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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров мехатроники. English for mechatronics engineers. Учебное пособие
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4. Software is a set of programs to be put into a computer for performing
particular tasks.
5. A computer is an electronic machine that has an ability to store infor-
mation and to do things with it according to a definite program.
6. Mechatronics is a discipline to have wide prospects in future.
MODAL VERBS
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы can, may, must, ought to,
should. Модальные глаголы не имеют формы инфинитива, т. е. перед
ними не употребляется частица to. Смысловые глаголы употребляются
после модальных глаголов без частицы to (Исключение ought to)
I can speak English. (Я могу говорить по-английски.)
1. Вопросительная форма образуется передвижением модального
глагола на первое место в предложении: Must you go to the University
tomorrow? (You must go to the University tomorrow.)
В отрицательном предложении после модального глагола употреб-
ляется частица not (cannot, must not, should not): She cannot give you her
text-book.
Глаголы can, may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени:
can (could), may (might).
Глагол must имеет только одну форму. Чтобы отнести его к прошедшему или будущему времени нужно использовать его эквиваленты: to
be to, to have to
Значения модальных глаголов
Present Past Эквиваленты
can
(мочь, уметь)
may
(мочь, можно)
must
(должен)
should, ought to
(нужно, следует)
could
might
–––
to be able to
(смочь)
to be allowed to
(разрешать; давать)
to be to (должен, нужно)
to have to (вынужден, при-
дется)
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Изучите употребление модальных глаголов в сочетании с Perfect In-
finitive.
Значение Перевод
may + Perfect
Infinitive
must+ Perfect
Infinitive
could + Perfect
Infinitive
might + Perfect
Infinitive
should + Perfect
Infinitive
ought + Perfect
Infinitive
cаn not и could not
+ Perfect Infinitive
предположение возможно, может быть
большая степень вероятности
действие, которое могло бы
произойти, но не состоялось
малая вероятность совершения действия
сожаление о том, что действие не совершилось,
упрек или порицание
сожаление о том, что действие не совершилось.
Упрек или порицание.
сомнение в возможности
совершения действия
в прошлом
должно быть, вероятно
возможно, мог, мог бы
мог бы
следовало бы, должен был
бы, надо бы
следовало бы, должен был
бы, надо бы
не может быть, чтобы +
глагол в прошедшем времени, не мог + неопределенная форма глагола
15. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. Heavy graders are used when large volumes of soil have to be handled.
2. The device can provide great opportunities.
3. Scrapers should be used on moderate wet sandy soils.
4. It must be understood that engine requirements differ considerably.
5. Such substances may cause cancer.
6. Hazardous consequences should be vastly lowered.
7. Global warming may result in profound shifts of climate.
8. The material may be discharged with the help of various devices.
9. The results of the experiment can be easily calculated.
10. Consumers should ask about the contents of dangerous substances.
11. The cost of the production could be cut more than 50%.
12. The share arm can be raised with a disk knife.
13. Depending on the style, the resistor may be encapsulated in lacquer,
high temperature cement or by molding.
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14. Infectious diseases can spread very fast.
15. Ethanol can be fatal if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
16. Study the table showing the use of modals with Perfect Infinitive.
Translate the sentences.
1. We do not believe scientists could have achieved such progress.
2. The researchers may not have known about those data.
3. The explosion must have occurred long ago.
4. The assistant might have made a mistake.
5. We figured that they must have obtained new results of the experiment.
6. Safety engineering should have done it previously.
7. Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.
8. The goods are reported to have been delivered.
9. The research must have been performed according to the safety instruc-
tions.
10. He must have found out about the conference beforehand.
11. The influence of temperatures on these substances should have been
studied long ago.
12. No living beings could have survived in such climate.
13. Carbon steels must have been used in the construction of this building.
14. Life may have been existed on that planet.
15. A lot of practical difficulties must have been encountered in the imple-
mentation of this idea.
16. The research on nickel alloys may have been done last term.
17. The explanation cannot have been adequate under the circumstances.
18. The experiment should have been performed beforehand.
19. They must have arrived at these principles through observation and ex-
periment.
20. I could have gone to the conference but I lost my invitation.
21. The delegation must have missed their flight.
17. Translate into Russian.
1. may be changed-
2. can be integrated-
3. must be called-
4. can’t be given-
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5. may be acted upon-
6. can be expressed-
7. must be tested-
8. cannot be used-
WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece
of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have
to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of
the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?
1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main point.
In the text (article) “…” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his
opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.
The text “…” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).
2. Write in the present tense.
At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes... (comments
on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).
Attention is drawn to the fact that ... . It should be noted that ... .
3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily fol-
low your thoughts.
Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....
4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.
Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analysis of ... (the
description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .
In conclusion ... . At the end of the text / article the author describes ...,
emphasizes that ..., points out that …, summarizes that ... .
5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the
summary.
Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.
14
18. Write the summary of the text HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
AND DEFINITION OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEM. Present your summary to your group mates.
SPEAKING
19. Study the table below. Get prepared to speak about historical development of Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronic Systems.
Use the information about speechwriting
ESSENTIAL GUIDELINES TO WRITING A GOOD SPEECH
Good speechwriting is, in essence, an ability to capture and keep an audience’s attention. A keen awareness of how to tailor your rhetoric to a given
issue and your audience is key to effective communication. Even a short
speech can benefit from a few essential guidelines:
1. Know your goal. What type of speech is it? Whether it’s a graduation
speech, a campaign speech, or a wedding toast, any good speechwriter first
identifies the main message or purpose of the speech. What do you want the
takeaway for your audience members to be? How does it serve the larger
event or gathering? Are you looking to inspire people, or convince them of a
point of view? Is it merely informative? (Knowing this upfront will help you
craft a stronger ending as well.)
