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Файл:Синтаксические модели диалогической речи современного английского языка. Монография
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§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✙✓ ✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣ ✖
✙✚ ✜✚✛✗✖✜✪✣✘✜✭ ✜ ✖
✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✘
✔✖✩✓ ✖
✙✪✪ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✣✘ ✤
✙✫✓ ✖
✥
✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✓✣ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✤✓ ✗✪★✙✢
✂
✜✔✓✗✖✣✘ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✔✖✩✓ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✤ ✜✤✚✓✥ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✗✪★✙✚
✣✘
✗✓✗✚ ✙✓ ✤✜✓ ✚✙✪ ✪✥✓✂✣ ✤ ✜✤✚✓✥ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✗✪★✙✢
✙✖✗✚ ✤ ✦✚✗✘✬✪✙✜✣✤✓ ✜✤✚✓✥ ✤
✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪✓ ✗ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✪, ✧✙✖★✪✣, ✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣ ✖
✣✘
❯
✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✣✪✖✚✤ ✖
✧✕✓✙✪✭
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✚✚✦✓ ✙✓ ✖
✤✢
✩✓✙✪
✕✢✜✪✜✣✪✗✓
✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✙✫
✜✚✦✜✣✤✓✙✙✚ ✙✓✖✚✗✙✫
✕✖✤✙✪✤✖✙✪✭ ✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✗✪✬✓✙✙✫✓ ✗✪★✙✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✙✓ ✤✗✗✂★✖✂✪✓ ✗✪★✙✢
✚✔✪✣✜✭ ✖
✣ ✜✚✦✚
✣ ✜✗✚✤✓✜✙✚✓ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✓ ✖
✂. ☎✚ ✩✓ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✜✗✖✧✖✣✘ ✪ ✚✦ ✤
✂. ✍✖✣✓✛✚✕✪✭ ✖
✢✙✔✖✥✓✙✣✖✗✘✙✫
✑✚ ✜✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
.
✟✔✙✖ ✛✕✢✖✖✖ ✪✜✜✗✓✔✚✤✖✣✓✗✓
✂ ✥✚✔✓✗✘, ✤
✣. ✁✙✓✙✪✭ ✣✖✗✚✛✚ ✕✚✔✖ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✂✣✜✭ ✪ ✤ ✖✙✛✗✪✜✣✪✗✓, ✪ ✤
☎✖
✗, ✜ ✣✚★✗✪ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✱. ✄. ✠✖✕✥✢✔✖✕✚✤✖, ✣✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✘
✚✔✚✦✙✚
–
✤
✣✚ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✓ ✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪✭ ✗ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✪, ✪
✣✢ ✗
✕✪✧✙✖✣✘ ✙✓✖✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✫✥✪. ✂✚ ✤ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✙✓
❯
✂
✚✕✥✢ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖. ✤✜✓ ✩✓ ✤
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✪ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✚✔✙✚
✥ ✥
✁
❑◆
✄
☛
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛
✒✚❑■✓✚■❑✡
✥ ✖
✚✕ ✙✓✕✓✬✓✙✙✫✥ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✪ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✚ ✖
✥ ✪ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✣✚ ✗✪✬✘ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✫ ✜✚✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✢✂✪
✣ ✣✕✖✗✣✚✤✗✚
✖✣✓✛✚✕✪
❯
✣
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✪✜✣✪
P
✩✌✠✛
✣. ☛✔✓✜✘ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✤✫✔✓✗✪✣✘ ✣✕✪ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✓ ✣✚★✗✪
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✂✣ ✜✚✦✚
.
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✜✓✛✔✖ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✭✂✣✜✭ ✔✚ ✖
✣, ✙✚ ✙✓ ✪✧ ✗
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✗ ✜✚✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✢✂✪✥ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✥ ✖
[15, ✜. 158].
✂
✣ ✖
✂. ✱. ✱. ✚❯✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✖ ✜✢✩✔✓✙✪✭. ✣✖
✚✕✥✫ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣ ✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✗ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
P ◆❏✡◆✒◆✒✚P❖✡✂
✛✠✒✚
✂
✎❑✠❏✌
✂
✚☛✎
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ★✣✚ ✦✚✗✓✓ ✥
◆
◆❖
✎❑✠❏✌
✣ ✜★✪✣✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✣, ✖ ✖
✟✔✙✖✗✚ ✔✚✤✚✗✘✙✚ ✣✕✢✔
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✪. ✞✓✔✘ ✖
❯
✣
✚✕✥✫ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ✤ ✜✚✜✣✚✭
✗ ✖
✪✬✓✣, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤
❯
✂
✚✕✥✢ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ✖
✣, ✪✥✓✂✪
✣✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✙✓ ✪✥✓✂✪✓
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
❯
✂
✚✕✥✢ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ✚✔
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✣
✣ ✪✧ ✤✖✩✙✓✣✬✪
.
☎
❖
✠✡☛✔
✣ ✜✖✥✚✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✙✢
✢✣✓✥ ✖✙✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✖
✒☛✒✚✠✛✠
◆
☎
✠✡☛✔
✣ ✤ ✜✪✜✣✓✥✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✥ ✖
✗ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✥✫✓ ✚✔✙✚✜✚
✚✗✙✫
✥ ✤ ✜✤✚✓✥ ✜✚✜✣✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜
✚✗✚✩✓✙✪✪ ✚✔✙✚
✚✗✙✫
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✙✚ ✔✗✭
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥
✕✓
✕✪
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭
✗, ✥✚✩✙✚
✥. ✑✖
✥ ✪
✕✓✔
✂ ✭✧✫✗✚
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚
✥ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤
✕✪
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
✥
-
-
-
-
-
.
