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Файл:Английский язык для инженеров мехатроники. English for mechatronics engineers. Учебное пособие
.pdf
AFTER READING TASKS DEVELOPING
PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY
Working out the meaning of unknown words
2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find
them in the text.
arrange emphasis unsatisfactory analog available
3. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the ques-
tions.
2. Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
3. Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?
4. Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
AFTER READING TASKS
4. Answer the following questions.
1. What did classical mechanical electronic systems result from?
2. How can the integration within a mechatronic system be performed?
3. What may spatial integration be limited to?
4. What do integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to?
5. What is the integration of information processing (software integration)
mostly based on?
5. Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
1. The integration within a mechatronic system can be performed through
the integration of components and through the integration of information processing.
2. The integration of information processing (software integration) is
mostly based on online information processing.
3. Integrated sensors and microcomputers lead to smart actuators.
21
6. Match the words with their definitions/explanations.
1 optimization a directly connected to or controlled by a computer
2 influence b the process of making something in a very small size
3 computing
power
4 acceleration d a process in which something happens more and more
5 controller e information that you have about a particular situation,
6 online f the amount of useful work done by a computer system
7 scheme g the act of controlling something
8 supervision h a device used to check that something is correct
9 function i the way in which something works or the way in
10 miniaturization j the process of making the way that something is done
11 knowledge k a diagram that represents the elements using abstract
c power to have an effect on the way someone or some-
thing develops, behaves
quickly
event
compared to the time and resources used
which it is used
or used as effective as possible
graphic symbol
7. Translate from English into Russian.
1. Unsatisfactory life time –
2. Operating conditions –
3. Relatively slow data processing –
4. Component integration –
5. Information processing –
6. Hardware integration –
7. Software integration –
8. Advanced control functions –
8. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Общая схема механико-электронной системы –
2. Являться результатом добавления сенсоров, актуаторов и аналого-
вых или цифровых контроллеров –
3. Относительно медленная обработка данных –
4. Придавать большее значение электронике –
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5. Интеграция компонентов, известная так же, как интеграция оборудования –
6. Базовое управление с прогнозированием и обратной связью –
7. Методы проектирования –
8. Контроль и оптимизация –
9. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the word one.
1. Let’s turn our attention to two methods of integration within a mechatronic system; one of them is the integration of components and the other one
is the integration of information processing.
2. Mechatronic systems developed from integrated electronic mechanical
ones with sensors, actuators and digital microelectronics.
3. One should understand that applications of MEMS, new programming
methods and wireless technologies will contribute to further development of
mechatronic systems.
4. 1950-s are marked by two major developments in computer technologies. One is the invention of a digital computer in 1955, and the second one
is the intention of a process computer in 1959.
5. One should distinguish between a feedback and feedforward control.
6. One of the characteristics of the knowledge base is mathematical process models.
10. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the infinitives.
1. To study the ways of integration within a mechatronic system is the aim
of our seminar.
2. The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways of integration
within a mechatronic system.
3. To develop a classical mechanical-electronic system it was necessary
to add sensors, actuators and analog or digital controllers to mechanical components.
4. It was important to know the basic principles to be observed in the
design and use of any mechatronic system.
5. Improvements in miniaturization and computing power of microelectronic components helped to use electronics more widely and effectively to
design a mechatronic system.
23
6. This computing method is accurate enough to give reliable results
7. Software integration is the type of integration to be based on advanced
control functions.
8. A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in
mathematical terms.
11. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
design process control
mechatronics software
engineering design software integration
components integration approach
sensors combination
hardware integration microcomputers
functions systems actuators
… is a design philosophy: an integrating … to … . The primary factor in
mechatronics is the involvement of these areas throughout … . Mechatronics
makes the … of actuators, …, control …, and computers in the design process
possible. It uses the … systems to provide a framework of component interactions for system analyses. The … within a mechatronic system is performed
through the combination of hardware (…) and … (information processing).
… results from designing the mechatronic system as an overall system and
bringing together the sensors, … and … into the mechanical system. … is
primarily based on advanced control … .
