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Файл:Синтаксические модели диалогической речи современного английского языка. Монография
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§ 1.
✁✝✂✂✂✡✌✞✍✎✂
–
Or perhaps later. (Aldington, p. 199)
✤✣✚✕✖✭ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖ ✚✔✙✚✕✚✔ ✙✖ ✚✦✜✣✚✭✣✓ ✗✘✜✣✤✢ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪ ✖
.
✗✪✗✪
✞ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✓
–
I’ve come to ask about it.
–
Or to reject it. (Aldington, p. 212)
✤✣✚✕✖✭ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖ ✚✔✙✚✕✚✔✙✖ ✚✦✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✜✣✤✢ ✘
☎✖✗✪✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥, ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✥✚✔✓✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✫
✙✫
✥ ✕✓✖✗✪
✤✚✜✚★✓✣✖✙✪✭, ✚✔✙✚✕✚✔✙✫✓ ★✗✓✙✖✥ ✖
✂
✥✪ ✜✗✚✤✖✥✪
✕✓✖✗✪✗✓ ✪✗✪ ✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✫✥ ✓✓ ★✗✓✙✖✥
✖
✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✫✓ ✤ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓ ✖
✗
and, but, or, nor.
✧✖✥✪
2.
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖, ✤✤✚✔✪✥✫✓ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪ ✪ ✜✚✂✧✙✫
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✖✚✗
✕✚✥✓✩✢✣✗✪ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪, ✤ ✣✓★✓✙✪✓ ✗
✪ ✤✤✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✙✫✥✪ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪
:
✗ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✖
, –
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✣✘ ✜✚✦✚
✄ ✍✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✣ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫✓ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✪✗✪ ✜✗✚
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪, ✪ ✤✤✚✔✪✣✘✜✭ ✜✚
✕✪✔✖✣✚★✙✫✓ ✖
✓✗✪ ✖
✓✕✤✚
✥ ✢✣✤✓✕✔✪✣✓✗✘
✚ ✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪
.
✖✧✫✤✖✣✘ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✫✓
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✖
✕✚✪✜✥✚✔✭✣ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖. ✟✦✫★✙✚ ✤
when, while, as, till, until, after,
since, as soon as.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
u t h: I’ve always studied him to keep this nice.
R
:
The Judge: Until you met the prisoner. (Galsworthy, p. 33)
✞✣✚✕✖✭ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖, ✤✤✚✔✪✥✖✭ ✜✚✂✧✚✥
✖
✕✪✔✖✣✚★✙✚✓ ✖
✗✚✜✘ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓, ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✚✓ ✤ ✖
✞ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✓
Names worth making make themselves in time.
–
When they are dead. (Galsworthy, p. 287)
–
✤✣✚✕✖✭ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖, ✤✤✚✔✪✥✖✭ ✜✚✂✧✚✥
✬✓✙✪✭ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭ ✖
✖
✕✚✣✪✤✚✖✚✗✚✩✙✢
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✣✘ ✖
✜✣✤✪✭, ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✤ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓ ✖
★✖✓ ✚✙✪ ✤✤✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
This is degrading exhibition more to me than to you…
–
Since you choose to grade yourself. (Aldington, p. 315)
–
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✪ ✖✚✗
:
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✪ ✤✥✓✜✣✓ ✜ ✣✓✥ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✓✣ ✥✫✜✗✘
✂ ✥✫✜✗✪ ✖
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖, ✚✣✕✪✘✖✂✢
because, since, as.
:
✖✧✫✤✖✓✣, ✔✚ ✗✖✗✪✥ ✖
✓✕✤✚
until,
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓
when,
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖, ✪ ✤ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✓✣ ✜✚✦✚
✚✕ ✖
.
✖✚✗
✖✧✫✤✖✓✣ ✤✕✓✥✭ ✜✚✤✓✕
✕✪★✪✙✢ ✔✓
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓
✂ ✗ ✖
✓✕✤✚
✣✪ ✕✓✖✗✪
✕✚✔✚✗✩✖
✂ ✓✓
✣✚✥ ✜✗✢
-
✖
.
-
-
-
-
✣
,
-
✣
-
,
.
-
✣
-
21
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✣✘ ✢✜✗✚✤✪✓, ✖
✣✚✕✚✥ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✪ ✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓, ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✚✓ ✤ ✖
✤ ✤
✣✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✚✙✪ ✤✤✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
Conynge
:
: Mr. De Levis press the matter.
if, unless.
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓
De Levis: Unless you think it’s too plebein of me. (Galsworthy,
p. 367)
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✣✘ ✢✜✣✢✖✗✢, ✖
✣✚✕✚
✣ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✪ ✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✓ ✤ ✖
✚✙✪ ✤✤✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
though, although.
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓; ✤ ✤
✣✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓
Frome: You became devotedly attached to her, however.
The Judge: Though you knew she was a married woman. (Gals-
worthy, p. 247)
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✖✚✗
✜✣✤✪✭, ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✙✚✛✚ ✤ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓ ✖
✜✚✂✧✚✥
✗✪✗✢ ✪✗✪ ✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✫✓ ✓✓ ✜✗✚✤✖; ✤ ✤
✜✗✚✤✚✥
so.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
Your family have been terribly worried about you.
–
So they sent Gwen to make enquiries. (Aldington, p. 133)
–
✞✣✚✕✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✔✚✖✚✗✙✭✣✘ ✪ ✕✖✧✄✭✜✙✭✣✘ ✤✜
:
which.
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
There is nothing, of course, except some visits to a young Ameri-
–
:
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖, ✪ ✤✤✚✔✪✣✘✜✭
✣✚✥ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✚✙✪ ✤✤✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✜✚✂✧✙✫✥
✖✧✫✤✖✣✘ ✜✗✓✔✜✣✤✪✓ ✔✓
✂ ✖
✓✕✤✢
can dangerously ill of pneumonia at his hotel.
Of which I knew and approved. (Galsworthy, p. 113)
–
✞ ✤
✣✚✥ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✓ ✤✣✚✕✖✭ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✖ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✭✓✣ ✚✣✔✓✗✘✙✚✓ ✜✗✚✤✚
✖
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪
✞✣✚✕✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✣✘ ✤
✔✪✣✘✜✭ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
visits.
✗✓✥✓✙✣✫ ✜✕✖✤✙✓✙✪✭ ✪ ✤✤✚
as, as if.
:
Mrs. Hornblower: This Hornblower hates us, thinks we turn
up our noses at him.