31
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✟✙ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✣ ✪
✥✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪
✞✚✖✕✚✜ ✚ ✖
✣✖✤✙✫
✥ ✖
✣✘✓ «☎✪✖✚✗✚✛✪✭ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✪
✥ ✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥
❯
✪✗✚✗✚✛✪✪. ✄✦✚✕✙✪
1965),
✤ ✚✔✪✙ ✖
✤✖✓✥✫✓ ✙✖✧✫✤✙✫✓ ✖
✕✭✔
★✓✜✣✤✓ ✪✜✥✚✔✙✚
✖
✖
✛✚ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪, ✣✖
✗✓✙✖ ✔✕✢✛✪✥ ✖
★✓✜✗✪
✂. ✮
✙✫
✚✦✄✭✜✙✓✙✪✓ ✖
✙✫
✙✪
✙✪
✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✗
✚✙✖ ✖
★✢✓✞. ✁
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✫ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✕✓✔✖✚✗✖✛✖✓✣✜✭, ★✣✚ ✪✜✥✚✔✙✖✭
✱. ☎. ✟✖✥
✥ ✜✤✭✧✓
.
✆
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂ ✱. ☎. ✟✖✥
✣ ✜✚ ✜❯✓✕✚
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✓ ✖
✥ ✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✭✓✥✫✥✪ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
[4, ✜. 203].
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
»,
✪✬✓✣, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✒☎✞ ✜✢✓✞. ✁
✚✭✙, ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✭ ✔✖✙✙✚✓ ✚✦✄✭✜✙✓✙✪✓ ✖
✣ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✤✓✔✚✤✖, ✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✣ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✙✖✜✣✚✭✓✛✚ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪ ✙✓✚✖✕✖✤✔✖✙✙✚, ✪✦✚
✕✚✬✓✔✬✪
✣ ✖
✚✔✕✚✦✙✚ ✕✖✧✕✖✦✚✣✖✙ ✂. ✮
✚✖✢✦✗✪✗✚✤✖✙✙✚
✗ ✜✣✖✣✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕, ✖
✆☞✔✑ ✜✢✓✞. ✁
❯
✣
✚✕✥✫ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✓ ✖
✗ ✗✖✗ ✤ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥ ✖
✚✭✙, ✜✚✚✣✙✓✜✓✙✪✓ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✭ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✖✧✫✤✙✚✛✚ ✣✪✖✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✣✘ ✪ ✤
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✥ ✕✭✔✢ ✚✙✖ ✖
✕✪✧✙✖✓✣ ✜✖✥✚✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✘ ✜✣✖✣✢✜✖ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤
✣, ✙✚ ✜★✪✣✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✤✫✔✤✪✙✢✣✚✓ ✂. ✮
✣ ✤✕✭✔ ✗✪ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✜★✪✣✖✣✘ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥. ☎
✥ ✤✕✓✥✓✙
✥ ✜✤✭✧✭
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣ ✤ ✗
70-
✣ ✗
✣ ✕✭✔ ✜ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✥✪
❯
✚✕✥✖ ✖
✚ ✖
✕✪✧✙✖✗✢ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪
✥ ✪ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✥ ✜✤✭✧✓
[31, ✜. 79].
✥ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✣ ✙✖ ✚✜✙✚✤✓ ✥
✙✪✛✓ «☎
✗✓✣✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ☎✖✗✪✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥
✣ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✚✦✗✓✥✫ ✜✚✤✕✓✥✓✙✙✚
✂ ✞. ✞. ✞✪✙✚✛✕✖✔✚✤✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✤✥✚✔✪✣✘
✒☎✞ ✌✒ ✜✢✓✞
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓, ★✗✓✙✖✥✪ ✩✓
✓✕✓✔✖✓✣ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓ ✙✖✜✣✚✭✓
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✪ ✔✤✢✜✚✜
.
✆
✤✓✔✚✤✚
.
–
☎
✣✚
✣✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✤✗✗✂★✖✓✣ ✤ ✗
✕✚✣✪✤✚✖✚✜✣✖✤
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪
.
✆
✥ ✪ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤
✥ ✖
:
✣. ✞ ✜✣✖
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✖
✗ ✙✖✧✫
✣, ✗✖✗ ✪
✤✓✔✚✤✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
And then he’d come down here – to the country. A dead and alive
place.
☎✚✤
✣✚✥✢ ✚★✓✤✪✔✙✚, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✤✥✚✔✪✣✘ ✤ ✚✔✪✙ ✕✭✔ ✜ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✥✪ ✖
✤✙✢✣✕✪✥✚✔✓✗✘✙✫
✱✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫, ✗
✦✗✓✥✢ ✥✓✜✣✖ ✤
✣✪✖✚✤ ✖
✖
✚✗✙✫✓, ✖
✜★✪✣✖✂✣ ✤
✣✖
✗ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✥✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜ ✣✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✥ ✪✧✥✓✙✓✙✪
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✕✖✧✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✖
✣, ✣✖✗✩✓ ✜✕✖✤✙✪✤✖✂✣ ✤
✥ ✖
✚✗✙✫
.
✣
✓✕✤✢
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✗ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✓✥✫✥✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫✥✪ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✖✥✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣. ✄✕✓✔✪ ✣✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪ ✙✖ ✢✕✚✤✙✓
✂ ✣✚★✗✢ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✖
✣ ✤ ✜✪✜✣✓✥✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓, ✪✗✪ ✙✓
.
✥, ✗
☎
✣✪ ✢★✓✙✫✓
✣✚ ✖
✚✔✔✓✕✩✪
✚✗✙✫✥✪
» (✁.,
.
