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ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ (ɪɢɫ. 2.24) ɫɨ-
ɪ
X
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ: 1–2 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ; 2–3 ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ; 3–3' – ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ; 3'–4 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ; 4–1 – ɢɡɨɯɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
p
q
1'
q
1''
3
3'
2
4
q
2
1
Ɋɢɫ. 2.24. ɐɢɤɥ Ⱦȼɋ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝ
ɚɦɦɟ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ
ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ:
ɬɨɱɤɚ 2
ɬɨɱɤɚ 3
ɬɨɱɤɚ 3'
ɬɨɱɤɚ 4
k
,
ppH
12
k
,
OH
pp
13
,'33pp
k
,
OU
pp
14
kɌɌ
kɌɌ
112
kɌɌ
13
;
H
1
;
OH
13
1
;'
UOH
1
kk
ɌɌ
14
.
UOH
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
q
2
,
"'
qq
11
ɝɞɟ
X
p
X
,'
TTcq
231
,"
TTcq
3'31
.
TTcq
142
1
K
tCM
61
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
K
K
K
X
X
ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
tCM
1
1
k
K
k
1
OU
>@
k
.
(2.6)
UOOH
11
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.6) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
H
ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ U ɢ O.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɢ
U
= 1 ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
X
= const:
ɩɪɢ
KK
X
ttCM
1
11
.
k
H
ɉɪɢ O = 1 ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɩɪɢ ɪ = const:
k
1
U
KK
1
tptCM
1
k
k
.
1
UH
T
Ɋɢɫ. 2.25. ɐɢɤɥ Ⱦȼɋ ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
p = const
2''
2'
2
1
= const
= const
3
4
s
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
X
= const ɢ ɪ = const (ɪɢɫ. 2.25),
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ q2:
>
.
X
t
>
tp
tCM
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪ = const.
62
ɪ
X
2.6.4. ɐɢɤɥ ɬɭɪɛɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26, ɚ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɪɲɧɟ-
ɜɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ (ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ.
1 2 3
Ɋɢɫ. 2.26. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ):
1 – ɤɚɦɟ
p
q
1'
q
1''
3
4
4
2
5
q'
2
Ƚɚɡɵ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
1'
8'
6
1
8
7
q
2
ɚ ɛ
ɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ; 2 – ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ; 3 – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 4 ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ
ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɝɚɡɚ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɛɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.26, ɛ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ 1–2–3–4–5–1 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ 6–7–8–1–6 – ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ 5–1 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ, ɚ 1–6 – ɩɨɞɜɨɞ
ɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɦ; 6–7 – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ (ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ
ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ) ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ; 7–8 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɦ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ; 8–1 – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ.
ɱɟɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɯɨɪɟ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 5–1), ɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɟ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1–6), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɄɉȾ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ.
63
ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ 8–2–3–4–7–8 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
K
1
t
ɝɞɟ
H
– ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚ-
Ɉ
ɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ
H
ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ H ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ:
Ʉ
k
1
H
O
/1
k
k
UO
11
,
UOO
k
11
H
=
H
H.
Ɉ
Ʉ
2.7. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.27 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ) ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪ-
ɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ (ȽɌȾ) ɢ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɝɨ (ɉɌȾ) ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
5
2
1
3
ȼɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ, ɜɨɞɚ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.27. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ) ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:
1 – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ; 2 – ɩɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ;
4 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ;
7 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 8 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 9 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ 1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1–2) ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ 2, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 2–3–4). ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ 3 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 4–5), ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ-
2.7.1. ɉɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
7
6
~
9 4
ɚ ɛ
~
8
6
Ɍ
q
3
2
7
q'
2
IV V
III
1
4
1
5
6
I
II
q"
2
s
64
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ 1, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ 6. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ)
ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ 4 ɤɨɬɥɚ-ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ 2. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ 5–6 – ɨɬɞɚɱɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ; 6–7 – ɨɬɞɚɱɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ-ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ; 7–1 – ɨɬɜɨɞ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɤ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ (ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ȽɌȾ
ɢ ɉɌȾ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɞɥɹ ȽɌȾ t
= 800–1000 °ɋ, ɞɥɹ ɉɌȾ t
MAX
= 20–30 °ɋ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
MIN
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ȽɌȾ ɢ ɉɌȾ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ
ɤɨɬɥɟ. ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ
ɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɨɛɨɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɄɉȾ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɉɌ
K
t
ɉȽ
,
ɉȽ
qqww
11
ɝɞɟ wȽ ɢ wɉ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ȽɌȾ ɢ ɉɌȾ;
Ƚ
ɉ
q
ɢ q
– ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ.
1
1
ɄɉȾ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ȽɌȾ–ɉɌȾ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 50–55 %.
