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Файл:Синтаксические модели диалогической речи современного английского языка. Монография
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§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪ ✖
No
✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✫ ✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥ ✪✗✪ ✚✖✢✓✙✫
✖
✕✪✥✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪, ✤ ✗
:
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✤✜✓ ✤
✗✓✥✓✙✣✫ ✗
[6, ✜. 40]. ✂✖-
✕✚✥✓
"You haven't got somebody in that room with you, have you?"
"No." (I haven't got somebody in that room with me.) (Saroyan W.
Selected Short Stories, p. 199)
"Did he slap your face?" the Sheriff asked Johnny.
"Yes sir," (He slapped my face) Johnny said. (Saroyan W. Selected
Short Stories, p. 159)
.
☎✖✗✖✭ ✣✕✖✗✣✚✤✗✖ ✔✚✜✣✖✣✚★✙✚ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✖
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✣✗✪★✖✂✣✜✭ ✣✓✥, ★✣✚ ✤ ✙✪
✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
★✓✜✣✤✚ ✤
✗✓✛✗✚ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✓✙✫ ✪✧ ✗
✂✚ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✓✣ ✪ ✔✕✢✛✖✭ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✖
✓✥✫
✥ ✖
✙✓ ✜★✪✣✖✂✣
✙✪✘✗✪
(Yes) ✪
✙✪✓
✣✖
✗ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✥✫✓ ✜✗✚✤✖-✖
✤ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✔✚ ✙✓✗✚✣✚✕✚
✘
✓✗✚✥✢ ✖
✪✗✪ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✣✓✗✘✙✢
. 77;
✜
✣✚★✗✢ ✧✕✓✙✪✭, ✜★✪✣✖✂✣, ★✣✚
✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✤✖✣✓✗✘✙✖
✙✣✓✕✓✜✙✚ ✖
✢✕✚✤✙✓ ✖
. Yes ✪ No
✘
✪✭
✤ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✪✥✓✣✘ (✚✣✕✪✘✖✙✪✓, ✖
✢
✚✤✚✕✭ ✚✦ ✪
✓✥✫. ✏✢✙✗✘✪✭ ✪
✕✚✤✖✣✘ ✖
✙✫✓ ✔✖✩✓ ✚✣✙✚✜✭✣
✟. . ✝✓✢✙✚✤✖ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✣ ✔✖✙✙✫✓ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✤
✥✪-✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪. ☎✖✗✖✭ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭, ✤✓✕✚✭✣✙✚, ✙✖
✥ ✤
✗✓✥✓✙✣✚✤ ✖
✗✓✥✓✙✣✚✤ ✙✓ ✚✛✕✖✙✪★✓✙✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣. ✞ ★✖✜✣✙✚✜✣✪
Yes ✪ No
✣ ✚✣✥✓★✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✤
✚✣✕✪✘✖✙✪✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂, ✙✖ ✧✖✭✤✗✓✙✪✓ ✪✗✪ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖
. 130].
29,
✜
☎✖✗✪✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥, ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫, ✕✖✧✔✓✗✭✂✪✓ ✔✖✙✙✢
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✫ ✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥ (✗
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖
✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪ ✖
✣✚ ✚✜✚✦✫✓ ✜✗✚✤✖, ✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✪✓ ✖
(No). ✠. ✡.
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ☎
✣ ✜✣✓✖✓✙✪ ✚✜✚✦✙✭✗✚✥, ✣✖
✂, ✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✓✥✢ ✕✓✖✗✘✪
Yes ✪ No
✥ ✓✔✪✙✪
✘. ✖
.
✕✚✖✙✖✗✪✧✪✕✚✤✖✣✘ ✤
✚ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✥ ✣✕✓✥ ✗
✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✣ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓, ✗
❯
✥
✚✕✥✓, ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✚ ✚✣✥✓✣✪✣✘, ★✣✚ ✤
✥ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✚✜✚✦✖✭
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✜✥✚✔✭ ✪✧ ✤✣✪✥ ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✓
Yes ✪ No ✗
✥ ✚✔✪✙ ✪✗✪ ✦✚✗✓✓ ✚✦✭✧✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
), ✪
✣✖✗✪✓ ✖
.
, ✡. .
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪
✗✘✪✬ ✖
✚★✓✙✘ ✚✣✗✪★✖✂✣✜✭ ✚✣ ✔✕✢✛✪
✚✔✚✦✙✖✭ ✣✕✖✗✣✚✤✗✖ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✙✓✦✓✧✚✜✙✚
✣✪ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✙✖ ✥✚✕❯✚✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✥
✕✪✣✓✕✪✭✥: ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓
✚✣✚✕✚✓ ✙✪✗✖✗✪✓ ✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✜✗✚✤✖
–
✚✙✪ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✜✖✥✚✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✙✚
✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✚
✣ ★✖✜✣✪ ✕✓★✪
☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘
✕✪✕✚✔✢ ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖
✄✥✪✕✙✪✘✗✪
✣, ✠. ✡. ✗✘✪✬
. ✡. .
✚✔✣✤✓✕✩✔✓
✪✬✓✣, ★✣✚
✚ ✓✛✚ ✥✙✓✙✪
Yes ✪ No –
✂, ✚✙✪ «✜✣✚✭✣
✗ ✗✖✗ ✕✖✤✙✚✜✪✗✘✙✫
✂, ✢✣✤✓✕✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✢
,
❯
✚✕✥✖
✚✔✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✓
✣✪ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✙✓✪✧✥✓✙✭
✣, ✙✓✗✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✢★✓
[29, ✜. 60].
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪ ✜✗✚✤✖
,
❯
Yes ✪
✕✓✔
✚✗✪
✄✥✪✕
✤
✣✚
✂
» [14,
✂
❯
✢✙
✗
✚✕✥✪
✥
✥
).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
41
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✚
✪✧✗✚✩✓✙✙✫
4.