✚ ✥✙✓
✕✚
-
-
-
✣
-
✣
-
✖
,
-
-
-
-
✣
-
-
-
-
✥
-
-
32
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✤✖✓✣ ✤
✣✢ ✪✔✓
✂, ✣✖✗✪✓ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫, ✗✖✗ ✡. ✁. ☎✓✬✗
✥✚✤✪★ ✪ ✠. . ✝✚✛✚✤✜✗✖✭
✪ ✣✚ ✩✓ ✖
✥✢, ✪ ✤
★✓✜✣✤✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✖
✣✚ ✧✖✤✪✜✪✣ ✚✣ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✖ ✖✤✣✚✕✫ ✖
Moscow yesterday ✪
✤
✣✚ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✦✢✔✓✣ ✚✣✤✓✣✚✥ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜
cow yesterday?, ✣✚
✤✓✣✚✥ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜
✦✫✣✘ ✜✚✗✕✖✓✙✚ ✔✚ ✜✗✚✤✖
✓✛✚ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✜✚✗✕✖✣✪✣✘ ✔✚ ✜✗✚✤✖
When did John return from Moscow?,
John return yesterday from?
✚✜✙✚✤✖✙✪✪ ✣✖✗✪
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✘
✪✚✙✙✚ ✚✦✢✜✗✚✤✗✓✙✙✫✓ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✫ ✚✦✫★✙✚✛✚ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✛✚ ✖
✩✓✙✪✭
✖
✕✪✥✓✕, ✖
✤✪✔✙✚, ★✣✚ ✖
✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪. ✍✖
✔✢✓✛✚ ✗
✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥, ✪ ✖
✥✚✩✓✥ ✜✔✓✗✖✣✘ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✕✓✥✫ ✢ ✤✣✪✥ ✖
✥✫ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✪✥ ✤
✜✣✖✙✚✤✗✓✙✙✫✓ ★✖✜✣✪ ✚✗✖✩✢✣✜✭ ✣✓✥✖✥✪ ✖
✤
✣✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✥✫ ✖
✕✖✧✙✫✥✪ ✣✓✥✖✥✪ ✪ ✕✓✥✖✥✪. ✡ ✧✙✖★✪✣, ✖
John. Yesterday. Moscow
[16, ✜. 249].
☎
✣✚ ✚✦✄✭✜✙✓✙✪✓ ✤✕✭✔ ✗✪ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✙✖✧✤✖✣✘ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥. ✞✚✧✘✥✓✥
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ✖
day. Moscow ✙✓
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✣✖
✑✢✩✔✄✏✢
✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✕✖✜✜✥✚✣✕✓✙✫ ✗✖✗ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✫ ✖
. ✂✚
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✖✚✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✗ ✢✩✓ ✦✫✗✚ ✢✗✖✧✖✙✚ ✤✫✬✓, ✤✜✓, ★✣✚ ✖
✣✪ ✖
✚✗✢★✪✥ ✣✕✪ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✥✚✛✢✣ ✭✤✗✭✣✘✜✭ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✖✥✪ ✚✔✙✚✛✚ ✪ ✣✚✛✚ ✩✓ ✖
✗ ✗✖✗ ✧✙✖★✓✙✪✭ ✢ ✙✪
✓✜✣✘ ✪ ✓✓ ✚✔✙✖ ✖
John returned from Moscow yesterday.
✣✖✗✩✓ ✙✓ ✚✔✪✙✖✗✚✤✖. ✟✜✙✚✤✙✖✭ ✜❯✓✕✖ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✙✪✭ ✤
✗✪✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✙✚
✣ ✕✓★✪ ✚✙✪ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✗✖✗ ✜✣✪✗✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✟✙✪ ✔✖✂✣ ✔✚✖✚✗✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✢
✛✚✤✚✕✭✓✛✚, ✚✦ ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✭
–
✣
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✥✚✘
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
.
✙
✖✣✥✚✤✪★ ✪ ✝✚✛✚✤✜✗✖✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✜ ✗
✕✪✤✚✔✭✣ ✖
✖✙✖✗✪✧✪✕✢✂✣ ✓✛✚ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥
Yesterday. ✞
✚✙✚ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✖
✣ ✖✤✣✚✕✫ ✔✓✗✖✂✣ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✖
.
✣ ✠. ✄
✙
✖✣✥✚✤✪★✓✥ ✪ ✠. . ✝✚✛✚✤✜✗✚
John. Yesterday. Moscow
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✚ ✤ ✤
✕✚✪✧✙✚✜✭✣✜✭ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✕✓✥✫. ✣✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✔✚ ✖
✥ ✕✖✧✙✫✓, ✣. ✓. ✚✙✪ ✕✖✧✙✫✓
✕✪★✪✙✖, ✖
✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✖✭ ✕✓★✘. ✞ ✖
✪✚✙✖✗✘✙✫, ✤✫✕✖✧✪✣✓✗✘✙✫, ✣✚★✙✫
✂ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
✥ ✪ ✧✙✖★✪✥✚✜✣✪ ✚✖✪✜✫✤✖✓✥✚✛✚ ✖
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✚✤✜✗✪
✣, ✠. ✄
✪✬✢✣, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✚ ✤ ✕✓★✪ ✖
✚✣✚✕✫✥ ✚✙✚ ✜✚★✓✣✖✓✣✜✭. ✞ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓
✚✣✤✓✣ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜
✕✪✙✭✣✘
✥✚✩✙✚ ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✣✘ ✗✖✗ ✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✗✙✫
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✄✑✢☎✢✄✑✢✩✔✄✏✞✖
✥
✂ ✚ ✜✚✜✣✚✭✙✪✪ ✪ ★✢✤✜✣✤✖
John returned from
John.
