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Файл:Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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91
Ex. 2. Study the following word combinations and memorize them:
an uncharacteristically strong
woman
нетипично сильная женщина
to lean forward
наклониться вперёд
to engage the viewer in
conversation
вовлечь зрителя в разговор
to carve out a career for oneself
сделать карьеру
to paint in a radical style
рисовать в радикальном стиле
to earn the respect of artists
заслужить (заработать) уважение
у художников
professionalism in women
профессионализм у женщин
to reveal in other paintings of
women
показывать (раскрывать) в других
картинах, изображающих
женщин
Ex. 4. Insert the necessary prepositions in the following sentences:
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1. How does this portrait show Mary Cassatt?
2. What is her pose in this portrait?
3. What did Degas show in this picture that he rarely revealed in other
paintings of women?
Ex. 6. Write a small abstract to the text.
Ex. 7. Select any of the presented below reproductions of the
paintings and discuss it in a group according to the points that are given
on page 38:
92
a)
Emma Dobigny by Edgar Degas, 1869,
Private Collection
Portrait of a Young Woman, by
Edgar Degas, 1867. Musee d'Orsay
b)
Gall
93
Edgar Degas; Ballet Rehearsal on Stage
1874; Oil on canvas; H. 65; W. 81 cm;
Musée d'Orsay
§ 4. MODERN LIFE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF IMPRESSIONISM
TEXT 1
MODERN LIFE IN THE CONTEXT OF DEGAS’ WORKS
“Art is not what you see,
but what you make other see.”
E. Degas
Subjects of urban work and leisure also
attracted Edgar Degas (1834-1917). Instead of
painting out of doors, Degas composed his pictures
in the studio. He received rigorous academic
training at the École des Beaux-Arts in the mid1850s. He subsequently spent three years in Italy
studying the Old Masters. Assured compositional
structure and intensity of line were hallmarks of
his art throughout his career.
Degas concentrated on representing the
various facets of Parisian daily life. He treated
both mundane and fashionable
subjects ranging from women
washing and ironing to the
occupations of musicians and
jockeys. In the 1870s, Degas
began painting the modern life
of the city: the racetrack, the
music hall, and the opera. The
single most common theme in
Degas' long career, however,
was the ballet.
The artist often focused
on those working to provide
the entertainment rather than on
their audience. Hundreds of his
paintings and drawings depict
many aspects of the dancer's art.
He is credited with once remarking that the dance was only "a pretext for
painting pretty costumes and representing movements." His work however
belies this somewhat flippant observation. Degas knew many of his dancers
very well and never portrayed their male counterparts. This would suggest
94
that they were more to him than simply a vehicle for the treatment of color
1) studio
a) the action of teaching a person or animal a
particular skill or type of behaviour
2) drawing
b) a picture or design printed from a block or plate
or copied from a painting by photography
3) pastel
c) cutting of the edges of (a photograph) in order to
produce a better picture or to fit a given space
4) foreshortening
d) a picture, image etc., that is made by making
lines on a surface with a pencil, pen, marker, chalk
etc. but usually not with paint
5) prints
e) portrayal or showing (an object or view) as closer
than it really is or as having less depth or distance, as
an effect of perspective or the angle of vision
6) cropping
f) a room where an artist, photographer, sculptor
etc. works
7) training
g) a crayon made of powdered pigments bound with
gum or resin; a work of art created with such crayons
8) viewpoint
h) a room in which an artist works
9) structure
i) used about the way that the parts of a work of
literature or art are organized
10) studio
j) a place from which you can see or watch something
or composition.
He became the painter of the Paris ballet in the 1870s and 1880s at a
time when it was in decline. Degas did not draw or paint actual dancers in
rehearsal. He hired dancers, who came to his studio to pose for him. His
ballet paintings and pastels contain acerbic social commentary. THE
REHEARSAL ON STAGE, for example, is a contrived scene, not an
actual event. Many dancers’ poses are uncharacteristic of the actual ballet
but are included to show how the life of a dancer is tiresome, involving
tedious hours of work. In this pastel, several young dancers look bored or
exhausted. To the far right sit two gentleman visitors who, the artist may be
suggesting, pay to see the girls practice. The composition is set in a raked
space, as if viewed from a box close to the stage. The abrupt foreshortening
is emphasized by the dark scrolls of the double basses that jut up from the
lower left. The angular viewpoint may derive from Japanese prints, which
Degas collected. The cropping of figures on the left suggests photography,
which he also practiced.
