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I will help him organize the exhibition if he asks me.
The position of the clauses can be reversed. We put a comma if the ifclause is placed first.
If John works hard, he will be in time for exhibition.
If the rain stops, he will paint outdoors.
All these sentences contain a condition that may or may not be
fulfilled. Thus, the rain may stop or may not stop; John may work or may
not work. The sentences do not say that the condition will or will not be
realized. Metaphorically speaking, the conditions in these sentences are
“open” conditions.
Second Conditional (impossible in the present / possible (but
improbable in the future)
Such sentences make a hypothesis, which may be contrary to the fact
or just something not thought of as a fact. “If Henry were here …” implies
that he is not here; “If I had money” implies that I haven’t money.
Alternatively, they may imply a doubt: “If John worked hard, he would be in
time for the international exhibition,” suggests that “I am doubtful whether
he will work hard.”
In the following sentences, the form “were” is used with all the
subjects “I, he, they etc.):
If I were you
If you were here
If she were a painter
If there were an exhibition in the State Art Gallery
Third Conditional (impossible in the past)
In this group, we come across the sentences expressing hypothetical
conditions in the past time. In the sentences, we can observe ‘an implied
negative.’
If John had worked hard (in the past), he would have been in time for
the international exhibition. (Implied Negative: but he didn’t work hard).
If I had liked the picture by this artist (when I saw it at the exhibition
yesterday), I would have bought it.
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§ 12. CONDITIONS EXPRESSED BY INVERSION
When the if-clause contains one of the auxiliary verbs were, had or
should, it can be replaced by a clause without ‘if’ by inversion of a verb and
subject, e.g.
Were John here now (= If John were here now), he would participate
in the exhibition.
Had you asked me (= if you had asked me), I would have told you the
answer.
In learning how to read about art in English, we come across a very
interesting kind of task. That is to write a small composition where students
can demonstrate their imagination skills.
§ 13. IMAGINATION: LET US IMAGINE
Imagination is a cognitive process of the future reflection through the
new images creation based on perception, mind and representations images
processing that were received in the past experience.
As imagination is connected with a person’s will, two types of
imagination can be distinguished: voluntary and involuntary. Involuntary
imagination is characterized by the fact that images are created during the
weakened activity of person’s consciousness (e.g. in the dream). Voluntary
imagination, in its turn, consists in the deliberate, conscious images
construction (Sosnovsky 2011: 275, 278).
A dream can be described as a peculiar form of imagination. Dreams
are always aimed at future, at prospects of a personality life and activity.
Dream and imagination connect desirable future with the present
(Slobodchikov, Isaev 1995:309).
You can display your own imagination in the process of creative work
that will help you develop imagination skills and practice the use of
Conditional Sentences. There are two kinds of tasks. The first one is to write
a small composition about your possible visit to a gallery.
The second task consists in writing a small composition on the topic
“If I Were an Artist”, “Imagine You Were an Artist”.
In the former task, it is necessary to employ Conditional Type 1 while
in the latter one the forms of Conditional 2 are to be used.
Impression, Soleil Levant
(Impression, Sunrise) 1873; Oil on
canvas, 48 x 63 cm (19 x 24 3/8");
Musee Marmottan, Paris
UNIT 3. READING ABOUT IMPRESSIONISM IN ENGLISH
§ 1. IMPRESSIONISM
TEXT 1
Before You Read
Have you heard of the term Impressionism before?
What words come into your mind when you hear the word
“Impressionism?”
Read the following text carefully but without trying to check every
unfamiliar word; try to guess the meaning from the context.
Identify the main ideas and do the exercises given after the text:
IMPRESSIONISM
The generation of French painters maturing around 1870 also painted
modern urban subjects, but from a perspective very different from that of the
Realists. These artists painted the upper middle class at leisure in the
countryside and in the city. Although several members of this group painted
rural scenes, their point of view tended to be that of a city person.
In April 1874, a group of artists, including Paul Cézanne, Edgar
Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste
Renoir, exhibited together in Paris
under the title of the Anonymous
Corporation of Artist-Painters,
Sculptors, Engravers, etc. While the
Impressionists are the best
remembered of its members today,
at the time the group included artists
working in several styles. All 30
participants agreed not to submit
anything that year to the Salon,
which had in the past often rejected
their work. This exhibition was a
declaration of independence from
the Académie and a bid to gain the
public’s attention directly.
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In 1874, Claude Monet exhibited with the Societe anonyme, where his
painting Impression: Sunrise (Imression, Soleil Levant) earned the group the
title, “Impressionists.” Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing
review in the satirical journal Le Charivari. He made wordplay with the title
of Claude Monet’s picture. Leroy sought to ridicule the fast, open
brushstrokes and unfinished look of some of the paintings. However, Monet
and his colleagues liked the name. They kept it as it aptly described their
aim to render the fleeting moment in paint. It was Leroy who gave the artists
the name by which they would become known. Leroy declared that Monet’s
painting was at most, a sketch, and could hardly be termed a finished work.