❯
✥ ✪✧ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✗✙✫
Moscow». ✂✖
✚✕✥✢
✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✤
✚✙✭✣✙✚ ✪✧ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✣ ✕✖✧✙✫✓. ✆✜✗✪
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ✣✚ ✤✚✜
✣. ☞✜✙✚, ★✣✚ ✤
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜
John. Yester-
✚★✓✥✢ ✤
✣✪ ✖
✚✗✙✚✛✚ ✖
✪✜✘✥✓✙✙✚
✣ ✗✪✣✓✕✖✣✢✕
✣ ✖
☞✤✗✭✭✜✘ ✚✣
✚✙✚ ✥✚✩✓✣
Where did
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜
.
✚-✕✖✧✙✚
: «
✆✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚
✣. ✟★✓
✗✗✪
✕✓✔✫
✗, ✥✫
✄✔✓✞✕
✚✗✕✖✜✗✖
✕✪✓✥
✕✓✔✥✓
✙
✕✓✔
✚✧✪
✕✓✔
.
-
✖
✣
-
-
✖
-
-
-
-
-
-
✖
-
✥
-
-
-
-
-
-
☎
✗
.
✥
-
33
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
.
✣✖ ✪✗✪ ✭✤✗✓✙✪✭
✥
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✙✫✥✪ ✔✗✭ ✖
yesterday.
✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✙✫ ✗✖✗ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✙✓ ✜✣✚✗✘ ✤✥✚✘
✣✚✛✚, ✚✙✪ ✔✖✂✣ ✗✪✬✘ ✣✢ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
✤✖
✥, ✜✚✜✣✖✤✗✭✂✪
✗
✚. ✣✖
✙✪✭ ✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✕✓★✓✤✫✥✪ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✖✥✪ ✖
✖
✚✣✚✥✢ ★✣✚ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✂✣ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✪ ✜✣✪✗✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✗✪★✪✭
✥✓✩✔✢ ✙✪✥✪
✑✕✢✛✖✭ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✥✓✜✣✚ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
★✖✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✣✚✥, ★✣✚
✡✍✔☞☎☛✚✔✕✢✖
✚✔✪✙ ✪ ✣✚✣ ✩✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✤
✠✖✕✥✢✔✖✕✚✤ ✖
✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✓✣ (✤ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓
✗✪✤✖✂✣✜✭ ✤ ✖
✖
✚ ✥✚✔✓✗✪ ★✗✓✙✚✤
✧✤✖✣✘ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✚
✙✫
✥ ✪ ✤
✜✗✚✩✙✫
✩✓✙✪
✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✓✜✣✘ ✚✦✄✓✗✣✪✤✙✫✓ ✖
✝✖✧✗✪★✪✭ ✥✓✩✔✢ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✥✪ ✪ ✤
✙✪✭✥✪ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✥✪
1.
)
✖
✗
✚ ✤ ✕✓★✓✤✫
✙✪✭✥✪ ✗
✜✤✭✧✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
☎✖✗✪✓ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✗, ✥✫ ✥✚✩✓✥ ✜✔✓✗✖✣✘ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✤
✣✚ ✥✙✓✙✪✓, ✟. ✁. ✠✖✕✜✚✤✖ ✪ ✱. ✄. ✠✖✕✥✢✔✖✕✚✤. ☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✥, ✦✚✗✘✬✪✙✜✣✤✚ ✪✜✜✗✓✔✚✤✖✣✓✗✓
✣ ✕✖✧✙✫✥✪ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖✥✪. ✑✗✭ ✤
✄✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✚-✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✕✖✧✗✪★✪✭
☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖. ✟✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
☎
✣✪ ✜✣✪✗✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✪ ✙✓✗✘✧✭ ✙✖✧✤✖✣✘
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✪✚✙✖✗✘✙✫, ✗✖✗ ✤
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✖ ✜✤✓✕✥✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✢
✣ ✣✪✖✖
✚✗✙✫✓ ✖
✣, ✣✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
.
✣ ✤ ✜✪✜✣✓✥✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
☛☞✕☛✄☛✄✑✞✗✕✒✔ ✡✍✔☞☎☛✚✔✕✢✖
–
✤
✣✚ ✗✪✬✘ ✕✖✧✙✫✓ ✣✓✕✥✪✙✫, ✗
✣ ✣✪
✖. ✄✕✓✔✪ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✚✤, ✗
✚✗✖✛✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
),
✚✗✙✚✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✖
[4, ✜. 115]. ✂✚
.
✙
✣
✚✣✭ ✖
✕✚✦✗✓✥✖ ✔✪❯❯✓✕✓✙✘✪✖✘✪✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✪★✪✙✫
✤
✣✢ ✣✚★✗✢ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✙✓✗✘✧✭ ✙✖
:
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✭✂✣ ✜✤✚✪
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
✥, ✚✙✪ ✤✜✓✛✔✖ ✜✤✭✧✖✙✫ ✜ ✔✕✢✛✪✥✪ ✖
:
John returned from Moscow
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘
✗ ✪ ✤ ✖
✂, ✗
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✥ ✣✪✖✚✤ ✖
✣✖
✗ ✗✖✗ ✚✙✪ ✤✜✓✛✔✖ ✤✚✜✜✣✖✙✖✤
✢✣✓✥ ✖
✣ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✚✔✙✚
✣ ✜★✪✣✖✂✣ ✤
✪✜✘✥✓✙✙✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✠✚✗✓✓
✚✣✚✕✖✭ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✪✣✜✭ ✤ ✜✗✚
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✚✗✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✚✦✚✧✙✖★✖✂✣
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✔✜✣✖✙✚✤✗✪ ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✫
✣ ✕✓★✪. ✟✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✣ ✧✖✗✗
✪
✂
☎☎✢✡✑✢✩✔✄✏✢✔
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✕✖✧
✕✚❯✓✜✜✚✕
✣ ✤✚✚✦✓ ✙✓
✣ ✪✧ ✙✖✪✦✚✗✓✓
✣✪ ✣✪✖✫ ✖
✣✚✛✚ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪
.