Hillcrist: Aswe do Amy. (Galsworthy, p. 156)
☎✖✗✚✤✫ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✥✚✔✓✗✪ ✕✓✖✗✪
✜✚✂✧✙✫✥✪ ✜✗✚✤✖✥✪, ✔✚✖✚✗✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
✗, ✤✤✚✔✪✥✫
✥ ✖
✚ ✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪
✥ ✜✚✂✧✖✥✪ ✪
✂ ✗ ✖
✕✓✔✬✓✜
✕✪ ✗
✕✪ ✗
✂ ✕✓
-
✚
;
-
✚
-
✣
-
✖
-
-
22
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✣✤✢✂✓
✥✪ ✖
✕✖✜✖✕✚✜✣✕✖✙✓✙✫ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✙✪✥ ✪✧ ✜✤✪✔✓✣✓✗✘✜✣✤ ✪✥✓✂✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✤✗
✜✚★✓✣✖✙✪✭ ✖
✕✓✙✪✓ ✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪ ✤✫✔✓✗✭✓✥✫
✙✪✭ (✪✗✪ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✙✪✭
✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖
✗
✚✣✚✕✫
✙✖✭ ✢✜✣✖✙✚✤✗✖ ✙✖ ✗
✛✚ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✙✪✭, ✣✖
✙✖✥✓✕✓✙✪✭ ✛✚✤✚✕✭✓✛✚ ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✚ ✕✢✗✚✤✚✔✜✣✤✚✤✖✣✘✜✭ ✗
✣✪✤✙✫✥✪ ✖
✛✚ ✔✗✭ ✤✜✓
✗✚✣ ✕✓★✪. ✟✔✙✖ ✪✧ ✗
✗
✖✣✓✛✚✕✪✭ ✗
✗
✚✣✚✕✚✓ ✙✢✩✙✚ ✖
✣✢✗✖✣✫
✘
✪✪, ★✓✥ ✣✕✓✦✢✓✣✜✭ (✔✗✭ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✭ ✣✓✗✢✪
✘
✪✪, ★✓✥ ✣✕✓✦✢✓✣✜✭
✚✣✥✓★✖✗
✣✚✭✙✙✢
✕✖✗✣✓✕✙✢
✧✫✤✖✗ ✙✖ ✣✚, ★✣✚ ✖
✚✦✓✙✪✭ ★✓✗✚✤✓✗✖ ✪ ✓✛✚ ✜✣✕✓✥✗✓✙✪✓✥ ✜✤✓✜✣✪ ✗ ✥✪✙✪✥✢✥✢ ✜✤✚✪ ✢✥✜
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✓ ✪ ✜✚✤✖✖✔✖✂✪
.
✕✪✔✖✣✚★✙✫
✚✙✚✥✪✪ ✭✧✫✗✚✤✚✛✚ ✥✖✣✓✕✪✖✗✖
3.
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖, ✖
✝✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✤✣✚✕✚✛✚ ✜✚✦✓✜✓✔✙✪✗✖ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✓✕✤✚
✣ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✜ ✘
), ✖
✣✖✗✩✓ ✖
☎
✣
✣ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚
[31, ✜. 13].
✓✗✘
✥ ✜✗✚✤ ✖
.
§ 2.
✁
✖✠☎✕✖☎✠✎ ✄
✑✪✖✗✚✛
–
✤
✣✚ ✜✚✤✥✓✜✣✙✖✭ ✔✓✭✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✘ ✓✛✚ ✢★✖✜✣✙✪✗✚✤, ✘
✥ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✔✚✜✣✪✩✓✙✪✓ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✖✚✙✪✥✖✙✪✭, ✖ ✙✓ ✪✧✙✖★✖✗✘
✕✖✤✪✗✖✥✪ ✖
✥ ✚✜✣✖✗✘✙✫
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✖, ✚✦✢✜✗✚✤✗✓✙✖ ✣✓✥ ✗
✓✕✓✔✖✣✘. ✢. ☎. ✢✕✖✣
☞☞✍✟✖✍✓✡✔✕✍
✚✙❯✗✪✗✣. ✍✖
✗ ✪ ✜✗✢✬✖✂✓✥✢ ✔✗✭ ✖✔✓✗✤✖✣✙✚✛✚ ✤✚✜✖✕✪✭✣✪✭
✕✪✙✘✪✖✖ ✜✚✣✕✢✔✙✪★✓✜✣✤✖, ✚✜✙✚✤✚✖✚✗✖✛✖✂✓
✥ ✖
✕✪✙✘✪✖✚✤ ✗
✖✣✓✛✚✕✪
✗ ✛✚✤✚✕✭✓✥✢ ✖
✣ ✖
✕✪✙✘✪✖✖ ✜✚✣✕✢✔✙✪★✓✜✣✤✖, ✖ ✪✥✓✙✙✚
:
1. «
☎✤✚✓ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✙✪✓ ✔✚✗✩✙✚ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✣✘ ✙✓ ✥✓✙✘✬✓ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖
2. «
☎✤✚✓ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✙✪✓ ✙✓ ✔✚✗✩✙✚ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✣✘ ✦✚✗✘✬✓ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖
».
✡. ✁✖✕✣✪✙✓, ✜❯✚✕✥✢✗✪✕✚✤✖✤✬✪
: «
☎✕✖✗
✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✂ ✪ ✚★✓✙✘ ✧✙✖★✪✣✓✗✘✙✢
✂ ✔✗✭ ✤✜✓
✥ ✢✕✚✤✙✓
✚✜✣✚✭✙✙✚✓ ✖
✚✣✕✓✦✙✚✜✣✪ ✚✦✓✙✪✭ ✖
✂ ✪✧✦✫✣✚★✙✚✜✣✘ ✭✧✫✗✚✤✚
✣ ✖
✚✜✗✓✔✙✓
✕✚✣✪✤✚✕✓★✪✓ ✥✓✩✔✢ ✖
❯
✥ ✖
✚
✚✕✥✓ ✜ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫✥✪ ✤✪✔✖
✣✪ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✥✚✔✓✗✪ ✚★✓✙✘
✣ ✕✓★✪ ✪ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✚✔
✣ ✕✓★✪ ✣✓✙✔✓✙✘✪✪ ✗
✚✤✣✚✕✭✂✪✓ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✪✗✪ ✜✗✚✤✚
✂ ✖
✚✔✣✤✓✕✩✔✓✙✪✭ ✪✗✪ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✙✪✭
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✣✘ ✜✚✦✚
✓✕✤✚✛✚ ✜ ✘
✕✪✜✚✓✔✪✙✓✙✪✭ ✗ ✥✙✓✙✪
☎ ✟✠✡☛☞✏✆✡✌✍
✚✙✜✣✪✣✢✪✕✚✤✖✙✪✭ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✚✥ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✪
✜ ✚✣✙✚✜✪✣ ✗ ✙✓
✣ ✖
✕✪✙✘✪
». ✞ ✣✚ ✩✓
✣
✓✗✘
✂ ✖
✕✪ ✖
✚✜✣✕✚✓✙✪✪ ✜✤✚✓
✣ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✓ ✖
✥ ✘
✓✗✓
✣ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖
✖ ✤✗
✚✙✚✥✪✪ ✤ ✭✧✫✗✓
✕✓✔✖✚✗✖✛✖✂✣ ✖
✣ ✖
✚✤✣✚
✚✔✣✤✓✕✩✔✓
✂ ✖
✓✕✤✚✛✚
✝
✓✗✘
✚✥✥✢✙✪✗✖
)».
❯
✣
✚✕✥✫, ✥
✤✕✓✥✭ ✚✙ ✢✗✖
✚✣✕✓✦✙✚✜✣✭✥✪
✚✜
✚✜
-
-
-
.