✪✓ ✜✗✢★✖✪
⑨
✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓
which
✥ ✤✫✬✓
✟✖✢✓✙✚
:
✤ ✚✣✤✓✣✓ ✙✖ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✫
who
✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✪✥ ✪ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✪✓✥. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✣, ✖✚✜✗
✚✗✘✗✢ ✜✚★✓✣✖✓✣ ✤ ✜✓✦✓ ✚✦✖ ✚✦✄✭✜✙✓✙✪✭
[28, ✜. 8].
✂
✑✂✝✁☛✝ ✞☛✡✆☛✂✒✓
✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜, ✤ ✗
✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✪✥, ✖ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓
.
✂
✁✚✩✙✚ ✙✖✧✤✖✣✘ ✜✗✓✔✢
✚✣✚✕✚✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✓
:
what or
"He's crazy," Joe said.
"Who?" I said.
"That guy in the store now," Joe said. (Saroyan W. Selected Short
Stories, p. 201);
⑨
✤ ✚✣✤✓✣✓ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✜ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓✥
✧✔✓✜✘ ✤✜✖✚✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
✣ ✛✗✖✛✚✗ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✜✚✥✕✖✙✭✣✘✜✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
who –
Who told you the news? – John did [37, p. 41];
⑨
✤ ✢✜✗✚✤✙✫
✓✓ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✚ ✜✗✚✩✙✫✥✪ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✭✥✪
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
✥ ✖
✕✪✔✖✣✚★✙✫
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✥, ✤ ✗
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖
anyone, no one ✪ ✔✕. ✂✖-
If anyone (knows), he knows [37, p. 41];
⑨
✤ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✙✫
✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜, ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✗✪ ✣✖✗✪✓ ✖
✞. ✞. ✠✢✧✖✕✚✤ ✜★✪✣✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭, ✤✗✗✂★✖✭ ✜✗✢★✖✪, ✗
✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
✣ ✛✗✖✛✚✗ ✜✚✥✕✖✙✭✓✣✜✭
✥, ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✪
[6, ✜. 40].
✥ ✜✕✖✤✙✓✙✪✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤
.
✙
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✚✣✭ ✤
:
✣✚ ✜✖✚✕
✚✛✔✖ ✤✜✖✚
I know the place better than you (do) [37, p. 41].
☎
✕✚✣✪✤✚✖✚✗✚✩✙✚
✥✖✙. ✟✙ ✜★✪✣✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✣✖✗✪✓ ✖
★✓✜✗✪✥✪, ✖✚✜✗
✕✖✧✙✫
✥ ★✖✜✣✓
✕✓✦✗✓✙✪✪ ✔✗✭ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✭ ✜✚✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✢✂✪
✗✘✪✣, ✤✜✗✓✔✜✣✤✪✓ ★✓✛✚ ✖
✦✫ ✗ ✪✧✦✫✣✚★✙✚✜✣✪
had
⑨
✤✚✕✙✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ (✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚ ✤ ✖✥✓✕✪✗✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥
✖
✕✪✥✓✕
✣ ✖
★✖✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✥✚✔✖✗✘✙✚
:
✣ ✣✚★✗✪ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✤
✚✗✘✗✢ ✚✙✪ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✣ ★✗✓✙✫ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✪ ✔✚✜✣✖✣✚★✙✫✓ ✖
✚✔✜✣✖✙✚✤✗✖ ✖✙✖✗✚✛✪★✙✫
✕✪✔✓✕✩✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✢. ✡. ✞✓
[8, ✜. 87];
✣
✗✗✪✖✣✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✚✦✪✓ ✔✗✭
✕✪ ✚✔✙✚✗✕✖✣✙✚✥ ✢✖✚✣
✥ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
❯
✕✖✧✓
✥ ★✗✓✙✚✤ ✖
had better ✤
✕✪✤✓✗✖
"You better get to bed," Mike said.
"I didn't want to go," the boy said, "until you got back"… (Saroyan W.
Selected Short Stories, p. 305)
:
✣✥
❯
✥
✢✙
✕✖✧✛✚
). ✂✖-
,
-
✂
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
42
§ 3.
✁
✂✍✍✡✡✎✂✑✡
✄ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏ ✄ ✍✡✠✂✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡
✞✟✡✠✍✂✄✂
…
☎
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓
❯
✚✕✥✖ ✜✥✫✜✗✚✤✚✛✚ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖ ✪✥✓✓✣ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓, ✦✗✪✧✗✚✓ ✗ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪
✖
✚✤✓✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✙✖✗✗✚✙✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
you
✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✚✖✢✓✙✚. ✞ ✣✖✗✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓
:
"Better get out and walk here," he said. (Christie A. Selected Sto-
ries, p. 105)
✂✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✚ ✚✣✥✓✣✪✣✘, ★✣✚ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✗✪✖✜✪✜✖ ✤✜✣✕✓★✖✂✣✜✭ ★✖✓ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✤ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
§ 3.
✂
☞✎✔✔✍✄✍✕✎✄✍✘ ✄
✔✍✌✖✎✕✔✍✓✡✔✕✍
✞
✄✢✓✜✣✤✢✓✣ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✗
✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✚✜» ✪ «✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✓
✗✪✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✦✫✗✖ ✖
✢★✪✣✫✤✖✓✣ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✫ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✙✚-✚✣✤✓✣✙✚✛✚ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜
✣✤✖, ✗
✗✪
✛✚ ✖
✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖. ✣✖
✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✭✂✣ ✜✚✦✚
✜✗✚✤✢ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✖. ✞ ✗
✔✖✙✙✚✛✚ ✣✪✖✖ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
(
✜✚✦✜✣✤✓✙✙✚✓, ✙✖✕✪✘✖✣✓✗✘✙✚✓
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭-✚✣✤✓✣✫ ✙✖ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✫
✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✭✥✪
✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖ ✜✢✦✜✣✖✙✣✪✤✙✫✓ ✤
✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✂✣ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✖ ✟. . ✝✓✢✙✚✤✚
✚✥✥✢✙✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚-✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✚✓ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓ ✤ ✙✓✥ ✕✓
✗, ✖ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✚-✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✢
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜ ✜✚★✗✓✙✓✙✙✫✥ ✖
✥ ✖
I.
