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Файл:Портфолио для магистрантов. Деловой английский язык. Учебное пособие
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Task № 7
Choose the correct answer!
Bob ______ football, but then he ______ his mind.
a/ not like ….change….
b/ didn’t used like …..change….
c/ did not like …. change…
d/ did not use to like ….changed
Task № 8
Choose the correct answer!
My mum ______ a lot before she _____ that accident.
a/ used to drive …had…
b/ use to drive …have…
c/ used drive …have…
d/ driving …have…
Task № 9
Choose the correct answer!
This telephone ______ well before my son _______ it.
a/ works …. dropped….
b/ worked …. dropped….
c/ used to work …. dropped….
d/ used to worked …. dropped….
Task № 10
Choose the correct answer!
Mary ____ in a hotel, but then she _____ married.
a/ working … get …
b/ used to work … got …
c/ worked … get …
d/ worked … got …
Task № 11
Choose the correct form!
He ______ in New York before he _______ Oxford University.
a/ lives ….enters……
b/ lived ….entered……
c/ used to live ….entered……
d/ use to live ….enter……
Task № 12
Choose the correct answer!
I’ll send the figures right away.
a/ a promise
b/ a request
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c/a refusal
d/a threat
Task № 13
Choose the correct answer!
Stop making personal calls or I’ll charge you for them.
a/ a promise
b/ a request
c/a refusal
d/a threat
Task № 14
Choose the correct answer!
Will you help me?
a/ a promise
b/ a request
c/a refusal
d/a threat
Task № 15
Choose the correct answer!
I won’t accept anything less than 2 %.
a/ a promise
b/ a request
c/a refusal
d/a threat
Task № 16
Choose the correct form!
If you ______ time, I______ show you round the factory..
a/ will have got…will
b/ have got…will
c/ had…will
d/ having…will
Task № 17
Choose the correct form!
I ______she ____________the party tomorrow.
a/ like…..coming
b/ want…. come
c/ wish…. come
d/ wish……. would come…..
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Task № 18
Choose the correct form!
I ______ I _______that hat.
a/ wish….. had bought….
b/ think…had bought…
c/ wish ….am buying…
d/ like….buy….
Task № 19
Choose the correct form!
We ________to the cinema tomorrow if the weather ______fine.
a/shall go…..will be
b/ would go ….was
c/ will go ….would be
d/ would go …would be
Task № 20
Choose the correct form!
I_______ I at the cinema.
a/ want…..to be…
b/ wish ….were…
c/ shall wish …am
d/ wish …are…
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UNIT III
ESSAYS
LEAD-IN
1.Think and share your ideas with your partner!
Have you ever written an essay? When?
What structure (rules) do you follow while writing an essay?
Is it rather difficult for you to prepare a proper essay? Why?
READING
2.Read the text and say if there is any new information for you.
An essay is a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but
the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a paper, an article, a pamphlet,
and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and
informal. Formal essays are characterized by serious purpose, logical
organization, length, whereas the informal essay is characterized by the personal
element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner),
humor, graceful style, rambling structure.
The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, "to try" or "to
attempt". In English essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an
alternative meaning.
The Frenchman Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) was the first author to
describe his work as essays. He used the term to characterize these as "attempts"
to put his thoughts into writing. Inspired by Plutarch’s works (the translation
Œuvres Morales (Moral works) into French had been published by Jacques
Amyot), Montaigne began to compose his essays in 1572. The first edition,
entitled Essais, was published in two volumes in 1580. For the rest of his life, he
continued revising previously published essays and composing new ones.
Francis Bacon's essays were published in book form in 1597, 1612, and
1625. They were the first works in English that described themselves as essays.
Ben Jonson first used the word essayist in English in 1609, according to the
Oxford English Dictionary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay
3.Read the text above once more and don’t miss the chance to enrich
your vocabulary - write down all the unknown words, translate them.
4.Read this text and say whether you know about different types of
essays
All the students are somehow asked to write an essay which is considered
to be problematic and uninteresting. There are a great number of types of essays:
5-paragraph Essay, Admission Essay, Argumentative Essay, Cause and Effect
Essay, Classification Essay, Comparison Essay, Critical Essay, Deductive
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Essay, Definition Essay, Exploratory Essay, Expository Essay, Literature Essay,
Narrative Essay, Personal Essay, Persuasive Essay, Research Essay, Response
Essay, Scholarship Essay.