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
.
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✪ ✣✚✗✘
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓ ✪✥✓✂✣ ✖
–
✂
✕✓✔✗✚
✚✔✚✦✙✚
"It'll be just as it was before?"
"Just." (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 95)
"I suppose you wouldn't come to tea with me one day, would you?"
✕✓✔
-
-
,
✣
✥
-
✂
-
-
✥
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
✣
34
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
"I don't know why not."
"Will you really?" his voice sounded eager. He had a pleasant
voice.
"When?"
"Today." (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 100)
(
✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
)
She ate two pieces of brown bread and butter with the delicious
sense of imperiling her immortal soul, and she took a long drink
from the silver tankard.
"Beer, glorious beer," she murmured. (Maugham W. S. Theatre,
p. 296)
(
✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✓ ✖
)
☎
✦
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
✗
✚✣✚✕✖✭ ✙✓ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✙✚✤✚
✂✪✥
2.
✞ ✤
✜✭ ✜ ✖
✗✪✘✖. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✂, ✖ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
.
✝✖✧✗✪★✪✭ ✤ ✜✖✚✜✚✦✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✚✥✚✘
✂ ✛✕✖✥✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓
✥ ✖
:
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓✜✢✣ ✙✚✤✢
✣ ✚✣✙✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✖
✥ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
)
✂, ✔✚✖✚✗✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✢
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✔✖✂✣ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
✥ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✘ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✓✣
✖✣✓✛✚✕✪
✣ ✙✖✗✗✚✙✓✙✪✭, ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪ ✪
✣, ✪
✥ ✚✗✕✢✩✖
.
"An Oxford Grouper," said Melchett.
"Yes, sir. Became a convert and went off to do the straight thing
and own up to having pinched money." (Christie A. Selected
Stories, p. 116)
✞ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✜ ✖
✖
✓✕✓✔✖✓✣✜✭ ✜ ✖
✚✥✚✘
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✂ ✗
✖✣✓✛✚✕✪✪ ✙✖✗✗✚✙✓✙✪✭, ✗
✚✥✚✘
✂ ✪✙✣✚✙✖✘✪✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✘ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✓✣✜✭
✚✣✚✕✖✭, ✤ ✜✤✚
✂ ✚★✓✕✓✔✘
:
The call-boy came round knocking at the dressing-room doors.
"Beginners, please." (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 88)
3.
✝✖✧✗✪★✙✫✓ ✜❯✓✕✫ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✙✪✭
✍✖
✗ ✦✫✗✚ ✢✩✓ ✚✣✥✓★✓✙✚, ✚✜✙✚✤✙✖✭ ✜❯✓✕✖ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✙✪✭ ✤
✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✚✛. ✟✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✕✖✧✥✫✬✗✓✙✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣, ✚✖✪✜✖✙✪
–
✣
✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✖✭ ✕✓★✘, ✗✖✗ ✔✪✖✗✚✛, ✣✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✣✪✖✪★✙✫ ✔✗✭ ✤✙✢✣✕✓✙✙✓
✣. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
.
✗ ✪ ✥✚✙✚
✣ ✕✓★✪
:
"What kind of a story is it?"
"Well," he said, "it's hard to tell. I think it's standard."
✗✗✪
✂
,
✂
-
-
,
-
✖
,
35
2.
✁✂✄✂
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
"Standard?" she said. "What's that?"
"You know," he said. "What they want is love and money."
"Who?"
"The boy and the girl."
"Oh," the girl said. "Is it a comedy?"
"An hilarious one," he said. (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories,
p. 117)
(
✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
)
This earth, the face of one who lived, the form without the weight,
weeping upon snow, white music, the magnifi ed fl
ower twice the
size of the universe, black clouds, the caged panther starring,
deathless space, Mr. Eliot with rolled sleeves baking bread,
Flaubert and Guy de Maupassant, a wordless rhyme of early
meaning, Finlandia, mathematics highly polished and slick as
a green onion to the teeth, Jerusalem, the path to paradox. (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 33)
(
✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✞✫✬✓✖✓✕✓★✪✜✗✓✙✙✫✓ ✪ ✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✕✖✧✗✪★✪✭ ✔✚✗✖✧✫✤✖✂✣, ★✣✚ ✣✖
✗
✪✓ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✓✔✪✙✪✘✫, ✗✖✗ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✙✓ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✪✔✓✙✣✪★✙✫✥✪
☎✕✓✣✘✭ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✥✓✜✣✚ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✦✫✗✖ ✜❯✚✕✥✢✗✪✕✚✤✖✙✖ ✖✗✖✔✓✥✪✗✚✥ ✞. ✞. ✞✪✙✚✛✕✖✔✚✤✫✥. ✟✙ ✖
★✓✕✗✪✤✖✗ ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✘ ✤
✜✖✚✜✚✦✙✚✜✣✘ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✣✘ ✖
✙✚✛✚ ✗
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✖ ✤
✤✚✕✪✗ ✚ ✣✚✥, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✖
✚✗✙✫
✜✣✪✗✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✪ ✤✥✚✘
✣✚ ✪ ✓✛✚ ✪✙✣✚✙✖✘✪✪. ✞ ✙✖✜✣✚✭✓✓ ✤✕✓✥✭ ✣✖✗✢
✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✚✤. ☎
✜✔✓✗✖✣✘ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✥✙✓✙✪✓, ✤✖✓✕✤✫✓ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✖✙✙✚✓ ✖✗✖✔✓✥✪✗✚✥ ✞✪
✙✚✛✕✖✔✚✤✫✥ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✙✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✢✦✓✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥, ✪ ✤
✣✖✗✩✓ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✥✫✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✖
✣ ✤ ✜✪✜✣✓✥✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✥ ✙✓✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚✜✣✘
✥ ✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✚✗✙✢
✗✓✥✓✙✣✚✤ ✤ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✓ ✖
✂ ✜✗✚✤✓✜✙✚✛✚ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✭ ✦✓✧ ✪✧✥✓✙✓✙✪✭
✪✚✙✖✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✙✪✭ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✚✖✙✖✗✪✧✪✕✚✤✖✤ ✤✫✬✓✪✧✗✚✩✓✙✙✫✓ ✚✣✗✪★✪✭
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
)
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✥ ✣✪✖✚✤ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✣✗✪★✖✂✣✜✭ ✚✣ ✙✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣ ✕✖✧✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✦✚✗✘✬✪✙✜✣✤✚
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✂✣ ✜✚✦✚
.