✍❏✡◆✑✌✠✡✡✠
⑨☎✔✂
✣ ✪✥✓✙✙✚✓ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✓, ✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✢✂✓✓ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✥✢
)
✡☛☞☎✔✚✞✆✔✬☛
✖
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
–
✣ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✗, ✟. . ✝✓✢✙✚✤✖ ✤✫✔✓✗✭✓✣ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✤
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✒✆✒✌☎✆✄✝ ☛✒☎✝✒✆✄✝ ✟✝✞✡✌✑✌
✣
✄
who, what, when, where, how (long, much). ✞
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
☞☞✍✟✖✍✓✡✔✕✍
☎ ✡☛✍✌✔✖✞✎
✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✭ ✤
✥ «✤✚✖✕✚✜
✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✓
☎ ☛✍✎☞✏✑✍✓✡✔✕✏
».
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
[28, ✜. 49].
✣
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚
:
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛✠ ✎❑✠❏✌
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✜✣✓✕✩✙✓✤✚✛✚ ✗✚✥✖
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪
✗ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✓✣ ✪✥✭ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✓
).
✟✖
✓ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✤
✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✜ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥✪ ✥✓✜
✣
:
✣ ✕✓★✪ ✤✜✓ ✤
✥ ✗
✚✥✦✪✙✖✘✪✭
☎ ✟✠✡☛☞✏✆✡✌✍
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
–
✍✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✭ ✤
❯
», «
✚✣✤✓✣
✂ ✜✤✭✧✘ ✤
✣✚ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✢✙✗✘✪✪
✥ ✖
✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✓
«
☎☛✞✟☛
✥
☎
✣✖ ✗
◆
☎
✠✡☛
,
✗
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
:
✣✪ ✣✪✖✫ ✤
.
✥
✝
✠✡✓✍
✝
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
–
✤✚
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜
–
✂
☛✒☎✝✒
✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✭
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✗✗✪
▲
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤
✚✙✓✙✣✖
✕✓✔
✜✚✜✣✖✤✓
✕✓✔✗✚
"Is it really true, Douglas?"
"Every word." (Steel D. Thurston House, p. 81)
✂
-
✗
✣
-
✖
-
»
-
-
✖
-
-
✖
-
-
-
-
43
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
)
✡✍✔☞✢✏✞✑✢✗✕☛✬☛ ✩☎✔✕✞
✦
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✛✚ ✪✥✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚, ✙✖
"Are you good at all this?"
"A rising star." (Shaw I. The Top of the Hill, p. 18)
)
☞☛✡☛☎✕✔✕✢✖ ✡✍✖✓☛✬☛ ✢ ✡✍✔☞☎☛✚✕☛✬☛ ✏☛✄✗✔✕✕☛✬☛
✤
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
"I heard carriage wheels, did you?"
"No, not a sound." (Fowles J. The Collector, p. 89)
✞ ✔✖✙✙✫
✙✫✓ ✖
✢✣✚★✙✭✂✣ ✖
✜✭ ✧✖✖✕✚✜ ✤ ✖
✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✣✓✥✖✚✕✖✗✘✙✚
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✂✪✓ ✤ ✗
✕✓✔✥✓✣ ✪✗✪ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓, ✚✣✙✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✗
✓✕✤✚✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✥ ✖
✥ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✜✢✦✜✣✖✙✣✪✤✙✫✓ ✚✔✙✚★✗✓✙
:
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✚✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✪✣
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✪
✣ ✪ ✗✚✗✖✣✪✤✙✚
.
✣ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✚
☎
✣✪ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓
"But when did you get back and where from?"
"This afternoon and from Mexico." (Shaw I. Lucy Crown, p. 19)
⑨✁✟☛✆☛✁✌✆✡✓✆✄✝ ☛✠✆☛✕✡✝✆✆✄✝ ✂
✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✢✗✖✧✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓
.
✟✙✪ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✣ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✭ (✗✪★✙✫✓, ✖
).
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✡✡✌✞✒✌✕✝✂✑✌✝ ✞✟✝✠
✕✪✣✭✩✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓
"Why did you ask me to come? Something about the war?"
"Something about the peace." (Vonnegut K. Jailbird, p. 32)
✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖ ✖
✙✫✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✂✣ ✤ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✭
)
✡☛☞☎✔✚✞✆✔✬☛
✖
✥, ✗✖✗ ✣✚
:
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✕✚✙✚✥✪✙✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✚✔✙✚★✗✓✙
✥ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
"Anything for the West Bronx?"
"Nothing yet. Frank." (Steel D. Thurston House, p. 32)
)
☞☛✡☛☎✕✔✕✢✖
✦
(
✖
✕✭✥✚✛✚, ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✙✚✛✚
),
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"You explained how it was?"
"Not to me." (Taylor E. Elizabeth Takes Off, p. 87)
)
☛✌✄✑☛✖✑✔☎✎✄✑✗✞
✤
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"Are you laughing at me?"
"Not more than at myself." (Fowles J. The Collector, p. 64)
)
☛✡✍✔☞✔☎✔✕✢✖
✛
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"Whose fate you are repeating?"