-
-
✂
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
-
-
,
-
-
✖
-
-
23
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✣✤✓✙✙✫✓ ✪
✔✤✪✩✢✓
✞ ✕✖✦✚✣✓ ✄. ✢. ✡✛✖✖✚✤✚
✘
✪✪ ✜✤✚✣✜✣✤✓✙✙✫ ✪ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚
✙✪✓✥ ✖
✜★✪✣✖✂✣ ✤
✙✓✣ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖ ✚✣✙✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✜✢✙✚✜✣✪ ✤
✙✪
✣. ✄✗✓✔✢✭ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✗
✚✤✜✗✚✥✢, ✘
✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✤ ✗
«
✙✓✖✚✗✙✫✓
✂✚ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✂✣ ✪ ✔✕✢✛✪✓ ✣✚★✗✪ ✧✕✓✙✪✭. ☎✖
✬✓✣, ★✣✚ «✤
✤✖✓✥✚✛✚ ✗
✪
✥ ✖
✓✕✓✜✓★✓✙✪✭ ✓✜✣✘ ✣✚★✗✖ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✤✖✙✪✭ ✤
✟. . ✝✓✢✙✚✤✖ ✖
✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✙✫✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✖
✤✓ ✧✖✗✚✙✖ ✤✗
✄✖✓✘✪❯✪✗✖ ✤✣✪✥ ✖
✔✓✗✓✙✙✫
✙✫✥ ✗
✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✓ ✤
✙✚✣✖ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✪, ✙✚ ✪ ✦✚✗✘✬✖✭ ✤✗✜✖
✙✖✭ ✚✗✕✖✬✓✙✙✚✜✣✘. ☎✚✤
✧✤✖✙ ✜✖✚✜✚✦ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✤✖✙✪✭ ✤✣✪✥ ✚✜✚✦✫
✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕, ✜✗✢✩✖✪
❯
✚✕✥ ✥✫✬✗✓✙✪✭
☎
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✚✙✪✕✢✂✣ ✤ ✢✜✗✚✤✪✭
✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖ ✚✦✙✖✕✢✩✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✖✭ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✚
✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✖✭ ✜✤✭✧✘ ✖
✓✜✣✤✚✤✖✙✪✓ ✜✖✓✘✪❯✪★✓✜✗✪
✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
❯
✪✧✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✢✜✪✗✪✭ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✣✘✜✭ ✤ ✗
✣ ✜✪✗✫ ✭✧✫✗✚✤✫
✕✪✙✘✪✖✖ ✤✗
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜. ✟✔✙✖✗✚ ✔✚ ✙✖✜✣✚✭✓✛✚ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪ ✜✕✓✔✪ ✢★✓✙✫
✓✗✫
✚✙✚✥✪✪ ✤ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚
✣ ✕✭✔ ✖✤✣✚✕✚✤ ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✓✣ ✤
✚✣✚✕✫
✥ ✚✖✢✓✙ ✣✚✣ ✪✗✪ ✪✙✚
✥ ✪✧✥✓✙✓✙✪
✣ ✛✚✤✚✕✪✣✜✭, ★✣✚ ✔✤✓ ✙✖✧✤✖✙✙✫✓ ✣✓✙✔✓✙
✣ ✣✕✖✔✪✘✪✪, ✤✚✜✥✚✔✭✓
.
✣
✣ ✕✓★✪. ✂✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✭✕✗✪✥ ✖
✣ ✕✓★✪ ✥✙✚✛✪✓ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✣ ★✗✓✙ ✖
✥ ✖
✣ ✗ ✡. ✁. ☎
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✗✖✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
».
✗, ✟. . ✝✓✢✙✚✤✖ ✖
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜ ✤✚✧✙✪✗✖✓✣ ✤ ✢✜✗✚✤✪✭
✚✥✥✢✙✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✫✥✪ ✗✢★✖✥✪ ✖✔✕✓✜✖✣✖ ✪ ✖✔✕✓✜✖✙✣✖. ☎✚★✗✖
✚✙✚✥✪✪ ✕✓★✓✤✫
✥ ✢✜✗✚✤✪✭
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✚✥ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✚✙✪✥✖✓✣ ✤
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✤✫✕✖✧✪✣✘ ✤✜
✗✓✥✓✙✣✚✤ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✫ ✖
✥ ✔✗✭ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✙✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✥ ✜✕✓✔✜✣✤ ✪ ✪✥✓✂✪✓ ✜✤✚
✣ ✧✖✗✗✂★✖✓✣✜✭ ✤ ✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚✜✣✪ ✤ ✚✖✕✓
✂ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣✚✥✢ ✤
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✚✥ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✢✜✗✚✤✙✚ ✙✖
✥ ✕✓★✓✤✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖, ✜✚✧✔✖
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✚✗✙✚✣✢ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✪ ✥✪✙✪✥✖✗✘
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✠✗✖✛✚✔✖✕✭
✣ ✔✚✜✣✪✛✖✓✣✜✭ ✙✓ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✖
✕✓✜✜✪✤✙✚✜✣✘ ✪ ✤✥✚✘
✥ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✚-✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
» [28, ✜. 10].
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✗✖✗ ✜✖✥✚
✣, ✤✚✧✙✪✗✬✪✓ ✙✖ ✚✜✙✚
✂ ✜✖✓✘✪❯✪✗✢
✥ ✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
.
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✗✖✗ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✫ ✕✖✧✛✚✤✚✕✙✚
✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕, ✗✖✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✣, ✗
:
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤. ✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓
✚✣✚✕✖✭ ✚✦✢✜✗✚✤✗✪✤✖✓✣ ✜✢
✚✤✫✥✪ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✤
✖★✓✜✣✤✓
✕✚✭✤✗✓
✓✬
✕✓✔
✚✗
✪✚✙✖✗✘
✣ ✕✓★✪
✗✗✪
"What difference will a couple of weeks make?"