The usage of different types of essays is determined by various contexts
and backgrounds to serve many purposes. Learning all these types may help to
choose the most appropriate type of an essay. For example, expository essays
explain something whereas persuasive essays argue for one side of the two or
more discussed aspects of something. A narrative essay presents a description of
something, a critical one argues for an objective analysis of a given subject
matter and then narrows the argument down to one point. Admission essays,
college essays, and scholarship essays serve as an entry requirement to enter to
schools, colleges, and apply for scholarships.
The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your opinion or
hypothesis about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful
than others'. Mention should be made of the fact that the art of argumentation is
not an easy skill. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion,
one can argue it successfully, and they are always surprised when others don't
agree with them. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making
inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion;
the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts
or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the
process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. You
needn’t completely prove your point, you only have to convince reasonable
readers that your argument or position has merit.
Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner:
1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness,
significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon.
2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon.
3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more
explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid)
methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained.
If you’re applying for a scholarship, you need to write an essay very
often. Very few scholarship programs are based solely on an application form
or transcript. The essay is often the most important part of your application; it
gives the scholarship committee a sense of who you are and your dedication
to your goals. You’ll want to make sure that your scholarship essay is the best
it can possibly be.
Unless specified otherwise, scholarship essays should always use the
following formatting:
Double spaced
Times New Roman font
12 point font
One-inch top, bottom, and side margins
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Other useful tips to keep in mind include:
1. Read the instructions thoroughly and make sure you completely
understand them before you start writing.
2. Think about what you are going to write and organize your thoughts
into an outline.
3. Write your essay by elaborating on each point you included in your
outline.
4. Use clear, concise, and simple language throughout your essay.
5. When you are finished, read the question again and then read your
essay to make sure that the essay addresses every point.
What makes up an essay?
An essay must have a proper structure. The general structure of an essay
includes the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The introduction is one
paragraph preferably of about five sentences where the topic or the subject
matter is introduced and slightly defined. The length of the body of the essay is
determined by the number of points the writer wishes to include in the essay,
and usually one paragraph is assigned to one point. Each paragraph must contain
a thesis statement which is a narrow focus which includes your topic and what
you plan to bring out in your essay. Finally, the conclusion may either sum up
the general ideas in the essay or may present the writer’s viewpoints,
recommendations, and opinion on the subject matter.
To write a good essay you should follow the proper procedure.
Research and take notes: When an essay topic is given, it is preferable to
research the topic and take necessary notes so that you have a clear
understanding on and familiar with the subject that you are about to address.
Also, this may help you to build your own claim in the essay as you are well
aware of the diverse aspects to the subject matter.
Analyse well-written essays: To be better, you can analyse well-written
essays to have a view as to how they have been structured and written. See
whether the essay supports the writer’s main claim and the flow is maintained
throughout.
Brainstorm Ideas: Brainstorming ideas could be done. It is always better
to draft your ideas in a proper flow.
Decide thesis statement: Decide on your thesis statement. Throughout the
writing process, see if the claims match and strengthen the thesis statement.
Plan: Plan your essay and write along.
Write a Powerful Conclusion: Conclude the essay with a powerful note
matching your main claim.
Revise: Revise your essay, re-read, re-write, and re-structure, where it is
necessary.
Concentrate on the words you have selected: do they bring out the exact
meaning you wanted them to bring out? See whether the flow is maintained and
then proofread the essay and prepare a final version.
Include references and present your essay.
56
5. Answer the questions:
What types of essays do you know?
What is an ordinary structure of an essay?
What specific points does an argumentative essay contain?
What tips should be useful for a scholarship essay?
What steps are there in the proper procedure of essay writing?
COMMUNICATION
6. As much as any writing tips or guide will help you, sometimes the
best way to get an idea of what you need to write and how you need to write
it is to view some sample essays. This will help you integrate things into
your work to make it the best it can be. Practice! Practice! Practice! To be
better, you can analyse well-written essays to have a view as to how they
have been structured and written. Read and see whether the essay supports
the writer’s main claim and the flow is maintained throughout.
Planners and Searchers
Prompt: In 600 words or less, please tell us about yourself and why you
are applying for this scholarship. Please be clear about how this scholarship will
help you achieve your personal and professional goals.
Being African, I recognize Africa’s need for homegrown talent in the form of “planners” (assistants with
possible solutions) and “searchers” (those with desperate
need) working towards international development. I
represent both. Coming from Zimbabwe my greatest
challenge is in helping to improve the livelihoods of
developing nations through sustainable development and
good governance principles. The need for policy-makers
capable of employing cross-jurisdictional, and crossdisciplinary strategies to solve complex challenges cannot
be under-emphasized; hence my application to this
scholarship program.