✣
.
✥ ✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂ ✜ ✖
✚✥✚✘
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ☎✖✗✩✓ ✚✙ ✛✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ★✖✜
✂ ✣✕✖✗✣✚✤✗✢ ✤
✣ ✤✖✓✕✤✫✓
✚✔
✣, ✖ ✪✥✓✙✙✚ ✪
✂ ✥✪✙✪✥✖✗✘
✗✗✪
,
✥✚✩✙✚
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓, ✖
✣ ✙✓✧✖✤✪✜✪
-
✥
-
✥
-
-
-
-
-
✖
-
-
36
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
❍✌P
✒✒☛✪☛✓P✕☛
✍ ✗ ✖ ✜ ✜ ✪❯✪✗✖✘✪ ✭ ✚ ✔ ✙ ✚ ✜ ✚ ✜ ✣ ✖ ✤ ✙ ✫
✞ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✗✖✗ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓, ✣✖
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✔✓✗✭✣✜✭ ✙✖ ✙✓✜✗✚✗✘✗✚ ✣✪✖✚✤
✄✕✓✔✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✗
.
✗✖✜✜✖
1)
✁✂✄☎✆✄✝ ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✪✗✪ ★✪✜✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚, ✙✓✕✖✜✖✕✚✜✣✕✖✙✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✪✗✪ ✕✖✜
✖
✕✚✜✣✕✖✙✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✜ ✖
✗✪✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✪✗✪ ✪✙✚✛✚ ✖
✙✚ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✤ ✚✖✪✜✖✙✪✭
▲ ◆❏✡◆✒◆✒✚P❖✡✂
◆
✎❑✠❏✌
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
☎
,
✚✥✚✘
–
✣
✕✓✔✥✓✣✖, ✭✤✗✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✧✫✤✙✫✓ ✖
✂ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✪
✗
✚✙✜✣✖✣✖✘✪✭
✥. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
☛
✄
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛
✠✡☛✔
✥ ✖
✕ ✓ ✔ ✗ ✚ ✩ ✓ ✙ ✪
✗ ✪ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓
.
✣ ✚✦✫★✙✚ ✤✫✔✓✗✭✂✣ ★✓✣✫✕✓
✗
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✜✚✜✣✚✭✣ ✪✧ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✪
✣. ✢
✗✖✤✙✖✭ ✘
❯
✖✗✣✖ ✚ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✚✤✖✙✪✪ ✣✚✛✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✦✫★
:
Horizontally wakeful amid universal widths, practicing laugh-
ter and mirth, satire, the end of all, of Rome and yes of Babylon, clenched teeth, remembrance, much warmth volcanic, the
streets of Paris, the plains of Jericho, much gliding as of reptile
in abstraction, a gallery of watercolors, the sea and the fi sh
eyes, symphony, a table in the corner of Eiffel Tower, jazz at the
opera house, alarm clock and the tap-dancing of doom, conversation with a tree, the river Nile, the roar of Dostoyevsky, and
the dark sun. (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 33)
✍ ✙✖✧✫✤✙✫✥ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✥ ✖
✛✚✗✚✤✗✪ ✗
✙✪✛. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✚✣✙✚✜✭✣✜✭ ✧✖
The Man of Property. (Galsworthy J. The Forsyte Saga, p. 27)
2)
✎✠✏✝✑✒✌☎✆✄✝ (☛✞✟✝✠✝✡✌✒✝✡✓✆✄✝) ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✕✖✗✘✙✖✭ ★✖✜✣✘ ✗
✚✦✚✧✙✖★✖✂✣ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✫✓ ✗
✔✓✗✓✙✙✚
✣ ✜✪✣✢✖✘✪✪ ✤ ✜✖✥✚✥ ✚✦✓✥ ✜✥✫✜✗✓. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✖ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✪✭✥✪, ✗
✖★✓✜✣✤✖ ✖
✕✪✥✓✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✗ ✚✖✕✓
"Very well" (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 114)
"Oh, how divine!" (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 107)
3)
✎✠☎✝✟✔✌✡✓✆✄✝ (✆✟✝✕✆✄✝) ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✣✕✖✗✘✙✖✭ ★✖✜✣✘ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✖ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✥✪ ✙✖✕✓★✪✭✥✪ ✪ ✚★✓✙✘
★✖✜✣✚ ✙✖✕✓★✙✫✥✪
❯
✕✖✧✖✥✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
, ✤
✗
✚✣✚✕✫
In the doorway of the temple. (Bloch M. Y.)
