
3
ɛ
h
X
=
X
1
3
h
4
h
2
h
1
h
3
s
t1 = t2 = t
2
ɯ
1
3
ɜ
2
p3 = p
4
4
4
ɯ = 1
s
Ɋɢɫ. 1.9. ɂɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ:
X
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɛ – Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɜ – h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɚ – ɪ-
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ h-s-ɞɢɚɝ-
ɪɚɦɦɟ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (1.2).
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɥɢ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
X
= (1 – x)X' + xX",
ɏ
ɝɞɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ X', X" ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪ-
ɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ.
ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (Ɍ = const), ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚ-
21
ɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.10
X
ɥɢɧɢɟɣ 1–2.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 12,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ:
q
= T(s2 – s1).
p
Ʉ
1
ɪ
1
ɪ
2
ɯ
1
ɯ = 0 ɯ = 1
2
ɚ ɛ ɜ
1–2
T
Ʉ
1
ɪ1 ɪ
2
h
h
2
2
h
ɯ
1
1
ɯ = 1 ɯ = 0
s
p
p
1
2
t1 = t
2
2
1
ɯ = 1
ɯ
1
s
Ɋɢɫ. 1.10. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ:
X
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɛ – Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɜ – h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɚ – ɪ-
sX = s' + rx/TS,
ɝɞɟ s' – ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ɍ
S
ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛ-
ɥɢɰɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
Ⱥɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (dq = 0). ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.11.
Ⱥɞɢɚɛɚɬɚ 12 ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ,
ɚ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɚ 34 ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ:
Ʉ
ɪ
X
= const,
ɝɞɟ ɤ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ (ɤ = 1,135 ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɤ = 1,3 –
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɩɚɪ).
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
l
= h1 – h2; l
1-2
22
3-4
= h3 – h4.
p
X
Ʉ
1
ɪ
1
ɪ
2
2
ɯ
1
ɯ = 0 ɯ = 1
T
3
Ɍ
3
Ɍ
1
Ɍ
2
4
1
ɯ
1
2 4
Ʉ
h
ɪ
1
3
ɪ
2
ɯ = 1 ɯ = 0
s
h
3
h
1
h
4
h
2
ɚ ɛ ɜ
p
1
t
3
3
p
2
1
4
ɯ
1
2
ɯ = 1
s
Ɋɢɫ. 1.11. Ⱥɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ:
X
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɛ – Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ; ɜ – h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɚ – ɪ-
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
2. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ?
3. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ?
4. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ: ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚ
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ, ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ, ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɚɪ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɩɚɪ.
5. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɪ, X, h?
6. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪ-
X
-, Ɍ-s- ɢ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ?
7. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.
8. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪ-
X
, Ɍ-s ɢ h-s ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɣ. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ.
9. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɪ-
X
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ɉɨɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɧɚ ɤɚ-
X
ɤɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪ-
-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ.
-
23
2. ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋɏȿɆɕ
ɌȿɉɅɈɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɄ
2.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 85 % ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (Ʉɗɋ) ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ
(Ɍɗɐ) ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ. ɉɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ – ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɚ)
ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ 2, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ 3, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ.
Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ 5, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 6 ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ 7 ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 8, ɝɞɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɚɡɵ – Ɉ
, ɋɈ2 ɢ ɞɪ.
2
ɂɡ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 9 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ 11
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 8, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ 7 ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ 11
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ 2.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ
ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ 10 ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɛ) ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ 13 ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ – ɛɨɣɥɟɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ
ɢɡ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ 14 ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ 12. ɉɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 15.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2).
24
1
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
2 3
~
4
11
5
10
9
7
8
6
ɚ
4
1
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
ɉɚɪ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
13
2 3
~
11
14
12
10
ɛ
9
15
7
8
5
6
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ:
ɚ – Ʉɗɋ (ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ); ɛ – Ɍɗɐ (ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ);
1 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 2 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 3 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 4 – ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ; 5 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 6 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ;
7 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 8 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 9 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɧɚɫɨɫ; 10 – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ; 11 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 12 – ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ; 13 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɛɨɣɥɟɪɵ); 14 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
15 – ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ
25
ɫɚɪɚɣ; 16 – ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ; 17 – ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫɵ; 18 – ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
3
32 – ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ:
29 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ; 30 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ; 31 – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ;
1 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 2 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 3 – ɳɢɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 4 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɭɝɥɹ); 6 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ;
13 – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ; 14 – ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɝɨɧɵ; 15 – ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ
ɝɢɞɪɨɡɨɥɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ; 19 – ɡɨɥɨɭɞɚɥɢɬɟɥɶ; 20 – ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ; 21 – ɬɨɩɤɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ; 23 – ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ;
7 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ; 8 – ɰɢɤɥɨɧ; 9 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 10 – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ; 11 – ɞɵɦɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; 12 – ɞɪɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ;
24 – ɜɨɞɨɟɦ; 25 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ; 26 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 27 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ; 28 – ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
2.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ʉɨɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɬɥɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ: ɬɨɩɤɢ,
ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɤɚɪɤɚɫ, ɨɛɦɭɪɨɜɤɚ
, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɨɛɲɢɜɤɚ.
ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ: ɬɹɝɨɞɭɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ,
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɨ- ɢ ɡɨɥɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɨɥɨɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞɵ, ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ, ɝɚɪɧɢɬɭɪɭ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɭ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɞɵɦɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ.
Ʉ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɵ, ɜɨɞɨɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ.
ȼ ɝɚɪɧɢɬɭɪɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɚɡɵ, ɝɥɹɞɟɥɤɢ, ɥɸɤɢ, ɲɢɛɟɪɵ, ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɢ.
Ɂɞɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.3.
ɉɪɢɜɨɡɢɦɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɹ 5
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɭɝɥɹ 3, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ-
ɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ 1 ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɛɢɥɤɭ 4, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚ 6 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ
ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ 7.
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ 8 ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɧɚ ɲɚɪɨɜɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ 9. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɟ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɤɟ 25 ɤɨɬɥɚ.
ɋɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ 11 ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɤɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ 10 ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɨɥɚ.
27
15 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɵɪɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; 49 – ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ
27
Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:
; 31 – ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ; 32 ɩɚɪɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ; 33 – ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ;
1 – ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ; 2 – ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ; 3 – ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɭɝɥɹ; 4 – ɞɪɨɛɢɥɤɚ; 5 – ɜɚɝɨɧɨɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶ;
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ; 16 ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ; 17 – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ; 18 – ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ; 19 – ɩɚɪ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ;
6 – ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪ; 7 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ; 8 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ; 9 – ɲɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ; 10 – ɬɟɱɤɚ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ; 11 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ; 12 – ɦɟɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ; 13 – ɰɢɤɥɨɧ; 14 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ;
25 – ɬɨɩɤɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ; 26 – ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 27 – ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ; 28 – ɮɟɫɬɨɧ; 29 – ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ;
20 – ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɚ; 21 – ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ; 22 – ɜɨɞɨɨɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 23 ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; 24 – ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ;
ɤɨɦɨɞ; 40 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ; 41 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 42 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 43 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 44 – ɜɨɞɨɭɦɹɝɱɢɬɟɥɶ;
30 – ɬɪɭɛɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɚ
34 – ɡɨɥɨɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ; 35 – ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫ; 36 – ɞɵɦɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; 37 – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɨɥɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ; 38 – ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ; 39 – ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɣ
45 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; 46 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 47 – ɛɚɤ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 48 –
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜ
ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) 16. Ƚɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɩɵɥɶ ɢɡ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɨɧ 13, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɵɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ 14. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ
ɦɟɥɶɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ 12
ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ 18. ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ 15 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ. ɉɵɥɟɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɧɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɭ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ 17 ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ.
ȼ ɬɨɩɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ 25 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɤɪɚɧ 26 ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɥɭɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ. ɗɤɪɚɧ –
ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ.
ȼ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ȼɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ 21 ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɩɭɫɤɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ 22 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ 26. ȼ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɨɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ.
ȼ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɚɪ 24 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ 27 ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ 31 ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɟɣ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ 27 ɢ 31 ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɚɪɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ 32, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɚɪ 19 ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ
ɩɚɪɚ – ɤ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 27 (ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɝɚɡɨɜ)
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɫɬɨɧ 28 – ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɬɪɭɛ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɛ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɵ (ɲɥɚɤɚ) ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛ,
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɨɣ
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ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɭɱɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɬɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ 30 ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ 29. Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ.
ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚ-
ɪɚɛɚɧ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɸ 29.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɚ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɄɉȾ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ȼ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɨɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ.
Ⱦɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ 33 ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ,
ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɩɤɢ – ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ – ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɤɟɥɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɟɤ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɥɵ.
ɗɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɨɥɵ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɨɞ 39, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ
, ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɜ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɨɣ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɥɨɭɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɟ 34.
ȼɫɹ ɡɨɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɨɥɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ 37 ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɨɥɨɨɬɜɚɥ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɡɨɥɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ, ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɣ 36. Ⱦɵɦɨɫɨɫ 35 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɩɤɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɭɬɶɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɩɤɚɯ
ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ
ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɩɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (SO2, NOɏ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɨɥɵ). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 1,5 ɦ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ) ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
ɉȾɄ ɩɨ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ.
Ⱦɵɦɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɬɹɝɭ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɚɦɨɬɹɝɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ,
ɚ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɹɝɨ-
ɞɭɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɞɵɦɨɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ).
Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɚɪ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ 49, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 43. Ⱦɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ Ɉ2, ɋɈ2 ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
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