Seven more Impressionist exhibitions were held between 1876 and
1886. The membership of the group varied slightly on each occasion. Only
Pissarro participated in all eight shows. The relative success of these
exhibitions prompted other artists to organize their own alternatives to the
Salon. By 1900, the independent exhibition and gallery system had all but
replaced the Salon system in Paris. This in turn brought to an end the
Académie des Beaux-Arts control over the display of art. Centrally
determined artistic standards effectively ended [9].
Ex. 1. Vocabulary in Context
“Words are power, and pleasure.
They are the individual cells that
make up the body of the language.”
Ben Macintyre, journalist
Guessing Meaning from Context in Sentence
When you try to guess the meaning of an unknown word, you use
the text surrounding the word – the context. One sentence may be
enough to give you the meaning, or you may need to use a longer
passage.
In each of the following items, there is a word you may not know.
Guess the meaning from the context of the sentences. Then compare
your work with another student.
1) What does “mature” mean?
a) The generation of French painters maturing around 1870
also painted modern urban subjects.
b) Girls mature earlier than boys both physically and
mentally.
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2) What does “exhibition” mean?
a) Seven more Impressionist exhibitions were held between
1876 and 1886.
b) There were several famous paintings at the exhibition.
3) What does “ridicule” mean?
a) Leroy sought to ridicule the fast, open brushstrokes.
b) She didn't show anyone her artwork for fear of being
ridiculed.
4) What does “fleeting” mean?
a) They kept it as it aptly described their aim to render the
fleeting moment in paint.
b) I caught a fleeting glimpse of the comet.
5) What does “review” mean?
a) Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in
the satirical journal Le Charivari.
b) I read the book reviews in the newspaper.
6) What does “scathing” mean?
a) The committee’s report is quite scathing.
b) He's always been so scathing about psychiatrists.
7) What does “brushstroke” mean?
a) He paints with harsh, slashing brushstrokes.
b) He painted with brushstrokes of vibrant colours.
8) What does “sketch” mean?
a) My father made a pencil sketch of my brother reading
a book.
b) The drawings comprise preparatory sketches and finished
sheets.
9) What does “display” mean?
a) There's an Egyptian art collection on display at the museum
at the moment.
b) Some of his collection are now on display at his house.
10) What does “aptly” mean?
a) We spent a week at the aptly named Grand View Hotel.
b) The aptly named Skyline Restaurant provides spectacular
views of the city below.
Ex. 2. Word Forms
When you learn a new word, it is useful to learn other forms of the
same word. You can find these forms in this dictionary.
Fill in the columns with the proper derivatives of the following
words whenever possible:
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Verb
Noun
Adjective
paint
exhibition
describe
fleeting
participate
unfinished
attention
determined
review
render
the generation of French painters
поколение французских
художников
to paint modern urban subjects
рисовать современные городские
сюжеты
to exhibit together in Paris
вместе выставлять свои работы
на выставке в Париже
to write a scathing review
написать язвительный обзор
(заметку)
to make wordplay with the title of
the picture
сделать из названия картины
игру слов
to ridicule the fast, open
brushstrokes
высмеивать быстрые открытые
мазки
to hold an exhibition
проводить выставку
to bring to an end control over the
display of art
покончить с контролем выставок
произведений искусств
the unfinished look of some of the
paintings
незавершенный (незаконченный)
вид некоторых из картин
to replace the Salon System in
Paris
прийти на смену Салонной
Системе в Париже
Ex. 3. Study the following word combinations and memorize them:
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Ex. 4. Transform the following sentences with the Active Voice
into the sentences with the Passive Voice and translate them into
Russian:
1. The generation of French artists also painted modern urban subjects.
2. These artists painted the upper middle class at leisure in the
countryside and in the city.
3. Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in the
satirical journal Le Charivari.
4. Leroy sought to ridicule the fast, open brushstrokes and unfinished
look of some of the paintings.
5. The group included artists working in several styles.
6. Impressionism influenced almost every major avant garde French
painter of the period.
7. Courbet’s insistence influenced the young impressionists.
8. In this way, C. Monet painted a series of views.
9. The idea of painting outdoors to capture the fleeting moment
inspired the artists.
10. New pigments expanded their palettes.
Ex. 5. Read the following fragment of the text about
Impressionism. Insert an appropriate preposition where it is needed:
Delicate, mosaiclike brushstrokes … light, brilliant colors define
Impressionism. The artists aimed … more than just spontaneity.