✂
✣
✓✗✘ ✣✖
with
,
✘
✓✙✣
✚✣✚✕✫✓
:
✥ ✘
✓✙
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
37
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
4)
✁✡
☛✡✓✆✄✝ ✞✟✝✠✡☛☞✝✆✌✍
✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✖ ✙✓✗✪★✙✫✥✪
✙✪✣✪✤✚✥, ✪✙✚✛✔✖ ✛✓✕✢✙✔✪✓✥ ✪✗✪ ✖
, ✤
✗
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✘
✓✙✣✕✖✗✘✙✖✭ ★✖✜✣✘
❯
✚✕✥✖✥✪ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ★✖✓ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✪✙❯✪
✕✪★✖✜✣✪✓✥. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
To think, that he should do it! (Bloch M. Y.)
"Go ahead, Johnny." (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 73)
☎
✣✚✣ ✤✪✔ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✔✗✭ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✥✚✘✪✣, ✜✢✦✄✓✗✣✪✤✙✚✛✚ ✤✚✜✖✕✪✭✣✪✭ ✕✓✖✗✘✙✚✜✣✪
✞✖✩✙✚ ✚✣✥✓✣✪✣✘, ★✣✚ ✤ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✙✓ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✓✣ ✚✔✙✚✜✚
✜✣✖✤✙✫
✗✕✖✣✙✓✣ ✥✓✕✓ ✚✔✙✚ ✜✗✚✤✚ ✖
✚✖✢✓✙✚. ☎✚✤
✤
✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✪✪ ✜ ✤
✣✓✗✘✙✫
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
☎ ✕ ✖ ✔ ✪✘✪ ✚ ✙ ✙ ✖ ✭ ✗
✤
✗ ✗ ✪✖✣ ✪ ★ ✓ ✜✗✪
✍✖
✗ ✦✫✗✚ ✚✣✥✓★✓✙✚ ✤✫✬✓, ✤ ✤
✣✚✥✢ ✗
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
1.
✟✖✢✓✙✚
⑨
✗✪★✙✫✥ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓✥ ✖
✥ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣✪✥ ✥✚✩✙✚ ✤✫✔✓✗✪✣✘ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✤
✞☛✠✡✝☞✂✝✝
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣, ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✪
✥ ✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✚ ✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥ ✪✗✪
✕✪✣✓✕✪✓✥ ✣✕✖✔✪✘✪✚✙✙✚
✣ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✚✖✢✓✙✙✫
,
✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✚✓
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✗✪✘✖, ✚✦✫★✙✚
).
✥
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✣ ★✖✓ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✢✓✣✜✭
✥ ✗✪★✙✢
✗ ✖ ✜ ✜ ✪❯✪✗✖✘✪ ✭
✕ ✓ ✔ ✗ ✚ ✩ ✓ ✙ ✪
:
❯
✂
✚✕✥✢ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖
✣
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✣ ✗
✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✪ ✣✪✖✚✤
✣ ✤
✗✓✥✓✙✣. ✞ ✜✚
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖
:
I (✤
✖
✚✤✓✜✣✤✚✤✖
.
Beg you pardon; Told you so; Don't know what to say; Can't see
that, etc.
"Suppose, Miss Farquhar, that you recount to me the whole story?"
(Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 43)
"Never know when you are serious and when you are pulling my
leg," he grumbled. (Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 224);
⑨
✗✪★✙✫✥ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓✥
✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
you (
✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✤ ✕✖✧✔✓✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
).
✥
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✥ ✪ ✖
"Remember what I told you?" (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories,
p. 198);
⑨
✗✪★✙✫✥✪ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✭✥✪ ✣✕✓✣✘✓✛✚ ✗✪✘✖
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
(he, she, they). ✂✖-
"Well, of course," said Miss Marple, "I dare say it wouldn't come to
me if it weren't for my greatnephew Lionel. Such a dear little
boy and a passionate stamp collector. Knows all about stamps."
(Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 143);
⑨
✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓✥
✙✫✥, ✢✗✖✧✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✥
it
✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
).
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✣✪✖✚✤ (✗✪★✙✫✥, ✦✓✧✗✪★✙✫✥, ✤✤✚✔
:
.
✥ ✖
.
✚✗✢
-
-
✚
-
-
-
-
38
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
"That's a nice suit you're wearing," she said.
"First suit I ever had made to order," he said… "Cost me seventy-
ve bucks." (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 117);
fi
⑨
❯
✚✕✥✖✗✘✙✫✥ ✖
✞ ✣✖✗✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✤
✥✚✔✖✗✘✙✫
✣✚. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✣ ✛✗✖✛✚✗, ✗
✚✔✗✓✩✖✪✥
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✖✭ ✗
✕✚✥✓
:
there.
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✭ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✤✗✗✂★✖✣✘
will, ✙✚ won't
✤✜✣✕✓★✖✓✣✜✭ ✔✚✤✚✗✘✙✚ ★✖✜
Ought to be some coffee in the port.
Must be somebody waiting for you.
Won't be any food left for supper. [37, p. 37]
✞ ✔✕✢✛✪
✚✙ ✙✓ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✪✣ ✥✚✔✖✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✜✗✢★✖✭
✥ ✚✦✚✕✚✣
There is / are
✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✚✖✢✓✙, ✓✜✗✪
:
"Any news, sir?" (Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 278)
2.