"Yours, mama." (Taylor E. Elizabeth Takes Off, p. 87)
✞ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✙✚-✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✙✫✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✥ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✖ ✤
✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✜✢✦✜✣✖✙✣✪✤✙✚✛✚ ✪ ✖
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
✥ ✜✚ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪
✕✚✙✚
-
:
,
✗
-
.
✣
-
,
-
✥
-
-
44
§ 3.
✁
✂✍✍✡✡✎✂✑✡
✄ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏ ✄ ✍✡✠✂✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡
✞✟✡✠✍✂✄✂
…
✥✪✙✖✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✖
(who, what, which, when, how (long, much)) ✪
✗✖✘✪✂ ✚✔✙✚✛✚ ✪✗✪ ✙✓✜✗✚✗✘✗✪
✙✚
✣ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥ ✜✗✚✤✚✥
✜✚✔✓✕✩✪✣ ✪✔✓✙✣✪❯✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✥✓✣✚✤ (✗✪
✘, ✭✤✗✓✙✪
✣) ✚✦✄✓✗✣✪✤
:
"Who else is it?"
"Me, dear." (Heinlein R. A. Friday, p. 43)
⑨
✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟✠✡☛✄ ☞✡☞✌✟✄✡✡☛✄ ✍✟✟✝✎✏✝✌✄✑✒✝✄ ☞✏✂✄✏✡☛✄
✟✝✞✡✌✑✌
✙✫
✥ ✜✚★✓✣✖✙✪
✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓
✚✦✕✖✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✖
✣. ✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
❯
✕✪ ✖
✚✥✚✪ ★✪✜✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
✢✙✗✘✪✪ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✥, ✙✖✕✓★✪
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✚✙✪ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✭✂✣
☛✌✄✑☛✖✑✔☎✎✄✑✗
✥
.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
"And how long have you been married now?"
"Three months already." (adverbial modifi er of time)
"Do you think I'm crazy?"
"Not quite." (adverbial modifi er of measure and degree)
☎✖✗✩✓ ✖✔✤✓✕✦✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✤
✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✣✘ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✥✚✛✢✣
❯
✥
✢✙✗✘✪✭
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✛✚ ★✗✓✙✖. ✂✖
"Not too loud for you George?"
"Very." (Taylor E. Elizabeth Takes Off, p. 97)
✍✕✚✥✓ ✣✚✛✚, ✖✔✤✓✕✦✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✤
✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓✥ ✪✔✓✙✣✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✪ ✗
✣✖ ✪ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪, ✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✖ ✪ ✗
✖★✓✜✣✤✖, ✥✓✜
"Have you told to Tom since he got home?"
"Er – briefl y." (Shaw I. Lucy Crown, p. 96)
⑨
✎✠✏✝✑✒✌☎✆✄✝ ✂
✟✦✫★✙✚ ✤
✖
✕✪★✖✜✣✪✭✥✪. ✟✙✪ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✂✣ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✖
✖
✕✪✥✓✕
✣✪ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✣✜✭ ✖
)
✡✍✔☞✢✏✞✑✢✗✕☛✬☛ ✩☎✔✕✞ ✄☛✄✑✞✗✕☛✬☛ ✢✓✔✕✕☛✬☛ ✄✏✞✜✆✔✓☛✬☛
:
✡✡✌✞✒✌✕✝✂✑✌✝ ☛✒☎✝✒✆✄✝ ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✕✪✗✖✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✥✪ ✪✗✪
❯
✥
✢✙✗✘✪✭
"Are you a single man?"
"Divorced by now." (Shaw I. The Top of the Hill, p. 293)
)
☛✡✍✔☞✔☎✔✕✢✖
✦
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"I am making the same sacrifi ce, am I not?"
"Not quite the same." (Shaw I. Lucy Crown, p. 134)
✟✜✙✚✤✙✖✭ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪★✓✜✗✖✭
✗✚✩✓✙✪
✗
✖★✓✜✣✤ ✖
–
✣
✚✘✓✙✚★✙✚-✗
✕✓✔✥✓✣✚✤ ✗✪✦✚ ✭✤✗✓✙✪
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✭ ✖✔✄✓✗✣✪✤✙✫
✤✖✗✪❯✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✖✭ ✖
.
✣
✥ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✕✪ ✖✙✖✗✪✧✓ ✜✤✚✣✜✣✤ ✪✗✪
✣ ✪ ✙✖✕✓★
:
:
✥
, ✙✖-
✥ ✖
✕✓✔
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
45
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
⑨ ✁✡
✜✣✓✕✩✙✓✤✫✥ ✗✚✥✖
✤✕✓✥✓✙✙✫
✣✪✖✖ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙
✖
☛✡✓✆✄✝ ✂
❯
✥
✚✕✥✖
✢✕✦✢✕✢✑✢✗☛✓
)
✡✡✌✞✒✌✕✝✂✑✌✝ ☛✒☎✝✒✆✄✝ ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✚✙✓✙✣✚✥ ✗
✥. ✄✣✓✕✩✙✓✤✚
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✛✗✖✛✚✗ ✤ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✣ ✗✚✥✖
✚✙✓✙✣ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪
:
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"What do you run away for? To sleep?"
"To get a glass of rum." (Shaw I. Bread upon the Waters, p. 65)
☎✢✩✕☛✟ ✦☛✍✓☛✟ ✬☎✞✬☛☎✞
)
✦
,
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
"Of course, you must remember. It's just a theory and I have not
kept any scientifi
c tests… "
"Go on." (Steel D. Thurston House, p. 79)
✡✍✢✩✞✄✑✢✖✓✢
)
✤
(Present Participle, Past Participle),
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
"Have you ever thought about me?"