"A lot of difference." (Aldridge J. The Hunter, p. 28)
✂✖✥✚✔✭✜✘ ✤ ✙✓✕✖✧✕✫✤✙✚
✖
✚✙✓✙✣✖✥✪ ✕✓★✓✤✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖, ✤
✣ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✣ ✜✤✭✧✪ ✜ ✔✕✢✛✪✥✪ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✢✖✚✣
✚✥
-
-
✥
-
-
-
-
✪
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
✥
✥
-
-
-
✖
-
-
24
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✕✓✦✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✛✗✖✤✙✫✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥ ✔✗✭ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪, ✥✓✜✣✖, ✥
✕✖✗✣✓✕✖ ✖
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✚✣✓✗✖✙✪✭ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭, ✙✚✤✫
:
✥ ✔✖✙✙✫
✥ ✚ ✗✪✘✓ ✪✗✪ ✖
✕✓✔✥✓✣✓
"When did she die?" – "About ten years." (Maugham S. Cakes &
Ale, p. 287)
"Where is he, Ammy?" – "In the hall, Miss." (Galsworthy J. End of
the Chapter, p. 232)
"Have they been watched?" – "Carefully." (Maltz A. The Cross &
the Arrow)
"Are you well?" – "Strong as a bull." (Maugham S. Cakes & Ale,
p. 144)
✙
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕ ✪ ✚✜✚✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✪ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✪, ✧✖✗✗✂★✓✙✙✚
★✓✜✗✚✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✓, ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✢
✛✚ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜ ✚✜✣✖✗✘✙✚
✣✚✕✖✭ ✖
✄✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✖ ✤
✖
✗✖✙✖ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭, ✚✦✓✜✖✓★✪✤✖✭ ✖
✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖. ✄✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✖ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✖ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✚✥ ✖
✣✭✥✪
✪✙✫✥ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✚✥ ✔✕✢✛✪
✗
✪✥ ✚✦✕✖✧✚✥, ✤
✙✓✙✙✫✥ ✜ ✣✓✥ ✪✗✪ ✪✙✫✥ ✖
✣✤✖. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✚✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ★✓✕✓✧ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✢
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓ ✔✚✖✢✜✗✖✓✣ ✪✧✦✫✣✚★✙✚✜✣✪
),
✗
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✤✜✣✢✖✖✂✣ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✢
✥ ✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✓ ✖
:
✣ ★✖✜✣✘
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✛✚ ✪✗✪ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚ (✗✪✦✚ ✓✛✚ ★✖✜
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓✥ ✔✖✙✙✚✛✚ ✕✓★✓✤✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜
✂ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖, ✗
❯
✂ ✪
✚✗✙✚✣✢ ✪✙❯✚✕✥✖✘✪✪ ✤✜✓✛✚ ✕✓★✓✤✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘
✂ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✜✤✭✧✘ ✜ ✣✓✥ ✪✗✪
✣ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖. ☎✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✤✜✓✛✔✖ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✜✚★✗✓
✂ ✜✤✭✧✘ ✤
✢✙✗✘✪✚✙✖✗✘✙✢
✣ ✤ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✂ ✜✤✭✧✪
"Lot of people will be wearing them."
"Only clerks end people like that." (Maugham S. Cakes & Ale,
p. 16)
✞ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✙✚-✚✣✤✓✣✙✫
✙✫✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✥ ✜✓✥✖✙✣✪✗✖ ✤
✥✪✙✖✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✥ ✜✗✚✤✚✥
(who, what, which, when, how (long, much)) ✪
✗✖✘✪✂ ✚✔✙✚✛✚ ✪✗✪ ✙✓✜✗✚✗✘✗✪
✙✚
✣ ✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✣✓✗✘✙✚✜✣✪. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✜✢✦✜✣✖✙✣✪✤✙✚✛✚ ✪ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✥✓✣✚✤ (✗✪
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤✖
✜✚✔✓✕✩✪✣ ✪✔✓✙✣✪❯✪
✘, ✭✤✗✓✙✪
✥ ✜✚ ✜✖✓✘✪✖✗✘
:
✕✚✙✚
✣) ✚✦✄✓✗✣✪✤
"Who else is it?"
"Me, dear." (Heinlein R. A. Friday, p. 43)
✡✔✤✓✕✦✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✚✔✙✚★✗✓✙✙✫✓ ✤
✗
✪ ✚✦✕✖✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✖
✕✪ ✖
✚✥✚✪ ★✪✜✗✪✣✓✗✘✙✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪
✥, ✙✖✕✓★✪
✣ ✪ ✙✖✕✓★✙✫
✥ ✜✚
-
✖
.
-
-
-
✚
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
★✓✣✖✙✪
✜✪★✓✜✗✪✓
✣. ✞ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✪ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✥ ✚✦✜✣✚✭✣✓✗✘✜✣✤. ✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✥ ✓✔✪✙✜✣✤ ✚✙✪ ✤✫✖✚✗✙✭✂✣ ✜✪✙✣✖
"And how long have you been married now?"
"Three months already." (adverbial modifi
er of time)
"Do you think I'm crazy?"
"Not quite." (adverbial modifi er of measure and degree)
✡✔✤✓✕✦✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✤
✤✫✜✣✢✖✖✣✘ ✤ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✪✥✓✕
:
✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✣✖✗✩✓
❯
✥
✢✙✗✘✪✭
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✛✚ ★✗✓✙✖. ✂✖
"Not too loud for you George?"
"Very." (Taylor E. Elizabeth Takes Off, p. 97)
✡✔✤✓✕✦✪✖✗✘✙✫✓ ✤
✧✙✖★✓✙✪✓✥ ✪✔✓✙✣✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✪ ✗
✙✪, ✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✚✣✤✓✣✙✫✓ ✕✓✖✗✪✗✪ ✚✦✗✖✔✖✂✣
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✖ ✪ ✗
✖★✓✜✣✤✖, ✥✓✜✣✖ ✪ ✤✕✓✥✓
"Have you told to Tom since he got home?"
"Er – briefl y." (Shaw I. Lucy Crown, p. 96)
☎
✕✚✦✗✓✥✖ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✓✣✜✭ ✚★✓✙✘ ✖
✩✓✙✪
✣ ✪✜✜✗✓✔✢✂✣✜✭ ✙✖ ✖
✜✖✚✕✙✫
✣✪✭ ✛✕✖✥✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✖✙✖✗✪✧✖. ✑✗✭ ✣✚✛✚ ★✣✚✦✫ ✖
✕✚✔✢ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✖✜✜✥✚✣✕✓✣✘ ✪
✣✖
✣✪✖✫, ✗
✗
✕✓✣✙✚✓ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✙✪✓. ☎✕✖✔✪✘✪✚✙✙✚ ✖
✗✪★✙✫✓ ✣✪✖✫ ✖
1)
✗
2)
✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✖ ✖
✁✫ ✕✖✧✗✪★ ✖✓✥ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✪✓
✩✓✙✪
✣
–
✖
–
✤✚✖✕✚✜✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✓
–
✖
–
✤✚✜✗✗✪✘✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓
✕✚✣✪✤✚✕✓★✪✤✚
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✤ ✤ ✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪✪ ✪
✣ ✣✓✚✕✪✪ ✪ ✖
✥ ✪ ✤
✥ ✤ ✜✪✜✣✓✥✓ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✗, ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✤ ✗
✖✩✔✫
✣ ✪✧ ✗
✚✣✚✕✫
✚ ✔✤✢✥ ✚✜✙✚✤✖✙✪✭✥
✚✥✥✢✙✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
:
✚✤✓✜✣✤✚✤✖✣✓✗✘✙✫✓ ✖
✚✦✢✔✪✣✓✗✘✙✫✓
;
✥ ✪ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✣. ✂✓✜✥✚✣✕✭ ✙✖ ✣✚ ★✣✚ ✤
✕✚✣✭✩✓✙✪✪ ✔✚✗✛✚✛✚ ✤✕✓✥✓✙✪, ✗
✥ ✙✓ ✢✥✓✙✘✬✖✓✣✜✭ ✖
✚✭✤✗✓✙✪✭ ✙✚✤✫
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✖✩✔✚✥ ✭✧✫✗✓ ✪✥✓✓✣ ✜✤✚✪ ✥
✥ ✜✖✚✜✚✦✓✙ ✖
✥ ✖
✥ ✣✪✖✚✤ ✖
✓✕✓✔✖✤✖✣✘ ✕✖✧✙✚✚✦✕✖✧✙✚✓ ✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✔✓✗✭✣✜✭ ✙✖ ✕✖✧
✥ ✖
✚✙✭✣✘ ✜✢✙✚✜✣✘ ✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
:
;
✣ ✣✪
✖
.