The Realist novelist Edmond de Goncourt (1822-1896), a friend of
Degas, described him as “capturing the soul of modern life” [9].
Ex. 1. Match the art terms in the left-hand column with their
English definitions in the right-hand column:
95
Ex. 2. Fill in the columns with the proper derivatives of the
Verb
Noun
Adjective
compose
compositional
structure
angular
practice
derive
decline
emphasize
fashionable
cropping
portray
to paint out of doors
рисовать на открытом воздухе
to compose one’s pictures in the
studio
создавать свои картины в студии
to receive rigorous academic
training
получить полноценное
академическое образование
compositional structure
композиционная структура
to be hallmarks of one’s art
throughout one’s career
быть отличительной чертой
искусства (творчества) на
протяжении всей карьеры
to paint the modern life of the city
изображать современную
городскую жизнь
to be in decline
быть (находиться) в упадке
not to draw or paint actual dancers
in rehearsal
не изображать реальных
танцоров на репетиции
to contain acerbic social
commentary
содержать едкие общественные
замечания
to be a contrived scene, not an
actual event
быть постановочным, а не
реальным событием
to be included to show how the life
of a dancer is tiresome
быть включенным (в картину) с
целью показать, насколько
изнурительна жизнь танцора
to look bored or exhausted
выглядеть уставшим или
истощённым
to be set in a raked space
быть расположенным в
наклонном пространстве
following words whenever possible:
Ex. 3. Study the following word combinations and memorize them:
96
the abrupt foreshortening
обрывистый ракурс
the dark scrolls of the double
basses
темные ручки контрабасов
the angular viewpoint
угловатый ракурс
the cropping of figures on the left
обрезание по краям изображения
фигур, находящихся слева
to capture the soul of modern life
ухватить (поймать) дух
современной жизни
Ex. 4. Translate these sentences with the Passive Voice into
Russian and comment on the peculiarities of their translation:
1. Impressionism was near universally derided as “unfinished.”
2. The artist was born in the Dutch West Indies into French parents
and raised near Paris.
3. Many dancers’ poses are included to show how the life of a dancer
is tiresome.
4. The composition is set in a raked space.
5. The abrupt foreshortening is emphasized by the dark scrolls of the
double basses.
6. Degas was described by the Realist novelist Edmond de Goncourt
as “capturing the soul of modern life.”
7. This scene was shown at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
8. The gap between the old master tradition and modernity was
successfully bridged.
9. The same subject or theme was worked and reworked by Degas to
achieve ever-greater understanding and perfection.
10. The receding diagonal was often used by Degas.
Ex. 5. Read the following fragment of the text about E. Degas.
Insert an appropriate preposition where it is needed:
Degas was one of the greatest draftsmen … all time. He successfully
bridged the gap … the old master tradition and modernity. A self-contained
and self-absorbed world is shown … his pictures.
Even when the subjects … his portraits make eye contact, they give
nothing away. Ballet and racing scenes are a means … exploring complex
space and movement. His technique, his extraordinary capacity … drawing,
and attention to detail are equally self-absorbed.
97
Degas was fascinated … meticulous but innovative craftsmanship. He
experimented … many media: pastel, prints, and sculpture. The artist was
also interested in photography – he borrowed and used the cut-off effect
brilliantly.
Ex. 6. Understanding the Text
Circle the word or phrase in parenthesis that best finishes each
sentence. Discuss your answers with a partner:
1. Degas composed his pictures (in the studio / en plein air).
2. Degas concentrated on representing the various facets of (nature /
Parisian daily life).
3. The abrupt foreshortening is emphasized by the dark scrolls of the
double basses that jut up from the lower (left / right).
4. Degas did not draw or paint actual dancers (in rehearsal / during
the performance).
5. Degas never portrayed their (parents / male counterparts).
Ex. 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What subjects did also attract Edgar Degas?
2. Where did Degas composed his pictures: in the studio or out of
doors?
3. Where did he receive his academic training?
4. How many years did the artist spend in Italy studying the Old
Masters?