"Tried to." (Shaw I. Lucy Crown, p. 94)
✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✭✂✣ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✓ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓
✄✏✞✜✆✔✓☛✬☛, ✡✍✔☞✢✏✞✑✢✗✕☛✬☛ ✩☎✔✕✞, ☛✌✄✑☛✖✑✔☎✎✄✑✗✞
✘
✪✪, ✗✖✗ ✣✚
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
:
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✘✙✫✓ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓
"Shall we consider it our fi rst material agreement?"
"Agreed." (Shaw I. The Top of the Hill, p. 58)
✑✗✭ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✘✙✫
✣✓✕✙✖ ✪✔✓✙✣✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✭ ✖✕✚✘
✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
:
✥ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✓✜✜✖ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭ ✪ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✪★✪✙✫ ✓✛✚ ✜✚✤✓✕✬✓
✣ ✥
"Why did you come back?"
"To get you and Paris." (Shaw I. Bread upon the Waters, p. 116)
⑨✁✒☎✝✒✆✄✝ ✂
No ✪
✪
✥ ✥✚✔✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✤✗
.).
✪ ✔✕
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✡✡✌✞✒✌✕✝✂✑✌✝ ✂
✤✪✤✖✗✓✙✣✫
:
✡☛☎-✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
(perhaps, probably, sure, possibly
"You sure you know what you are doing, Mike?"
"Pretty sure." (Shaw I. The Top of the Hill, p. 231)
II.
❖■✑✌✠✡✡✠
☎
✣✚ ✙✓✥✙✚✛✚★✪✜✗✓✙✙✖✭ ✛✕✢✖✖✖ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✚✜✙✚✤✙✚✥ ✪✧ ✔✤✢★✗✓✙✙✫
✣✪✕✚✤✖✙✙✫✥✪ ★✗✓✙✖✥✪. ✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✙✫✓ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✜✗✢✩✖✣ ✔✗✭ ✖
✪✗✪ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✙✪✭ ✖✕✚✖
⑨ ✂✄☎✆✄✝✞✆ ✟✆✠✡☛☞☛ ✌ ✍✎✏✍✑✎✒✓✔✕ ✖✏✕✗✘✙✚✙✗✎✗✕
◆✚❖
✠✚✡✠
✥ ✤
✚✧✪✘✪✪ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✖
✄
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛✠ ✎❑✠❏✌
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
.
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
◆
☎
✠✡☛
✗, ✜✚✜✣✚✭✖✭ ✤
✣ ✜ ✕✓✖✕✓✧✓✙
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✔✤✢★✗✓✙
✚✔✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✭
.
✛✜✠✟☛✢✆✟
✥
✗ ✤
✣✚✛✚
:
❯
✢✙
✗
✖✕✖
✗
Yes ✌
▲
:
,
,
-
-
-
-
46
§ 3.
✁
✂✍✍✡✡✎✂✑✡
✄ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏ ✄ ✍✡✠✂✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡
✞✟✡✠✍✂✄✂
"Are you pink at the back too?"
"I am, if it amuses you to know." (Steel D. Thurston House, p. 96)
⑨
✟✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✜
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
✆✟✝✕✆✄
✁ ✂✁✝✂✒✌✒✝✡✝
So. ✂✖-
✁
"Have somebody tried to molest you, miss?"
"I am afraid so." (Steel D. Thurston House, p. 318)
⑨
✟✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✜ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✣✓✗✘✙✚
✒✝✡✝
Not.
✁
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✕✂✒✌✂✝
✣
✂✁✝✂✒✌
"I wonder, if we ought to send for doctor?"
"I think not, my Lady." (Shaw I. Bread upon the Waters, p. 281)
[28, ✜. 85]
☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✄✣✪✥✢✗✚✥ ✔✗✭ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✤ ✚✦✫★✙✚ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✣✚, ★✣✚ ✦✫✗✚ ✜✗✖✧✖✙✚
✕✖✙✓✓ ✪✗✪ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✜✪✣✢✖✘✪✚✙✙✫
✣✚★✙✚ ✣✖✗✪✓ ✩✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✤
✤✫✬✓. ✞✜✣✕✓★✖✂✣✜✭ ✤
1.
✙✪✭. ✂✖✥✓✕✓✙✪✓ ✧✖✔✖✂✓✛✚ ✤✚✖✕✚✜
(
✤✓✩✗✪✤✫
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
✞✚✖✕✚✜ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✖
✣ ✪✙✣✓✕✓✜, ✜✪✗✘✙✚✓ ✢✔✪✤✗✓✙✪✓ ✪ ✣. ✔
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✤✜✣✕✓★✖✂✣✜✭ ✤ ✣✖✗✪
«
✥, ✗✖✗
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖, ✗✖✗ ✦✫✗✪ ✖
✣✪ ✣✪✖✫ ✤ ✕✓★✪ ✤ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✚✤✣✚✕✭✣✘ ★✖✜✣✘ ✖
✒☎✝✟☞✠✝✆✌✝
✣ ✗
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣. ☛✔✓✜✘ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✤✫✔✓✗✪✣✘
–
–
☎☛✞✟☛
✕✚✪✗✗✂✜✣✕✪✕✚✤✖✙✫
✕✓✔✬✓✜✣✤✢✂✓✛✚ ✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓
✤✫✕✖✧✪✣✘ ✗✖✗
.).
».
✂
✥ ✗
✚✥✦✪✙✖✘✪✭
✪✓-✣✚ ✤✥✚✘
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
I'm very angry. – Are you (very angry)? [37, p. 42]
The Browns are emigrating. – Emigrating? [37, p. 42]
2.
✞✚✖✕✚✜ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✤✗✗✂★✖✣✘ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✙✚✤✢
✤✓✜✣✙✫✓ ✜✤✓✔✓✙✪✭ ✖
✕✪ ✤
✣✚✥ ✚✖✢✓✙✫. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✂ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
:
✂. ✞✜✓ ✪✧
"Jane and Gilbert have separated," she said.