✟✖✢✓✙✫
✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
⑨
✗✪★✙✚✓ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓ ✖
✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
✞☛✠✡✝☞✂✝✝ ✌ ✕✂✒✓ ✂
✣ ✛✗✖✛✚✗ ✪✗✪ ✛✗✖✛✚✗-✜✤✭✧✗✖
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✗✪✘✖ (✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚
✥ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✚✤ ✪✗✪ ✛✗✖✛✚✗-✜✤✭✧✗✖
).
✑✂✝✁☛☛
☎
✣✚ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘
I) ✪
be.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
(
✚✦✫★✙✚ ✤✜✖✚
:
✚✔✪✙ ✪✧ ✤✜✖✚
:
"Sammy," his mother said. "Please don't feel bad. You're only a
child."
"Sure," he said. "Twenty. Only a child. Sure." (Saroyan W. Selected
Short Stories, p. 191);
⑨
✗✪★✙✫✓ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✭ ✣✕✓✣✘✓✛✚ ✗✪✘✖
✗✓✩✖✓✛✚ ✪ ✚✔✪✙ ✪✧ ✤✜✖✚✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫
be.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
(he, she) ✤
✥ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✚✤ ✪✗✪ ✛✗✖✛✚✗-✜✤✭✧✗✖
✗
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✖
"How old is he?" his father said.
"My age," Berry said. "Twelve." (Saroyan W. Selected Short Sto-
ries, p. 190)
"He didn't say anything before he died? Leave any paper? No let-
ter?" (Christie A. Selected Stories, p. 131);
⑨
✤ ✚✦✪
have, do, be
✛✚✗✫
✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✚ ✖
✕✖✩✓✙✚ ✗✪★✙✫✥ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓✥
✙✪✓ ✣✕✓✣✘✓✛✚ ✗✪✘✖. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓. ✟✖✢✓✙✙✚✓ ✖
✥ ★✖✜✣✘ ✖
✪✗✪ ✛✗✖✛✚✗-✜✤✭✧✗✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✖ (✤✜✖✚✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓ ✛✗✖
you, ✙✚
:
be) ✪
✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓, ✗
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓, ✗✖✗ ✖
✤
✣✚ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✪ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓
✕✖✤✪✗✚, ✤✫
✚✣✚✕✫✥
"Reading?" she said, lifting her really beautiful eye-brows.
(Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 146)
✚✔
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
39
2.
✁✂✄✂
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
"You were awfully good to us when we started and I should hate to
see you let down now. I'll tell you what, I'll buy you out."
"Buy me out?" (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 173)
✞ ✣✖✗✪
✜✚✥✕✖✙✓✙✚ ✪ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ★✖✜✣✘ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚ ✚✖✢✓✙✖. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
✥ ✗
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✭
✥ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘
:
(Is) Anything the matter? (Are) you hungry? [37, p. 39];
⑨
❯
✚✕✥✖✗✘✙✚✓ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓
it ✪
"A snip having this spell of fi
✛✗✖✛✚✗-✜✤✭✧✗✖
ne weather," said Michael. "Tom's
be.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
been a success, hasn't he? Pity he can't stay another week."
"Yes, a terrible pity." (Maugham W. S. Theatre, p. 150);
⑨
✤ ✚✣✤✓✣✓ ✙✖ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✫
✖
✚✗✙✓✙✪✓✥, ✖
✖
✕✪✥✓✕
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓ ✪ ★✖✜✣✘ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚ ✚✦✫★✙✚ ✚✖✢✓✙✫. ✂✖
:
✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜, ✤ ✗
✚✣✚✕✚✥
what
✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✔✚
"What are you dreaming about now?"
"Nothing," I said. (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 126)
3.
✟✖✢✓✙✫
✖
✕✚✪✜✥✚✔✪✣ ✤ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✙✫
✣ ✜ ✖
✚✥✚✘
✞☛✠✡✝☞✂✝✝ ✌ ☎✂✝ ✂
where.
✂
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✙✖ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✫
:
✑✂✝✁☛✝
.
✟✖
✓ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✤
✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜, ✤✤✓✔✓✙
"Do you ever think of going away? Other cities?"
"Yes."
"Where?"
"I don't know. New York, I guess. The old country, may be." (Saroy-
an W. Selected Short Stories, p. 66)
"Where you going to be around ten o'clock tonight?" Mike Maloney
said.
"Home, most likely," Archie Cannon said. (Saroyan W. Selected
Short Stories, p. 278)
☎
✣✚✣ ✣✪
✖ ✤
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✤✜✣✕✓★✖✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✪ ✚✦✪✓ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✫. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖
:
"But I mean that I can write."
"Write what?" said the miss, almost with anger.
"Prose," he said simply. (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 38)
✍✚✛✔✖ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✭, ✔✖✙✙✖✭ ✤ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✓, ✖
, Yes ✪ No
✤✓✣✓
✖
✚✗✙✚✛✚ ✚✣✤✓✣✖
✥✓✂✣✜✭ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✓ ✣✚★✗✪ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✖
No.
✂✓✗✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✢★✓✙✫✓, ✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕ ✞. ✞. ✠✢✧✖✕✚✤, ✜★✪✣✖✂✣ ✪
✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✪✜✖✚✗✘✧✚✤✖✙✫ ✤ ✗
.
✕✚✜✣✚ ✖
✕✪✕✚✔✢ ✪ ✜✢✙✚✜✣✘
✚✤✣✚✕✭✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✚✣
✖★✓✜✣✤✓ ✧✖✥✓✜✣✪✣✓✗✓
✥ ✤
:
✣✚
✥ ✙✖
✣
Yes ✪
✗✗✪
✖
-
-
-
-
-
40
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