✏☛✓✓✆✕✢ ✏✞✑✢✗✕✒✔ ✑✢✡✒
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
;
;
.
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✥ ✖
:
✣ ✭✤✗✭
✣✪ ✣✪✖✫ ✖
✚ ✥✓✕✓ ✕✖✧✤✪
✢✣✓
✣, ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✚
✕✓✔✗✚
✚✗✪★✓✜✣✤✚
✣ ✪ ✥✓✣✚✔✚✤
.
✣
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✙✫✓
✖
✕✓✔✗✚
✕✪
✚✙
-
✗
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
✢
✚✤✚✕✭ ✚ ✕✖✧✗✪★✙✫
✥
✚✔✪✥✚ ✚✣✥✓✣✪✣✘, ★✣✚ ✚✙✪ ✙✓ ✖
✖
✖✕✖✗✗✓✗✘✙✚
✂✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✗✕✢✖
✔✓✗✓✙✪✓ ✪
✔✖✙✙✚✓ ✖
✗✭✂✪
✞
✜❯✓✕✓ ✖
:
✧✪✘✪✪
–
✥✓✩✔✢
–
✥✓✩✔✢
✭✥✪
✁
P
☎✓✕✥✪✙ «✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✔✓✥✪✗✚✥ ✡. ✡
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✙✪
✥ «✜✚★✓✣✖✙✪✓ ✜✢✦✄✓✗✣✖ ✪ ✖
✚✔✙✚✥ ★✗✓✙✓ ✖
✙✚✜✣✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✕✢✜✜✗✚✛✚ ✭✧✫✗✖
✟✔✙✚✤✕✓✥✓✙✙✚ ✤ ✧✖✕✢✦✓✩✙✚
✣✪✗✓, ✤✜✓ ★✖✓ ✜✣✖✗✪ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✣✘✜✭ ✜✢✩✔✓✙✪✭ ✚ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✚✤✖✙✪✪
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
❯
✙✚
✣
✚✕✥✫ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖, ✣✓✥ ✙✓ ✥✓✙✓✓ ✤✫✕✖✩✖✂✣ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✙✪✓, ✖
✙✚✓ ✜✚✔✓✕✩✖✙✪✭, ✖ ✖
✄ ✥✚✥✓✙✣✖ ✤✫✔✓✗✓✙✪✭ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
❯
✚✕✥✫ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖ ✤ ✚✜✚✦✢
✜✚✤, ✗
✖✜✖✂✪✥✜✭ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✚
✔✓✗✓✙✙✫
✚✔✙✚✧✙✖★✙✚✓ ✕✓✬✓✙✪✓
✟✔✙✪✥ ✪✧ ✣✖✗✪
✜✭, ✖
✚-✤✪✔✪✥✚✥✢, ✚✗✚✙★✖✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✕✓✬✓✙✙✫✥ ✜✕✓✔✪ ✖✤✣✚✕✚✤, ✖
✂✪✥ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✚✤✖✙✪✓ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✚ ✖
.
✙✫✥ ✪ ✤✖✩✙✫✥ ✔✓✗✓✙✪✓✥ ✖
✡✍☛✄✑✒✔
✥ ✙✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✚✔✙✖ ✪✗✪ ✙✓✜✗✚✗✘✗✚ ✓✔✪✙✪
✥ ✜✚✦✚
✣, ✤ ✜✤✚
✕✚✜✣✫
☛☞✕☛✄☛✄✑✞✗✕✒✓✢ ✢ ☞✗✆✄☛✄✑✞✗✕✒✓✢
✂
☎☎✢✡✑✢✩✔✄✏✢✓✢ ✢ ✕✔✂☎☎✢✡✑✢✩✔✄✏✢✓✢
.
✜✌☛✑✡✠ ✎
✄
☛
.
✆
✖✥✥✖✣✚✤✫✥. ☎
✣ ✜ ✛✕✖✥✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
.
✣ ✚✜✚✦✚✛✚ ✣✪✖✖, ✗
✥ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✪
✕✪✕✚✔✓ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✚✛✚ ✘
✄✑✍✆✏✑✆✍✕✒✮ ✑✢✡✞✮
✥
✚✔★✪✙✓✙✫ ✔✕✢✛ ✔✕✢✛✢, ✖ ✜✢✓✜✣✤✢✂✣
✪
✄☎☛✚✕✒✔
✂ ✚★✓✕✓✔✘, ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓ ✙✪
◆❏✂◆❏
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✓
◆✎❑✠❏
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭» ✦✫✗ ✖
✚ ✓✛✚ ✥✙✓✙✪
✣ ✣✚★✗✪ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✜✚✜✣✚✪✣ ✤ ✣✚✥, ★✣✚ ✤
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✖ ✙✖✥✚✔✪✣ ✜✓✦✓ ✜✚✚✣✤✓✣✜✣✤✪✓ ✤
» [19, ✜. 88]. ✡. ✡.
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪✗✓, ✤ ★✖✜✣✙✚✜✣✪ ✖✙✛✗✪✜
✚✣✚✕✫✓, ✙✓ ✪✥✓✭ ✤ ✜✤✚✓✥ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✗✪★
✚✣✚✥✢ ✭✤✗✭✂✣✜✭ ✤✗
✂ ✛✕✢✖✖✢ ✤✚✧✙✪
✣
✥ ✓✔✪✙✪
✘. ✱✪✬✘ ✙✓✥✙✚✛✪✓ ✪✧ ✙✪
.
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✤, ✗
✚✣✚✕✫
✤
✧✖✤✪✜✪✥✚✜✣✪ ✚✣ ✣✚✛✚, ✤✥✚✔✪✣ ✤
✣ ✤✫✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✔✤✓ ✛✗✖✤✙✫✓ ✚✖✖✚
✠✌✠✡☛✧
✂
✎❑✠❏✌
✣ ✖
✕✪✥✓✙✪✣✓✗✘✙✚ ✗ ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪✜✢
✤✪✤✖✗✓✙✣✖✥✪ ✖
✥ ✖
✗ ✘
❯
✢✙✗✘✪✪ ✪ ✗
✣ ✤ ✙✖✜✣✚✭✓✓ ✤✕✓✥✭ ✭✤✗✭✓✣
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✓✙✣✕✖ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✛✚ ✖
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✘ ✕✓★✪, ✖
✣ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭
.
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
◆❏✡◆✒◆✒✚P❖✡✂
◆
☎
✠✡☛✔
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙ ✖✗✖
✂, ✜✢✣✘ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✆
✖✥✥✖✣✚✤ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✓✗✫
✣ ✕✭✔ ✜✖✚✕✙✫
✗✖✜✜✪❯✪✗✖✘✪✪ ✤✫
✪✜✖✗ ✚ ✜✢
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✣ ✦✓✧ ✗✪★✙✚
✥ ✙✖✬✗✪
✣, ✥✚✩✙✚ ✜★✪✣✖✣✘
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
✣, ✙✓✚✦
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤
;
✚✗
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚
✕✪✧✙✖
-
-
-
-
-
✥
-
-
-
.