"Not really? Well, you were right after all." (Maugham W. S. Select-
ed Short Stories, p. 171)
3. ✞
✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭, ✤✤✓✔✓✙✙✫✓ ✜ ✖
✚★✓✙✘ ★✖✜✣✚ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✤ ✗
✔✫✔✢✓✛✚ ✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
"Do not confuse and fl
✣ ✕✓★✪, ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚ ✤ ✖✥✓✕✪✗✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥
✚✥✚✘
✂ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✜✗✚✤✖
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✗
✚✥✥✓✙✣✖✕✪✓✤ ✖
✚ ✖
✚✤✚✔✢ ✖
:
uster yourself, Hastings. We are not going to
do anything at present."
"But why? What are we waiting for?" (Christie A. Selected Stories,
p. 49)
:
why not?
✤✗✗✂★✖✓✣ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✣✓✗✘
✞✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✖✭ ✗
✙✢
✂ ★✖✜✣✪✘✢
not.
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✭
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
…
✥ ✜✪✙
.
✥
✪✪
why,
✕✓
-
-
-
-
,
-
-
47
2.
✁✂✄✂
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
"You can't have that snake," I said.
"Why not, Johnny?" said Mr. MacGregor. (Saroyan W. Selected
Short Stories, p. 79)
4.
✞✚✖✕✚✜✫, ✜✚✜✣✚✭✪✓ ✪✧ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✪ ✖
✗
✪✓ ✗✖✗
✖✚✖
✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✜✗✚✤✖
Where from/to?, What for/with?, Who with/by?, ✙✓
✢✗✭✕✙✫ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✣ ✕✓★✪, ★✓✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✫, ✜✚✜✣✚✭✪✓ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✪✧
: Where?/Why?/Who? ✪ ✔✕.
✕✓✔✗✚✛✖, ✣✖
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
"I thought it would be a good idea to have an elevator operator's
contest," Pete said.
"What the hell for?" Mr. Fowler said. (Saroyan W. Selected Short
Stories, p. 90)
☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✤✚✥✢ ✪ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✓✣ ✤✥✚✘
✣✤✪✓, ✢✔✪✤✗✓✙✪✓, ✪✙✣✓✕✓✜ ✪ ✣. ✔
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
✞✣✚✕✚✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✓✣ ✤ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✣✘✜✭ ✪ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖
«
✒☎✝✟☞✠✝✆✌✝
✥
✪✪ ✛✚✤✚✕✭✓✛✚ (✢✔✚✤✚✗✘✜✣✤✪✓, ✙✓✢✔✚✤✚✗✘✜
–
.).
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✒☎✝✟☞✠✝✆✌✝
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✗
✚✥✥✓✙✣✖✕✪✭ ✗ ✖
:
».
They've got a lovely little baby. – (Yes) A lovely little baby!
He's studying Latin. – Latin! He doesn't know his own language.
[37, p. 43]
☎
✣✪ ✤✚✜✗✗✪✘✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓ ✖
✣✪ ✥✖✣✓✕✪✖✗✖ ✖
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✢✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✗✗✂★✖✂✣ ✖
:
✚✤✣✚✕✓✙✪✓ ★✖✜
He won't play. – I'd like to know why (he won't play).
They want the key now. – No, (they want the key) tonight. [37,
p. 43]
III.
✁✂✄☎✄✆✝ ✞✆✟✠✡ ☛✡✞✝ ☞✌✌✡✍☎✡✎✏✂✡✑ ✍✆✞✌✄✒✓✡✔
✍✕✚✥✓ ✤✫✬✓✚✖✪✜✖✙✙✫
✗
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✙✓ ✧✖✤✪✜✭✣ ✚✣ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✗
✩✓✙✪✭, ✗
✣✢✖✘✪✚✙✙✚✛✚ ✗
✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪. ☎
✜✢✛✢✦✚ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✚✣✚✕✖✭ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✚✖✢✓✙✖, ✔✚✗✩✙✖ ✦✫✣✘ ✪✧✤✓✜✣✙✖ ✪✧ ✜✪
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ✣. ✓. ✣✖✗✪✓ ✖
1.
✞✂
✁
✝✆✌✝ ✟✒✌✑✡✝
✥, ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✂✣ ✪ ✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✤✪✔✫ ✤
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖. ✟
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✭✂✣✜✭ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✫ ✖
✣ ✕✓★✪
✚✔✚✦✙✫
.
.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
:
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖
✖✜✣✘ ✖
✣ ✤✜✣✕✓★✖✂✣✜✭
(The) Fact is we don't know what to do.
(A) Friend of mine told me about it. [37, p. 44]
✂✓✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✫
a(n)+noun+of-phrase,
✣ ✖✕✣✪✗✗✘ ★✖✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✗
(a) friend of mine.
✗✖✗ ✤
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✪
:
"It was only a common pin. Sort of thing any woman might use."
(Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 193)
✥✓✙✓✓
:
✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚
-
-
✗
-
-
-
,
-
-
-
✖
48
§ 4.
✂
✡✆☛☛☞✡
✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✂
✌✖✚✣✕✓✦✗✓✙✪✓ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✖✕✣✪✗✗✭ ✤ ✣✖✗✪
(the) week, all (the) night long ✪ ✔✕.,
✕✓✧✚
✗, ✙✓ ✚✦✭✧✖✣✓✗✘✙✚
2.
✞✂
✁
✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✣ ✕✓★✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✝✆✌✝ ✞✟✝✠✡☛
.
.