2.7.2. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ (ɪɢɫ. 2.28) ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ I, ɬɟɩɥɨɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ II ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ III [2]. Ƚɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɟɩɥɨɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ
ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
65
10
5
4
3
7
2
1
11
ɛ
6
s
I
4
Ʉ
II
ȼɨɞɚ
III
2
ɇ
1
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ
ɇ – ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ; ɉɏ – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ; Ʉ – ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ;
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɨ
Ʉɋ
5
ȽɌ
6
3
ɗ
ɉɏ
ɌȾ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ
Ʉɋ – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ; ȽɌ – ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; ɗ – ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ;
ȼɈ – ɜɥɚɝɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ; Ɋ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ;
ɌȾ – ɬɭɪɛɨɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪ; ɋ – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɋɈ
ɉɚɪ, ɜɨɞɚ
~
Ɋ
ɗȾ
10
ȼ ɚɬɦ.
8
ɋ
10
11
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
8
9
; ɗȾ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
2
7
ȼɈ
9
ɋɈ
2
ɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.28. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ)
ɬɟɩɥɨɯɥɚɞɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ:
Ɂɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɭɪɛɨɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɇ
ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɉɏ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1–2–3) ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ʉ, ɝɞɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 3–4). ɋɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ Ʉɋ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 4–5) ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 1000–1200 Ʉ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ȽɌ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 5–6), ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪ ɗ, ɝɞɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 6–7) ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɩɪɨɣɞɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ȼɈ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɝɞɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 7–8) ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ
ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ Ɋ.
66
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɉɋɌ) ɜ ɬɭɪɛɨɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 8–9) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɋɈ2) ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɋɈ
, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɋ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɨɜ
2
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɥɨɤ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 10–11)
ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɜ ɬɭɪɛɨɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɬ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɗȾ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɦ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɉɋɌ,
ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɟ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ
ɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɉɋɌ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɉɋɌ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɚɣɡɟɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 12 %,
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧ
ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɋɈ
ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɜ ɚɬɦɨ-
2
ɫɮɟɪɭ ɫ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɉɋɌ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ
ɫɟɪɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
67
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ? ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɩɚɪɚ.
2. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ʉɚɪɧɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɨ
? Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ?
3. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɜ ɪ-v- ɢ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ?
4. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ? ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ?
5. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɜ ɪ-v-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɪɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ? Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ
Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ?
6. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɰɢɤɥ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɟ?
7. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɜ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ
ɰɢɤɥɚ.
8. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ, ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɪ-v- ɢ Ɍ-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ.
9. Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ
Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ?
10. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ.
68
3. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɌȿɉɅɈȼɕɏ ɋɏȿɆ ɂ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ
K
K
ɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɄ
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ «ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɭ «ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ» ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ Ɇ. ɂ Ȼɚɠɟɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɋ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ [1].
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɚ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.8, ɚ) ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.8, ɛ)
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.7, ɚ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.1 ɢ 3.2.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ɪ1, Ɇɉɚ 5–25
t1, °ɋ 400 420 450 470 500 520 400 430 400 450
ɪ2, ɤɉɚ 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 4,5 5,0
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ Ɋɟɧɤɢɧɚ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t1, °ɋ 300–600
ɪ1, Ɇɉɚ 5 10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25 15
ɪ2, ɤɉɚ 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 4,5 5,0
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 12 Ɇȼɬ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚ ɪ0 = 3,5 Ɇɉɚ; t0 = 435 °ɋ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɪɄ = 5ɤɉɚ; ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
K
ɄɉȾ
= 0,92 [1].
ɗɆ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ:
ɝɞɟ Nɗ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤȼɬ;
3.1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
l
K
t
q
1
ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
qq
21
q
1
hhDN
0 ɗɆOiKSɗ
69
hh
21
K
Ɉ
.
hh
31
= 0,82; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
i
,
(3.1)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2
D – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ, ɤɝ/ɫ;
, h
– ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ (ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ) ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
h
KS
0
ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ), ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
ɉɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɪ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ h
ɢ hKS ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
0
, t0, ɪɄ ɦɨɠɧɨ
0
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ h-s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
p
, t
p
0
0
1
2
h
h
0
0 t0
0
~
p
K
h
p
K
3
4
p’
K
K
h
KS
h'
K
K
S
K
s
ɚ ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɉɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ:
ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ; 1 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ;
2 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 4 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ
Ɍɨɱɤɭ 0 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ ɪ0 ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɵ t0. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ 0 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ: h
= 3303 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ ɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɸ s0 = 6,9589 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ. Ɉɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 0 ɫɬɪɨɹɬ
0
ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
(s0 = const) ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɨɣ ɪɄ. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ: h
= 2124 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
KS
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.1 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ
K
. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
Ɉi
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ:
= h0 – (h0 – hKS)
h
K
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ ɪ
K
= 3303 – (3303 – 2124)0,82 = 2336 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ɉ
i
ɢ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ hɄ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ
Ʉ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Ʉ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 0. Ɂɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ h
ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ N
ɡɭɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (3.1):
D
hh
0
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɗ
N
ɗ
KK
ɗɆOiKS
70
3
1012
92,082,0)21243303(
.ɤɝ/ɫ49,13
, hKS,
0
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