5. What were hallmarks of the artist’s art throughout his career?
6. What did Degas begin painting in 1870s?
7. When did he become the painter of the Paris ballet?
8. Did E. Degas draw or paint actual dancers in rehearsal?
9. Who are depicted in his famous picture The Rehearsal on Stage?
10. Where is the composition set?
11. What helps emphasize an abrupt foreshortening?
12. How did the Realist novelist Edmond de Goncourt describe Edgar
Degas?
98
Waiting: Dancer and Woman with
Umbrella on a Bench (L'Attente),
circa 1882; Pastel on paper; 48.2 x
61 cm (19 x 24 in.) left, signed
Degas; owned jointly with the
Norton Simon Museum
Ex. 8. Summarizing Paragraphs
Summarize the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth
paragraphs of the text. Use as few words as possible.
Paragraph: Subjects of urban work and leisure also attracted Edgar
Degas (1834-1917). Instead of painting out of doors, Degas composed his
pictures in the studio. He received rigorous academic training at the École
des Beaux-Arts in the mid-1850s. He subsequently spent three years in Italy
studying the Old Masters. Assured compositional structure and intensity of
line were hallmarks of his art throughout his career.
Sample Summary: Assured compositional structure and intensity of
line in Degas’ works depicting urban work and leisure were hallmarks of
his art.
Translate the following text from English into Russian:
WAITING: DANCER AND WOMAN WITH UMBRELLA
The Museum's pastel (Waiting: Dancer and Woman with Umbrella on
a Bench), which is thought to have been executed about 1882, includes a
TEXT 2
ON A BENCH
Although the ballets that were
regularly performed at the Opera in Paris
were rarely classical, Degas depicted his
dancers wearing traditional costumes or
rehearsal garments. Conservative by
nature, he was appreciative of older
customs. The American collector Louisine
Havemeyer supposedly inquired of the
artist why he painted so many dancers. He
replied that ballet was "all that is left us of
the combined movements of the Greeks."
Somewhat paradoxically, however, he
most often showed his dancers at practice
or in repose and seldom painted actual
performances.
99
dancer and an older woman dressed in black, holding an umbrella. Tradition
has it that the subject was a young dancer from the provinces who was
waiting with her mother for an audition. Degas sometimes included
instructors or musicians in his works to act as foils to the more colorful
dancers. Placing the rather severe figure of the older woman next to a young
dancer rubbing her sore ankle is a variation of this practice. It also
emphasizes the discrepancy between the glamour and artifice of the stage
and the drabness of everyday life. Degas' continued preoccupation with the
colorful and graceful, however, separates him from the realist tradition of
Courbet [7].
TEXT 3
Before You Read
Have you ever heard of such an artist as G. Caillebotte?
Do you have any associations with this name?
MODERN LIFE FROM GUSTAVE CAILLEBOTTE’S POINT
OF VIEW
Gustave Caillebotte (1848-1894), a friend
of Degas, was involved in organizing several
Impressionist exhibitions. He also purchased the
work of his friends, amassing a large collection
of paintings. He studied with an academic
teacher privately and qualified for the École des
Beaux-Arts, but never attended. Caillebotte was
fascinated by the streets of Paris, especially
Haussmann’s modernized street plan.
100
1) exhibition
a) the method of representing a three-dimensional
object, or a particular volume of space, on a flat or
nearly flat surface
2) collection
b) the artistic arrangement of the parts of a picture.
3) composition
c) a painted picture
4) painting
d) a public display of works of art or items of
interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade
fair
5) perspective
e) a group of accumulated items of a particular kind
6) subject
f) an image of an object, person, scene, etc, in the
form of a print or slide recorded by a camera on
photosensitive material
Gustave Caillebotte. Paris Street, Rainy Day. 1877. Oil on Canvas. Art Institute of Chicago.
His subjects and compositions characteristically represent modern life.
His PARIS STREET, RAINY DAY has an unconventional, almost
telescopic composition that tilts the perspective. The street itself seems to be
the subject of this painting. The people are huddled under umbrellas or
pushed to the sides of the composition. The figure to the far right is even
cropped in half, as in a photograph. The couple strolling toward us are
squeezed between him and the lamppost [9].
Ex. 1. Match the art terms in the left-hand column with their
English definitions in the right-hand column:
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