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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров мехатроники. English for mechatronics engineers. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Constructions after "see, hear,
want, consider"
Конструкции после "see, hear,
want, consider"
The past participle is used in constructions with complex object to
show that the person or thing indicated by the object undergoes
the action indicated by the participle.
He saw his bags put into the
trunk of a large car.
She saw several participants registered during the conference.
Причастие прошедшего времени
употребляется в конструкциях со
сложным дополнением, чтобы показать, что лицо или предмет, указанный дополнением, подвергается
действию причастия.
Он видел, как его вещи положили
в багажник большого автомобиля.
Она видела, как нескольких участников зарегистрировали во время
конференции.
Construction "have something
done"
In such constructions the past
participle is used after the verb
"have" to show that the action is
performed for you by someone,
usually at your request.
She got her TV repaired.
Конструкция "have something
done"
В таких конструкциях прошедшего
времени употребляется после глагола "have", чтобы показать, что
действие выполняется для вас кемто, обычно по вашей просьбе
Ей починили телевизор.
She had her purse stolen yesterday. У неё вчера украли кошелёк.
10. Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and
translate them.
1. The scientist working at this design is well known.
2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.
3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many
interesting details.
5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achieve-
ments of modern engineering.
6. Being cooled water turns into ice.
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7. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
8. Transistors contain no moving parts.
9. The scientist is carrying on an important research,
10. Developing the new method they achieved good results.
11. Translate the following sentences.
1. Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.
2. When making the experiment he made notes.
3. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone
cause vibrations in an electric current.
4. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.
5. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research in-
stitutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.
6. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide appli-
cation in industry only last year.
7. While being checked the motor showed good performance.
8. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.
9. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance.
12. Change the complex sentences given below according to the
examples and translate them into Russian.
Example:
While she was preparing for her physics exam, she looked through all the
notes of the lectures.
While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of
the lectures.
1. When he was translating the article, he used a dictionary.
2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experi-
ments.
3. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better
results.
4. While he was experimenting with this substance, he was very careful.
5. When the engineer was improving the design, he made many calcula-
tions.
6. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with
numerous examples.
7. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained
good results.
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One more example:
The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal
with most difficult problems.
The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most
difficult problems.
1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known.
2. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in
our laboratory.
3. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.
4. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known
inventor.
5. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various
faculties.
TEST ON PARTICIPLES
Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. We saw a lot of chairs in the basement.
a) being broken
b) breaking
c) broken
d) having broken
2. You look . What's the matter?
a) being worried
b) having worried
c) worried
d) worrying
3. The man with Mrs. Smith is her son's teacher, if I'm not mistaken.
a) being talked
b) having talked
c) talked
d) talking
4. The second question at the conference yesterday was very interesting.
a) being discussed
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b) discussed
c) discussing
d) having been discussed
5. When I looked out of the window, I saw her the street.
a) crossed
b) crossing having
c) crossed
d) being crossed
6. I heard the children over something and went to see what it was.
a) being fought
b) fighting
c) fought
d) having fought
7. my work on the report, I locked my office and went home.
a) Being finished
b) Finished
c) Having been finished
d) Having finished
8. The weather pleasantly warm, we stayed in the park all day.
a) been
b) being
c) having been
d) is
9. This sentence is clear and unambiguous:
a) A fox was seen driving home.
b) Driving home, a fox was seen.
c) Driving home, I saw a fox.
d) I saw a fox driving home.
10. This sentence is clear and unambiguous:
a) Disappointed, the customers left the department store.
b) Disappointed, the department store was left by the customers.
c) The customers disappointed left the department store.
d) The customers left the department store disappointed.