✢✗✖✧✫✤✖✂✪
☎
✕✓✔✗✚✛✪ ✣✖✗✩✓ ★✖✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✂✣✜✭ ✤
:
❯
✥
✕✖✧✖
✥, ✗✖✗
✥ ✙✖ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✙✚
(Of) Course he's here. [37, p. 44]
✞ ✖✥✓✕✪✗✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✪ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚✥ ✦✕✪✣✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛
✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✖
✩✓✣ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✣✘✜✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✛✪ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪ ★✖✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✂✣✜✭. ☎✖
✓✕✓✔ ✙✖✧✤✖✙✪✭✥✪ ✔✙✓
✗, ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✛
✣ ✙✓✔✓✗✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
on ✥✚-
:
I'll see you Sunday. [37, p. 44]
✞ ✖✥✓✕✪✗✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✖
✓✙ ✖
✓✕✓✔ ✙✚✥✪✙✖✣✪✤✙✚
✓✣ ✤ ✙✖★✖✗✘✙✚
✣ ✖
✣
✚✧✪✘✪✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚✛
❯
✕✖✧✚
✣ ✤✚ ✥✙✚✩✓✜✣✤✓✙✙✚✥ ★✪✜✗✓, ✜✣✚✭
on
✣✖✗✩✓ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✚✖✢
:
Sundays we go into the country. [37, p. 45]
✂✚ ✤ ✦✕✪✣✖✙✜✗✚✥ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✖
✕✓✔ ✙✚✥✪✙✖✣✪✤✙✫✥✪
(on) Sunday next, (in) January last ✪ ✣. ✔.
✗✖✗
☎
✕✓✔✗✚✛
✥✓✙✙✢
for
✂ ✔✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✘. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
❯
✕✖✧✖✥✪ ✜ ✚✦✕✖✣✙✫✥ ✖
★✖✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✓✣✜✭ ✤
✕✓✔✗✚✛ ✚✦✫★✙✚ ✙✓ ✚✖✢✜✗✖✓✣✜✭ ✖
✚✕✭✔✗✚✥ ✜✗✚✤, ✣✖✗✪✥✪
❯
✕✖✧✖
✥, ✢✗✖✧✫✤✖✂✪
✥ ✙✖ ✤✕✓
:
We stayed there (for) three weeks. [37, p. 45]
✞ ✣✖✗✪
✜✚ ✜✗✚✤✖
✣✚✕✫
✥ ✔✕✢✛✪
❯
✥
✕✖✧✖
all,
✚✦✭✧✖✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✪✥✓✓✣ ✥✓✜✣✚ ✚✖✢✓✙✪✓ ✖
✥ ✜✗✢★✖✭
all day, all (the) week ✪ ✔✕.,
✥, ✗✖✗
✥ ✚✙✚, ✙✖✖✕✚✣✪✤, ✙✓✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✙✖★✪✙✖✂✪✥✜✭
✕✓✔✗✚✛✖. ✞ ✙✓✗✚
I haven't spoken to him for three weeks (not I haven't spoken to
him three weeks). [37, p. 45]
✞ ✣✖✗✪
✚✖✢✓✙✪✓ ✖
✙✚
✣ ✖
✞ ✜✗✢★✖✓, ✓✜✗✪ ✔✤✖ ✪✗✪ ✦✚✗✓✓ ✖
✥✪, ✖
✓✕✤✫
❯
✥
✕✖✧✖
✕✓✔✗✚✛✖
✚✧✪✘✪✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕, ✥✫ ✙✓ ✥✚✩✓✥ ✜✗✖✧✖✣✘
✣ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✛ ✜✚✥✕✖✙✭✓✣✜✭, ✖ ✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✚✖✢✓✙✫
for ages, for days, for years ✪
✥, ✗✖✗
for
✙✓✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚, ✓✜✗✪ ✤
✕✓✔✗✚✛✚✤ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✚✔✪✙✖✗✚✤✫
✙✓✗✚✣✚✕✫
❯
✣✪
✕✖✧✫ ✜✣✚✭✣ ✤ ✙✖★✖✗✘
: Years we've waited.
all
✣ ✚✣
:
✥ ✔✕
-
-
-
-
-
✓
-
-
.,
-
-
.
§ 4.
✍✟✏☞✏✑✍✘ ☛✍✎☞✏✑✎
✍✖✩✔✚✓ ✙✖✢★✙✚✓ ✪✜✜✗✓✔✚✤✖✙✪✓ ✤✜✓✛✔✖ ✜✣✕✓✥✪✣✜✭ ✢★✪✣✫✤✖✣✘ ✜✪✜
✣✓✥✖✣✪✧✖✘✪
✤✓✙✜✣✤✢✂✪✥ ✗
✂ ✖
✚✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✔✓✗ ✤ ✜✤✚✓
✕✪✣✓✕✪✓✥ ✤ ✖✙✖✗✪✧✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✘
✣ ✚✦✗✖✜✣✪. ✞ ✙✖✬✓✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✛✗✖
✓✗✘ ✔✓
✣
49
-
-
-
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✜✣✤✪✭: ✔✗✭ ★✓✛✚ ✗✂✔✪ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✖✕✪✤✖✂✣ ✔✕✢✛ ✜ ✔✕✢✛✚✥? ✂✖✬ ✚✣✤✓✣: ✔✗✭
✔✚✜✣✪✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✫
✦✚
✣ ✤✖✩✙✚✜✣✪ ✖
✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✖ ✤ ✗
✗
✕✪✣✓✕✪