✣
-
-
-
-
-
27
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂
✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✙✪✭. ✟✔✙✖✗✚ ✓✓ ✙✓✔✖✤✙✚ ✤
✙✫
✥ ✤ ✣✓✚✕✪✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✥✚✛✗✪ ✖✕✪✣
★✗✓✙ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✗✓✩✖✓✓ ✤ ✙✓✗✚✣✚✕✫
✟✜✙✚✤✚✖✚✗✚✩✙✪
✣✖✗, ★✣✚ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫✓ ✖
✙✖ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✗
✣✖ ✪ ✖
✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕, ✤ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✜ ✙✖✧✫✤✙✫✥✪ ✖
✥✫✥, ✣. ✓. ✚✙ ✖
✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✖
✕✖✤✚✥✓✕✙✖, ✣✖
✗✚✩✓✙✪
✡✗✖✔✓✥✪
★✣✚ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✤✗
✙✚✛✚ ✖
✙✖✥✚✔✭✣✜✭ ✤✚ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✪, ✪ ✤
✙✫✥✪ ✤ ✚✣✕✫✤✓ ✚✣ ✤
✜✔✓✗✖✣✘ ✤✫✤✚✔, ★✣✚ ✛✗✖✤✙✫
✗✘✧✭ ✗
✄✖✚✕✙✫✥ ✔✚ ✜✪
✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
✪✧ ✛✕✓★✓✜✗✚✛✚ ✭✧✫✗✖ ✪ ✚✧✙✖★✖✓✣ «✚✖✢✓✙✪✓, ✙✓✔✚✜✣✖✣✚
✟✔✙✖✗✚ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✚ ✣✚✥, ✗✖✗
★✓✜✗✪
✥ ✖
✆✜✗✪ ✥✫ ✚✦✕✖✣✪✥✜✭ ✗ «✱✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✪★✓✜✗✚✥✢ ✤✙✘✪✗✗✚✖
✜✗✚✤✖✕
✙✪✓ ✤
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖, ✖
✙✪★✪✤✖✓✣ ✖
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✣✓✗✜✣✓ ✖
✙✚✣✖" ✜✪✙✣✖✗✜✪★✓✜✗✚
✛✞✕ ✡✍✢✏✞✜: ✔✓✆ ✕✞ ✜✞✡✞☞
– ✗
✁
✟
✣✪ ✗ ✓✔✪✙✚✥✢ ✥✙✓✙✪
✥ ✖
✥ ✜✗✢★✖✭
✗ ✣✓✚✕✪✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✜✣ ✪ ✡. ✡
✚✣✚✕✫
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✖. ✟✙ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✗ ✥✙✓✙✪✓, ★✣✚ ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✫
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✚✤✚✔✪✗ ✖✙✖✗✚✛✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✗ ✗✖✗ ✚✙✖ ✜✣✪✕✖✓✣ ✜✖✓✘✪❯✪✗✢ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
.
✣
✗ ✞. ✞. ✞✪✙✚✛✕✖✔✚✤ ✦✫✗ ✖
✣ ✘
✓✙✣✕ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✤✪✤✖✗✓✙✣✚✥ ✙✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭. ✟✙ ✖
✣✚✛✚ ✤✧✖✪✥✚✔✓✣✜✣✤✪✭
✤✖✗✪❯✪✘✪✕✚✤✖✣✘ ✙✪ ✗✖✗ ✖
✥ ✖
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
» (
✂
✕✓✔. ✞. ✂. ☞✕✘✓✤✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✙✚✓ ✮. ✡. ✠✓✗✘★✪✗✚✤✫✥. ✟✙✚ ✙✓ ✚✛✕✖
✚✙✭✣✪✓ ✤
.
✚✔✕✖✧✢✥✓✤✖✓✥✚
☞✍✆✬✆
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖ ✚✣✜✢✣✜✣✤✪✓✥ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✛✗✖✤✙✫
☎
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜ ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✗✖✗ «✖✕✚✖✢✜✗ ✤ ✕✓★✪ ✪✗✪
✣ ✗
✂ ✄✑☛✍☛✕✆
✣✚✣ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✦✫✗ ✚✔✙✪✥ ✪✧ ✙✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✜✖✚✕
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✂ ✪ ✕✓✬✪✣✘, ✥✚✩✓✣ ✗✪ ✛✗✖✤✙✫
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✜✣✕✚✭✣✜✭ ✙✖ ✦✖✧✓ ✚✔✙✚✛✚ ★✗✓
✣ ✖
✪✜✖✗, ★✣✚ ✖
✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✗
✥ ✪✗✪ ✗✖✗ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✓ ✤ ✔✕✢✛✪
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✭✓✣ ✜✚✦✚
✣ ✥✚✩✓✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✗✪✦✚ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭✥✪
✂ ✥✓✩✔✢ ★✗✓✙✓✙✪✓✥ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
✣. ☎✖✗✖✭ ✖✙✖✗✚✛✪✭, ✦✓✧✢✜✗✚✤✙✚, ✙✓
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✛✚, ✙✪ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚ ✔✤✢✜✚✜✣✖✤
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓ ✪ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✓ ✤✜✓✛✔✖
✣✪ ✣✓✕✥✪✙✫ ✦✫✗✪ ✦✫ ✦✓✜✜✥✫✜✗✓✙
✣. ✱✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫ ✔✚✗✛✚ ✙✓
✤✖✗✪❯✪✘✪✕✚✤✖✙ ✗✖✗ ✖
.
✆
✣ ✜✚★✓✣✖✙✪✓ ✜✢✦✄✓
✚✔✗✓✩✖✪✥ (✗✖✗
),
✓✕✤✫✥, ✗
✥ ✖
✣✚ ✤✫✜✗✖✧✖✗ ✥✙✓✙✪✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣ ✚✣✙✂✔✘ ✙✓ ✭✤
[10, ✜. 47].
✣ ★✗✓✙ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✚✛✚ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✓, ✙✪ ✗✖✗ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✓
✚✕ ✚✜✣✖✓✣✜✭ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✪✓ ✤
✣. ✄✖✥ ✣✓✕✥✪✙ «✤
✪✓ ★✗✓✙✫ ✥✚✛✢✣ ✦✫✣✘ ✚✖✢✓✙✫ ✤ ✤
✥, ✤✫✧✫✤✖✓✣ ✖
✣ ✭✧✫✗✚✤✚
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✪
✕✚✣✪✤✚✕✓★✪✭
), ✣✚
✙✖✣✔✓✥ ✦✚✗✓✓ ✬✪✕✚✗✚✓ ✚✖✕✓✔✓✗✓
✣ ✓✔✪✙✪✘✫, ✜✣✕✢✗✣✢✕✙✖✭ "✙✓✖✚✗
».
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜» ✧✖✪✥✜✣✤✚✤✖✙
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✙✓
.
:
,
.
✚✔
.