After graduating from Africa University with an
Honors degree in Sociology and Psychology, I am now
seeking scholarship support to study in the United States
at the Master’s level. My interest in democracy, elections,
constitutionalism and development stems from my lasting
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interest in public policy issues. Accordingly, my current
research interests in democracy and ethnic diversity
require a deeper understanding of legal processes of
constitutionalism and governance. As a Master’s student
in the US, I intend to write articles on these subjects from
the perspective of someone born, raised, and educated in
Africa. I will bring a unique and much-needed perspective
to my graduate program in the United States, and I will
take the technical and theoretical knowledge from my
graduate program back with me to Africa to further my
career goals as a practitioner of good governance and
community development.
To augment my theoretical understanding of
governance and democratic practices, I worked with the
Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN) as a Programs
Assistant in the Monitoring and Observation department.
This not only enhanced my project management skills, but
also developed my skills in research and producing
communication materials. ZESN is Zimbabwe’s biggest
election observation organization, and I had the
responsibility of monitoring the political environment and
producing monthly publications on human rights issues and
electoral processes. These publications were disseminated to
various civil society organizations, donors and other
stakeholders. Now I intend to develop my career in order to
enhance Africa’s capacity to advocate, write and vote for
representative constitutions.
I also participated in a fellowship program at Africa
University, where I gained greater insight into social
development by teaching courses on entrepreneurship, free
market economics, and development in needy communities. I
worked with women in rural areas of Zimbabwe to setup
income-generating projects such as the jatropha soap-making
project. Managing such a project gave me great insight into
how many simple initiatives can transform lives.
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Your organization has a history of awarding
scholarships to promising young students from the
developing world in order to bring knowledge, skills and
leadership abilities to their home communities. I have
already done some of this work but I want to continue, and
with your assistance, I can. The multidisciplinary focus of
the development programs I am applying to in the US will
provide me with the necessary skills to creatively address
the economic and social development challenges and develop
sound public policies for Third World countries. I thank you
for your time and consideration for this prestigious award.
7. Discuss with your partner and do some analysis of this essay. These
questions may help you:
What claims does the author make?
o Why do they sound good? Is it the logic, the sources, the writing, the
structure? Is it something else?
What evidence does the author present to you?
o Why does the evidence sound credible? How does the author present
facts, and what is his/her approach to telling a story with facts?
Is the logic sound or faulty, and why?
o Why is the logic sound? Does the author back up his/her claims with
examples that are easy to follow?
Scholarship Essay Do's and Don'ts
DO:
Research the organization and make sure you understand their mission
and values and incorporate them into your essay.
DO:
Focus on your strengths and turn in any problems or weaknesses into a
success story.
DO:
Use actual, detailed examples from your own life to backup your claims
and arguments as to why you should receive the scholarship.
DO:
Proofread several times before finally submitting your essay.
DON'T:
Rehash what is already stated on your resume. Choose additional, unique
stories to tell sell yourself to the scholarship committee.
DON'T:
Simply state that you need the money. Even if you have severe financial
need, it won’t help to simply ask for the money and it may come off as tacky.
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WRITING
8. Good writing does not happen by accident. Although we have
endeavored to explain everything that goes into effective essay writing in as
clear and concise a way as possible, it is much easier in theory than it is in
practice. As a result, we recommend that you practice writing sample
essays on various topics. Even if they are not masterpieces at first, a bit of
regular practice will soon change that – and make you better prepared
when it comes to the real thing.
Choose any topic and any type of essays you like and write an essay
yourself. These phrases and word –combinations would be useful for you:
Introduction
There is a growing debate about…;
It is a well known fact that…;
For the great majority of people…;
A number of key issues arise from the statement…;
The public in general tend to believe that…;
People often claim that….
Several arguments
Firstly, secondly, thirdly;
To begin with / to start with;
Finally / Eventually;
Last but not least.
Moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides;
«Not only…», «but…», «as well».
But, however, whereas, nevertheless
Advantages
One of the most important fact in favor of….is;
It is undeniable that;
The first thing that needs to be said is…;
One argument in support of…;
We must distinguish carefully between…;
The second reason for…;
An important aspect of the problem is…;
It is worth stating at this point that…;
To illustrate this point we need to refer…;
It is noticeable that;
One should note here that;
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