✣✖✙✚✤✪✣✘ ✜✚✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪✓ ✪✙✣✓✕✓✜✚✤: ✖
✥✭✣✜✭ ✔✚✜✣✪★✘ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✖✚✙✪✥✖✙✪✭? ✍✖✗✚✤✫ ✗✚✙✗
✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✚✤? ✂✖ ✚✜✙✚✤✓ ✚✦✪
✣✪✖✖ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✚✤ (✣✖✦✗
✏ ✑✒✓✔✕✖ ✔✒✗✑✒✓✘✙✔✔✕✚✛✜✢ ✣✕✗✕✘✔✤✛✙✘✜✔✥✙ ✦✕✕✑✧✤✔✒✛✤✓✔✥✙
✏ ✗✑✕✛✤✓✕✗✕✘✕★✔✕✖
✔✒✗✑✒✓✘✙✔✔✕✚✛✜✢
✛✚✤✚✕✚✤ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪ ✣✪✖✖
✙✪✭. ✞ ✕✓✧✢✗✘✣✖✣✓ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✖ ✧✖✪✙✣✓✕✓✜✚✤✖✙✖ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✚✔✙✖ ✜✣✚✕✚✙✖
✖
✗✖✙✪✕✚✤✖✙✪✓, ✜✚✤✓✖✙✪✭, ✙✖✢★✙✫✓ ✔✪✜✗✢✜✜✪✪. ✙✣✓✕✓✜ ✗ ✕✓✧✢✗✘
✣✖✣✢ ✚✦✜✢✩✔✓✙✪✭ ✧✔✓✜✘ ✚✦✚✂✔✓✙
✕✫, ✖
✜✫ ✜✣✚✕✚✙ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫, ✘
✙✚✜✣✓
✦✓✜✓✔✫, ✖
✗
✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✙✖ ✖
✙✚
★✓✜✣✤✚ ✕✓✖✗✪
1391
✛✖✓✣
✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✙✖✥✚✔✪✣✜✭ ✤ ✔✚✤✚✗✘✙✚ ✬✪✕✚✗✪
2,
✣
☎✪✖✪★✙✫✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✘✚✥ ✔✚✖✚✗✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
☎✪✖✪★✙✫✓ ✚✦✕✖✧✘✫ ✗
☎✪✖✪★✙✫✓ ✚✦✕✖✧✘✫ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✚✤ ✚ ✜✔✓✗✗✓: ✣✚✕✛, ✥✪✕✙✫✓ ✖
✓✕✓✛✚✤✚✕✫ ✚ ✣✖✕✪❯✖
.
✣
☎✪✖✪★✙✫✓ ✚✦✕✖✧✘✫ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✚✤ ✙✓ ✚ ✜✔✓✗✗✓: ✔✪✜✘✪✖✗✪✙✪✕✢✂✪✓
✓✕✓✢✦✓✩✔✓✙✪✓, ✜✖✚✕✫. ✙✣✓✕✓✜ ✚✔✙✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✙✖✣✖✗
✞ ✕✖✦✚✣✖
✣ ✗
✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✪ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✂✖✥✪ ✦✫✗✚ ✖
✕✓✖✗✪✗✪, ✣. ✓. ✜✕✓✔✙✭✭ ✔✗✪✙✖ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖ ✔✚✜✣✪
11
✕✓✖✗✪
✥✖✗✜✪✥✖✗✘✙✚✓
✕✪ ✖✙✖✗✪✧✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖ ✜✚✜✣✚✪✣ ✤ ✕✓✗✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✪ ✘
✖✩✔✚✥ ✗✚✙✗
–
✢✜✗✚✤✪✭ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭. ✑✗✭ ✖✙✖✗✪✧✖ ✤✣✪✥ ✢✜✗✚✤✪
✕✚✣✪✤✚✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓ ✔✕✢✛✚✛✚
✥, ✖
✚✜✤✭✓✙✙✫
.
✗
✕✚✖✙✖✗✪✧✪✕✚✤✖✙✚
✗. ✟
✪✜✗✚ ✕✓✖✗✪
– 78, ✤
✥ ✗
✚✥✥✢✙✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✫
✕✓✣✙✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓. ✄✗✓✔✢✂✪
✚ ✖
✚✤✚✔✢ ★✓✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✪ ✜✣✕✓
✥ ✢✜✗✚✤✪
✥ ✘
✓✗✓
✣. ☛✖✔✖★✖ ✚✜✚
✣ ✖
✕✓✣✙✫✓ ✪✙✣✓✕✓✜✫
✣ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✤✫✔✓✗✪✣✘ ★✓✣✫✕✓
. 1).
✝✞✟✠ ✡✞☛☞✌✍✌✎
✏✧✙✘✩✒ ✪✙ ✚✧✙✘✩✒
✏✞✏ ✡✍☛✟✑✢/✡✍☛✔✮✞✑✎
✚✚✕✔✪✙✖✣✪✤✙✫
✥ (✗✚✥✖
✥ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✚✤: ✜✚✤✥✓✜✣✙✚✓
✗✓✥✓✙✣✖✕✙✫
.
✥, ✖✕✛✢✥✓✙✣✖✘✪✭. ✍✚✛✔✖ ✪✜✥✚✔✙✫✓ ✪✙✣✓✕✓
✓✗✘
✂ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✜✛✗✖✩✪✤✖✙✪✓ ✖
✕✚✣✪✤✚✖✚✗✚✩
.
✥ ✪✧✢★✓✙✪
✗ ✤ ✕✖✥✗✖
✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✫
✂ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖, ✧✖ ✚✜✙✚✤✢ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✚✦✫★✙✚ ✦✓✕✓✣✜✭ ✗
122
✔✪✖✗✚✛✖, ✗
✥ ✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✫
✥ ✖
✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✜✚✜✣✚✭✗✪ ✪✧
✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✓✗✖
✥: ✥✪✙✪✥✖✗✘✙✚✓
– ✚✣ 2 ✔✚ 37.
✥
✓✗✪
✚ ✤✖✩✙✚✜✣✪
✣ ✤✖✩✙✚ ✢✜
✂✁✄☎✆
✥) ✕✖✧
? ✪
✢✗✖✧✖
✓✕✓✛✚✤✚
✚✗✪
✄✗✓✔✚
1
.
✥
–
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
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