✥
✖✥✥✖✣✚✤ ✜★✪
✣ ✘
✓✙✣✕
✗✪✦✚ ✜✗✖✧✢✓
✥ ✖
✕✓✔
✣✖
✗, ✥✚✩✙✚
.
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜✖ ✪
✗ ★✓✛✚-✗✪✦✚
✗✗✪✖✣✪
✓✔✪★✓✜✗✚✥✢
✥ ★✗✓✙✚✤
-
✣
-
-
-
-
✗
,
-
✥
-
-
,
-
-
-
-
».
-
-
-
-
28
§ 2.
✁✂✝✂✎✂✂
✝✂ ✂
✡✆✂✡✌✞✍✎✡
✆✝✞✟☛✞✠✡✏
☎✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭, ✜✚✛✗✖✜✙✚ ✗
✧✔✖✓✣✜✭ ✙✓ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✖
✤ ✜✗✢★✖✓ ✚✣✜✢✣✜✣✤✪✭ ✗✂✦✚✛✚ ✤✣✚✕✚✜✣✓✖✓✙✙✚✛✚ ★✗✓✙✖, ✤✖✓✕✤✫✓ ✦✫✗✖
✤✫✜✗✖✧✖✙✖ ✡. ✁. ☎✓✬✗
✤✓✔✓✙✙✚✥ ✪✥ ✖
✍✪✕✪✗✗✚✤✙✖, ✓✜✣✘ ✖
✙✪✓ «✖ ✭ ✓✥ ✜✤✚
✙✓✥ ✚✖✢✓✙✚ ✖
☎✖✗✢
✂ ✣✕✖✗✣✚✤✗✢ ✕✖✧✔✓✗✭✂✣ ✦✚✗✘✬✪✙✜✣✤✚ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✚✤
✔✚✤✖✣✓✗✓
✜✗✖✭, ✠. ✡. ✗✘✪✬, ✞. ✂. ✯✪✛✖✔✗✚, . ☎. ✤✖✙✚✤✖, ✱. ✱. ✚❯✪
✡. ✁. ✁✢✥✪✙
✪ ✠. . ✝✚✛✚✤✜✗✖✭ ✜★✪✣✖✂✣, ★✣✚ ✤
✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✤ ✗
✙
✖✣✥✚✤✪★ ✪ ✝✚✛✚✤✜✗✖✭ ✣✖✗✩✓ ✙✖✧✫✤✖✂✣ ✖
«
✙✓✖✚✗✙✫✥✪
✣ ✖✙✛✗✪✣✜✗✚
[21, ✜. 70]. ✞
».
✕✪ ✚✖✢✓✙✪✪ ✖
✕✪✥✓✕✓ «✠✓✗✫
✚ ✛✚✜✣✭✥, ✖ ✭ ✓✥ ✜✤✚
✣ ★✓✕✙✫
✕✭✥✚✓ ✔✚✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✓ «✥
✣ ✛✕✖✥✥✖✣✪✗✪: ✠. ✄
✚✣✚✕✫
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✚✣✚✕✚
✣ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✓ ✖
✚✔✗✓✩✖✓✛✚ ✪ ✜✗✖✧✢✓✥✚✛✚, ✙✚ ✪
✚✤✜✗✪✥ ✤ ✚✣✙✚✬✓✙✪✪ ✕✢✜✜✗✚✛✚ ✭✧✫✗✖. ✞ ✖
✣ ✥
✗✓✦ ✖
✕✓✔✚✜✣✖✤✗✭
✣ ★✓✕✙✫
✣» ✕✖✜✜✥✖✣✕✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✗✖✗ ✙✓✖✚✗✙✚✓, ✣✖
» [23, ✜. 105].
✗✓✦
.
✙
✖✣✥✚✤✪★ ✪ ✠. . ✝✚✛✚✤
★✖✜✣✙✚✜✣✪, ✠. ✡. ✗✘✪✬, ✠. ✄
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
✥ ✗✖✗
✖✭-✗✪✦✚ ★✖✜✣✘ (✪✗✪ ★✖✜✣✪) ✚✖✢✓✙✫
✚✔✚✦✙✫✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✜✚
✂ ✤✖✥, ✂✖✜✣✖✜✘✭
✣» ✤✣✚✕✚✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓
–
.
✙
✖✣✥✚✤✪★
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭
✗ ✗✖✗ ✤
✪✜✜✗✓
–
:
✕✪
✤
✗
✣✚
"Where are you going, old man?" – "Jericho" (Galsworthy, p. 249).
✞. ✂. ✯✪✛✖✔✗✚, . ☎. ✤✖✙✚✤✖, ✱. ✱. ✚❯✪
:
–
✤
✙✚✓ (✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✓) ✖
✚✖✢✓✙ ★✗✓✙ ✖
✜✗✖✧✫✤✖✙✪✪
» [15, ✜. 79].
Genevra
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✗✚✛✪★✓✜✗✪ ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✫
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
: Brett, you remember. (Thinks a moment.) (Gow and
✣✚ ✖
✗ ✖
✪✬✢✣, ★✣✚ «✙✓✖✚✗
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓, ✤ ✗
✣ ✤ ✔✖✙✙✚✥ ✤✫
✚✣✚✕✚✥
D'Usseau).
✞ ✕✓✥✖✕✗✓ ✚✖✢✓✙✚ ✥✓✜✣✚✪✥✓✙✪✓
✡. ✁. ✁✢✥✪✙ ✜★✪✣✖✓✣, ★✣✚ ✖
✙✓✖✚✗✙✫✥
✆✜✣✘ ✓✓ ✚✔✙✖ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭ ✙✖ ✜✢✙✚✜✣✘ ✤
✗✚✩✓✙✪
✱. ✄. ✠✖✕✥✢✔✖✕✚✤✖. ☎
✣✖✣✘ ✗✂✦✚✓ ✖
✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✚ ✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥
[4, ✜. 67].
★✪✣ ✪✧✗✚✩✓✙✙✫✥ ✤✫✬✓, ✖
✚✙✚ ✢★✪✣✫✤✖✓✣ ✙✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✤✖✩✙✫✓ ✥
✗✪✥ ✖
✄✢✕✑✞✬✓✞✑✢✩✔✄✏☛✬☛
✪✜✜✗✓✔✢✂✪
, «
✔✖✩✓ ✓✜✗✪ ✤ ✙✓✥ ✚✖✢✓✙ ✙✓✭✔✓✕✙✫
✣, ✪ ✚✙✖ ✧✖✜✗✢✩✪✤✖✓✣ ✚✜✚✦✚✛✚ ✤✙✪✥✖✙✪✭
✚ ✓✛✚ ✥✙✓✙✪
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓
✟✖✕✓✔✓✗✓✙✪✓, ✔✖✙✙✚✓ ✱. ✄. ✠✖✕✥✢✔✖✕✚✤✫✥, ✙✓ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✣, ✖ ✪✥✓✙✙✚ ✤✚✧✥✚✩✙✚✜✣✘ ✪
✥ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✓ ✖
, «✤
✗
✕✪ ✤
✡✞✍✞☞✢✬✓✞✑✢✩✔✄✏☛✬☛
✪✗✪
she [6, ✜. 231].