By replacing tonal gradations the Impressionists pointed the way … a
new way of seeing. Yet although almost every major avant garde French
painter of the period was influenced
… Impressionism, only Pissarro, Sisley, and Monet remained
consistently true … its goals.
The here and now dominated. Whether picnics, boating parties, still
lifes, railroad stations, city views or sun-floodedlandscapes vibrantly alive
… color, the emphasis was consistently … the world immediately
surrounding the painter.
Impressionism marked the birth … modern painting. The modern
world became paramount. The studio was abandoned for painting … the
spot directly … the canvas.
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Ex. 5. Understanding the Text
Answer as many questions as you can without looking at the text.
Discuss your answers with a partner:
1. The generation of French painters maturing around 1870 also painted
a) modern urban subjects
b) marine scenes
c) battle scenes
d) still lifes
2. Impressionists painted from a perspective very different from that of
a) the Post-Impressionists
b) the Realists
c) the Cubists
d) the Surrealists
3. All 30 participants agreed not to submit anything that year to
a) the Museum d’Orsay
b) the Louvre
c) the Paris Galleries
d) to the Salon
4. Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in
a) in the newspaper Figaro
b) the satirical journal Le Charivari
c) in his article
d) in Washington Post
5. He made wordplay with the title of
a) Camille Pissarro’s picture
b) Claude Monet’s picture
c) Edward Manet’s picture
d) Bertha Morisot’s picture
6. Only Pissarro participated in all
a) six shows
b) five shows
c) eight shows.
d) ten shows
Ex. 6. Answer the following questions:
1. Enumerate the main Impressionists. What do you know about them?
2. What did the generation of French painters maturing around 1870 paint?
3. Under what title did the group of artists exhibit their works in April 1874?
4. What did all 30 participants of tis group agree not to do? Why?
5. Who gave the Impressionists the name by which they would
become known? What does the word Impressionism exactly mean?
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6. What was the name of the satirical journal where wordplay with the
title of Claude Monet’s picture was made?
7. When were seven more Impressionist exhibitions held?
8. Who was the only artist who participated in all eight shows?
9. What prompted other artists to organize their own alternatives to
the Salon?
10. What brought to an end the Académie des Beaux-Arts control over
the display of art?
Ex. 7. Summarizing Paragraphs
“I couldn’t imagine a more crucial skill than summarizing; we can’t
manage information, make connections,
or rebut arguments without it.”
Mike Rose, Lives on the Boundary
Summarizing is a way of monitoring your understanding. The goal of
a summary is to reduce the original text to about one-quarter of its original
length while retaining the most important information presented in the
passage of reading. A summary should be a miniature version of the
author’s ideas and express only the author’s thoughts. NOTES: You
shouldn’t distort the original by adding a value judgment.
A paragraph summary should be as short as possible, but it must be a
complete sentence. The summary of a paragraph is the main idea of the
paragraph. Often (but not always), the main idea is found in the topic
sentence.
Step 1. Read the paragraph all the way through to be sure you
understand it.
Step 2. Check to see if the paragraph contains a topic sentence.
If the paragraph has a topic sentence, does it state the main
idea of the paragraph? If so, you can use the topic sentence
as the summary.
If the topic sentence is not a good statement of the main
idea, write a summary, which states the main idea.
Step 3. Take out unnecessary words.
Paragraph: The generation of French painters maturing around 1870
also painted modern urban subjects, but from a perspective very different
from that of the Realists. These artists painted the upper middle class at
leisure in the countryside and in the city. Although several members of this
30
group painted rural scenes, their point of view tended to be that of a city
person.
Sample Summary: The generation of French artists painted modern
urban subjects, but from a perspective very different from that of the
Realists.
Summarize the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth
paragraphs of the text. Follow the steps explained above. Use as few
words as possible.
§ 2. LANDSCAPE IN THE IMPRESSIONISTS’ THEMATIC FOCUS
They do not render a landscape,
but the sensation produced by the landscape
Jules-Antoine Castagnary
French art critic
TEXT 1
Background Building
What are the first things you think of when you hear the name
“Claude Monet?” What words come into your head?
Read the following text:
CLAUDE MONET
"For me, a landscape does not exist in its own right, since its appearance changes
at every moment; but the surrounding atmosphere brings it to life - the light and the
air which vary continually. For me, it is only the surrounding atmosphere which gives
subjects their true value."
C. Monet
Claude Monet (1840-1926) was a leading
exponent of Impressionism. Born in Paris but raised
in the port city of Le Havre, he trained briefly with
an academic teacher. However, he established his
own studio soon. His friend Charles-François
Daubigny urged him to be faithful to his impression.
Daubigny suggested that he create a floating studio
on a boat and paint en plein air (outdoors). This
means painting a landscape on the spot where you
see it. Monet’s early works depict a side of
modernity that the Realists did not show.
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