2. Know your audience. Are you speaking to fellow experts at a conference, or a room full of kids? It can be helpful to imagine your ideal audience
member: Someone who is excited about the subject matter and curious about
what you have to say. What will you need to include to satisfy them?
3. Know how much time you have. Time constraints will determine how
direct or in-depth your speech should be. What you decide to focus on when
you have five minutes will be very different if you have 50.
How to Write a Speech in 5 Steps
1. Make an Outline.
Writing a speech outline will help surface key points. This doesn’t need
to be overly complicated. Most speeches contain three main sections. The
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intro, which might feature personal stories that illustrate the subject or problem you’re addressing; the body of your speech, where the nitty-gritty details
and bulk of your message lives; and the conclusion, which might be a call to
action or summary to drive home your takeaway.
2. Write Your First Draft.
Once you have an outline, it’s time to expand it. In your writing process,
remember the ideal audience member you imagined: How would you explain the
problem or subject directly to them? As with any first draft, try to just let words
and thoughts flow freely. You can begin to pare it back once you begin to edit.
3. Edit for an Effective Speech.
The editing process here is about sifting your strongest points to the surface and making sure you’ve adequately captured what an audience needs in
order to understand or stay with you. Are there insider references that will go
over their heads, or not enough relatable anecdotes? Remove any jargon you
find and try to describe what you mean using familiar language. Similarly,
look for unnecessarily flashy words, and see if you can find a more colloquial substitute. And remember: short sentences are best.
4. Read Your Speech out Loud.
Do you sound like a person or a very smart robot? Are you losing breath
on some sentences that could be broken up? Try different techniques for
punctuating main points: Would a thoughtful pause do the trick? Or does the
moment call for a build-up of explosive, emphatic volume? The main goal
here is to make sure you’ve got the right tone and that the logic of your speech
flows correctly. Do you have smooth transitions taking you from one thought
to the next? Do they make sense? Where can your sentences be even shorter
and more to-the-point?
5. Practice in Front of a Mirror.
Writing a great speech is as much about masterful wordsmithing as it
is public speaking skills. As public speaking tips go, body language is one of
the best ways to make sure your message lands. If you look nervous, tense,
or unsure, your audience begins to feel the same way; practicing until you
project confidence and ease in front of a crowd will allow your audience to
relax and hear what you have to say. Gestures, movement, looking out into
the crowd, and the way you stand can all be effective uses of body language.
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Tabl e 1
Historical Development of Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronic Systems
Pure mechanical systems < 1900
steam engine 1860
dynamos 1870
circular pumps 1880
electrical combustion engine 1880
d.c. motor 1870
a.c. motor 1889
Mechanical systems with electrical
drives 1920
relays, solenoids
hydraulic, pneumatic, electric ampli-
fiers
PI-controllers1930
Mechanical systems with automatic
control 1935
transistor 1948
thyristor 1955
Mechanical systems with
electronic (analog) control
sequential control 1955
digital computer 1955
process computer 1959
real-time software 1966
microcomputer 1971
mech. typewriter,
pumps
tool machines
/increasing electrical drives/
electric typewriter
/increasing automatic control/
steam turbines
aircraft
electronic controlled lifts
/ Increasing automation with process
computers and miniaturization/
machine tools
industrial robots
industrial plants
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digital decentralized automation 1975
Mechanical systems with
digital continuous control
digital sequential control 1975
microcontroller 1978
personal computers 1980
process/fieldbus systems
new actuators, sensors
integration of components
Mechanical systems
integration: mechanics & electronics
hardware
software determines functions
new design tools for simultaneous
engineering
synergetic effects 1985
disc drives
mobile robots
CIM
magnetic bearings
automotive control
(ABS, ESP)
/Increasing integration of process & mi-
crocomputers/
20. Get prepared to speak about mechatronics as a synergistic inte-
gration of different disciplines. Use the table below.
Mechatronics:
synergistic integration
of different disciplines
Electronics
Mechanics
Information
technology
microelectronics
power electronics
sensors
actuators
mechanical elements
machines precision mechanics
system theory
modeling
automation
technology
software
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Unit 2
APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTATION
BEFORE YOU READ
Fill in the glossary to the text. Use the dictionary.
to result from
1
imbedded
2
controller
3
smart sensor
4
smart actuator
5
life time
6
acceleration
7
feedforward control
8
contamination
9
feedback control
10
robustness
11
to process
12
to put emphasis on
13
process knowledge
14
special integration
15
knowledge base
16
word translation
19
READING
Read and translate the text
APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Classical mechanical electronic systems resulted from adding available
sensors, actuators, and analog or digital controllers to mechanical components. The limits of this approach were given by the lack of suitable sensors
and actuators, the unsatisfactory life time under rough operating conditions
(acceleration, temperature, and contamination), the large space requirements,
the required cables, and relatively slow data processing. With increasing improvements in miniaturization, robustness, and computing power of microelectronic components, one can now put more emphasis on electronics in the
design of a mechatronic system.
The integration within a mechatronic system can be performed through
the integration of components and through the integration of information processing. The integration of components (hardware integration) results from
designing the mechatronic system as an overall system and embedding the
sensors, actuators, and microcomputers into the mechanical process. This
spatial integration may be limited to the process and sensor, or to the process
and actuator. Microcomputers can be integrated with microcomputer actuators process sensors the actuator, the process or sensor, or can be arranged at
several places.
Integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to smart sensors, and integrated actuators and microcomputers lead to smart actuators.
The integration of information processing (software integration) is mostly
based on advanced control functions. Besides a basic feedforward and feedback control, an additional influence may take place through the process
knowledge and corresponding online information processing.
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