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✙✓✚✦✥✚✔✪✥✚ ✖
✣ ✗✚✥✖
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪
.
☎
✣✚ ✣✚★✗✖ ✧✕✓✙✪✭
✂, ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪✥ ✜✗✓✔✢✓✣ ✜★✪
✚✣✚✕✚✥ ✖
✣✚✥ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✦✚✗✓✓ ✣✚★✙✫✥, ✣✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✙✓ ✚✣✕✪✘✖✓✣ ✤
✚ ✗✕✖✣✙✓✣ ✥✓✕✓ ✚✔✙✚ ✜✗✚✤✚
», ✣. ✓.
✤✗✜✖✗✪✘
✖✕✖✗✣✓✕✙✫✓ ★✓✕✣✫ ✤
✪✣✙✚ ✙✓ ✤✫✕✖✩✓✙✚
✥ ✗✓✛✗✚✛✚ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✭
.
✂✪✗✣✚ ✪✧ ✢★✓✙✫
✕✪✧✙✖✣✘
✚✙✓✙✣
✥ ✖
✕✚✣✪✤✚✕✓
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜
✣✢ ✪
».
✕✓✔
✗ ✗✖✗
–
✥
✥ ✚✜✚
-
-
-
-
,
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
29
✁✂✄✂
2.
✁✡✠✂✎✍✡✌✞✍✎✡✞
☛✟✞✡ ✝✂✂☞☛✄☛✝✠☛✏ ✝✞✌✡ ✄ ✟✡✂☛☞✞
✦✓✙✙✚✜✣✘
✕✪✧✢✂✣✜✭ ✣✓✥, ★✣✚ ✤ ✙✪
(
✖
✕✓✔✫✔✢✓✛✚ ✪✗✪ ✖
.
✄✪✙✣✖✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✪ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✭✓✥✫✓ ✖
✥ ✤
✗✗✪✖✜✪✜ ✤✚✜✜✣✖✙✖✤✗✪✤✖✓✣✜✭ ✪✧ ✗
✚✜✗✓✔✢✂✓✛✚
).
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✥
:
✖✕✖✗✣✓
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖
"Don't tell me you're still asleep?"
"No, but I wish I were."
"But why?"
"At the risk of being tiresome." (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories,
p. 294)
✟★✓✤✪✔✙✚, ★✣✚ ✣✕✓✣✘✓ ✖
you were asleep?", ✖
✖
✚✜✗✓✔✙✓✓
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✓ ✚✧✙✖★✖✓✣
: "I wish I were asleep at the risk of be-
: "But why you wish
ing tiresome."
✞✜✓, ★✣✚ ✖
✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥, ✪ ✖
✥✚✩✙✚ ✤✪✔✓✣✘ ✤ ✜✗✓✔✢✂✓✥ ✚✣✕✫✤✗✓ ✔✪✖✗✚✛✖
✚✙✭✣✙✚ ✪✧ ✖
✕✚✪✧✙✚✜✭✣✜✭ ✣✚✗✘✗✚ ✜✗✚✤✖ ✕✓✥✫. ☎✚ ✩✓ ✜✖✥✚✓
✕✓✔✫✔✢✓✛✚ ✗
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ✖
:
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓✙✚ ✙✢
"You've been poor?"
"Poverty-stricken", he said. "Constantly without funds. Ill-clothed."
(Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 116)
☞✜✙✚, ★✣✚ ✚✣✤✓✣ ✙✖ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✧✔✓✜✘ ✚✧✙✖★✖✓✣
: "I've been poverty-
stricken. I've been constantly without funds. I've been ill-clothed."
☎
✕✪ ✖
✖✕✖✔✪✛✥✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✥ ✤✚✜✖✚✗✙✓✙✪✪ ✚✣✜✢✣✜✣✤✢✂✪✓ ★✗✓✙✫
✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪★✓✜✗✚✛✚ (✙✓✖✚✗✙✚✛✚) ✖
✪✧ ✗
✚✙✣✓✗✜✣✖, ✖ ✙✖ ✚✜✙✚✤✖✙✪✪ ✚✦✕✖✓✙✪✭ ✗ ✖✙✖✗✚✛✪★✙✫✥ ✖
✗
✚✙✜✣✕✢✗✘✪✭✥, ✤✚✚✦✓ ✙✓ ✧✖✕✓✛✪✜✣✕✪✕✚✤✖✙✙✫✥ ✤ ✔✖✙✙✚✥ ✣✓✗✜✣✓
✂✖✖✕✪✥✓✕
:
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭ ✤✚✜✜✣✖✙✖✤✗✪✤✖✂✣✜✭ ✙✓
✚✗✙✫✥
"Where you going?" (Saroyan W. Selected Short Stories, p. 126)
are –
☛✔✓✜✘
✙✚ ✙✢✗✓✤✫✥ ✤✖✕✪✖✙✣✚✥
❯
✚✕✥✖ ✤✜✖✚✥✚✛✖✣✓✗✘✙✚✛✚ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖
.
to be –
✖
✕✓✔✜✣✖✤✗✓
-
-
.
-
✁
❑◆
✩✌✠✛
✟✔✙✪✥ ✪✧ ✙✖✪✦✚✗✓✓ ✜✗✚✩✙✫
✕✪✪ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✪ ✤ ★✖✜✣✙✚✜✣✪ ✤ ✣✓✚✕✪✪ ✚✔✙✚✜✚✜✣✖✤✙✫
★✓✜✗✪
✥ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪
✕✫✓ ✗✪✙✛✤✪✜✣✫, ✙✖✖✕✪✥✓✕ ✱. ✱. ✚❯✪
★✣✚ ✙✚✜✪✣✓✗✓✥ ✖
✪ ★✣✚ ✖
✕✓✔✗✚✩✓✙✪✭, ✗
P
✎❑✠❏☛✓P✚☛❖✡◆✒✚☛
✄
☛
✌✌☛✎✚☛✑✠✒✓☛
✣, ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✤✚✖✕✚✜ ✚ ✖
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✪ ✭✤✗✭✓✣✜✭ ✗✪★✙✖✭
✚✣✚✕✫✓ ✙✓ ✪✥✓✂✣ ✤ ✜✚✜✣✖✤✓ ✗✪★✙✚
✂
✥ ✪ ✖
◆❏✡◆✒◆✒✚P❖✡✂
✎❑✠❏✌
◆
✕✚✣✪✤✚✕✓★✪✤✫
✕✓✔✪✗✖✣✪✤✙✚✜✣✪. ✂✓✗✚✣✚
✗, ✖
✕✪✔✓✕✩✪✤✖✂✣✜✭ ✥✙✓✙✪✭
30
☎
✠✡☛✔
✥ ✤✚✖✕✚✜✚✤ ✤ ✣✓✚
✥ ✪ ✤
✗✗✪✖✣✪
❯
✚✕✥✖ ✛✗✖✛✚✗✖
❯
✣
✚✕✥✫
-
-
,
,
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