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Unit 4
MACHINE ELEMENTS AND DESIGN
FUNDAMENTALS
BEFORE YOU READ
1. What do you mean by machine?
2. What types of machine elements do you know?
3. What fundamentals are applied in machine elements design?
VOCABULARY
word translation
machine машина, автомат, станок
1
machine design
2
to apply применять, использовать
3
to control контролировать, управлять
4
device устройство, прибор, аппарат
5
to manufacture производить, изготавливать, выпускать
6
purpose цель, назначение
7
shaft вал
8
coupling муфта
9
clutch сцепление
10
bearings подшипники
11
проектирование машин, конструкция машин,
дизайн машины
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motion движение, ход
12
lubricants смазочные материалы
13
motor двигатель, мотор
14
rigid жёсткий, негнущийся
15
flexible гибкий, гнущийся
16
to disconnect отключить, отсоединить
17
to prevent предотвращать
18
piston поршень
19
valve клапан, вентиль
20
kinematics кинематика
21
assembling сборка, монтаж
22
safety device предохранительное устройство
23
standard parts стандартные детали
24
iterative итеративный, повторяющийся
25
innovative инновационный
26
gear снаряжение, оборудование
27
machine frame рама машины, корпус машины
28
appliances приборы, оборудование, устройства
29
rotation вращение
30
READING
1. Read the text and translate it.
Understanding Machine Elements. Overview
A machi ne is an assembly of elements, with successfully constrained relative motion, which is used for converting other forms of energy into mechanical energy and does some particular kind of work. A machine consists
of machine elements.
Machine Elements are fundamental components of machinery which
perform specific tasks and are designed to fit together to form complex
machines. These components include gears, bearings, sprockets, bolts and
more.
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When looking at all the types of machines, vehicles, and appliances that
you encounter in daily life, it's easy to overlook the fact that these complex
machines all start with simple machine elements. These elements consist of
three main types:
Structural components such as frame members, bearings, axles,
splines, fasteners, seals, and lubricants,
Mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear
trains, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, including
brakes and clutches, and
control components such as buttons, switches, indicators, sensors, ac-
tuators and computer controllers.
Each machine is different and tailored to its respective task, but most machines share common elements. For example, the gear is an essential machine
element. The design, selection, and synthesis of these gears play a crucial role
in the makeup of any machinery.
Machine elements can be classified into two groups:
1. General purpose machine elements
2. Special purpose machine elements
General purpose machine elements include: shafts, couplings, clutches,
bearings, springs, gears, and machine frames.
Shafts are usually designed for the unique application. Shafts are long,
cylindrical components used for transfer of torque and mechanical power between two components.
Shafts
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Couplings are mechanical components that connect two rotating in-line
shafts, with the primary purpose of transmitting power in mechanical design.
A coupling may be rigid or flexible, depending on the need.
Couplings
Clutches are mechanical device that allows the output shaft to be disconnected from the rotating input shaft. The clutch's input shaft is typically attached to a motor, while the clutch's output shaft is connected to the mechanism that does the work.
Clutches
Bearings are one of the most common machine elements in machine design. Their job is to eliminate the friction between two moving parts. The
primary purpose of bearings is to prevent direct metal-to-metal contact of the
two parts and enable smooth relative motion between them.
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Bearings
Gears are elementary machine elements with toothed wheels to transfer
power and rotation between two shafts. They can increase or decrease angular
velocity while simultaneously decreasing or increasing torque, following the
laws of energy conservation. In essence, they act as levers in a translating
mechanical system.
Gears
Special purpose machine elements include pistons, valves or spindles.
Special purpose machine elements are used only in certain types of application. On the contrary, general-purpose machine elements are used in number
of machines.
A pi sto n is a cylindrical engine component that slides back and forth in
the cylinder bore by forces produced during the combustion process. The piston acts as a movable end of the combustion chamber. The stationary end of
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the combustion chamber is the cylinder head. Pistons are commonly made
of a cast aluminum alloy for excellent and lightweight thermal conductivity.
Pistons
A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the
flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid
flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
Valves
The broad objective of designing a machine element is to ensure that it
preserves its operating capacity during the stipulated service life with minimum manufacturing and operating costs.
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