12. Translate from Russian into English.
Основное внимание в мехатронике уделяется понятию системы. Мехатронная система — совокупность нескольких мехатронных модулей и
узлов, синергетически связанных между собой, для выполнения конкретной функциональной задачи. Система в мехатронике базируется на
механической системе, состоящей из процессоров, сенсоров и актуаторов. Актуатор является строительным элементом системы, который приводит ко всем
изменениям в ней. Сенсоры имеют задание установить
изменения в основной системе и передать эту информацию процессорам. Процессоры с помощью программного обеспечения с использованием функции управления воздействуют на актуаторы, изменяют их.
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Это приводит к изменениям всей системы. Такой комплексный подход к
решению технической задачи основывается на объединенных знаниях о
механике, электронике и информатике, которые выступают как интегрированное целое.
WORD BUILDING
13. Translate the following word groups and state the parts of speech.
1. add – adder – addition –additional – additionally – additive – additivity
2. satisfy – satisfaction– satisfactory – satisfactorily – dissatisfy – unsat-
isfactory
3. require – requirer – requirable – requirement –unrequired
4. relate – related – relation – relationship – relative – relatively – inter-
related – unrelated – irrelatively
5. improve – improvement – improvable – improvability – improvably –
improvingly
6. base – basic – basically – basement
GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE PASSIVE VOICE
An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject first
(the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the
object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the object
is 'this experiment'.
But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to
put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This
can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive, which puts
the object first:
This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want,
but it isn't necessary).
25
How to make the Passive in English
p
p
p
p
p
t
p
.
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we
need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past
participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.
Ten se Active Passive
resent simple I make a mistake. A mistake is made (by me).
resent
continuous
I am making
a mistake.
A mistake is being made (by me).
ast simple I made a mistake. A mistake was made (by me).
ast continuous I was making
A mistake was being made (by me).
a mistake.
resent perfec
I have made
A mistake has been made (by me).
a mistake.
ast perfect I had made
A mistake had been made (by me).
a mistake.
future simple
I will make
A mistake will be made (by me).
a mistake.
future perfect
I will have made
A mistake will have been made (by me)
a mistake.
Verbs with two objects
Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:
Give
Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive
sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by
him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.
The passive in subordinate clauses
You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a
normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
26
Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.
Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.
Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.
Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.
He loves being read to.
She would like to be promoted.
When should we use the Passive?
1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more in-
terested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant
or obvious or 'people in general':
He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
3. In factual or scientific writing:
The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the com-
puter.
4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can
be used in speaking or informal writing):
The brochure will be finished next month.
5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to
improve style:
Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by
Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
6. When the subject is very long:
I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural
than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')
14. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the
Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.
1. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.
27
2. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.
3. At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of re-
searchers.
4. The apparatus will be working when you come.
5. The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with
the most difficult problems.
6. For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two
ventilators.
7. The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into elec-
tric energy.
8. This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.
9. For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.
10. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our
Institute.
11. Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by eve-
rybody.
12. Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.
13. We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not
find it.
14. The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.
15. Our laboratory is housed in an old building.
15. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the
forms of the predicates.
1. the lecture started
2. the scientists are obtaining
3. the colleagues realized
4. the satellite was on its orbit
5. the properties depended
6. the stream is being broadcast
7. the chemist was searching
8. a new technology was demonstrated
9. the elements constituted
10. the student was being examined
11. new results were being obtained
12. the discovery established
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16. Find it + passive constructions in this extract. Translate from Eng-
lish into Russian.
It is generally agreed that the more difficult it is to follow the lecture,
the more easily we get obsessed by sleep or other pleasant activity
apart from listening to the professor. It has been observed that the farther
you are from the source of noise, the more you are prone1 to
sleepiness. It is thought that this phenomenon develops due to the fact
that the sound vibrations produced by the professor’s articulative organs
affect the auditory2 receptors of the nearby listeners stronger, resulting
in more vivacity3 and higher speed of writing.
NOTES
1. to be prone to smth – быть склонным к чему-л.;
2. auditory – слуховой;
3. vivacity – живость, оживление
WRITING
Write the summary of the text APPROACHES
TO IMPLEMENTATION.
Present your summary to your group mates.
SPEAKING
Get prepared with the presentation about the approaches
to implementation. Use the information below.
A PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. AN INTRODUCTION 1. ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ
This is the most important part of
your presentation because the
audience will make judgements
about you. They will decide in the
first few minutes what you are
like. They will also decide whether
Это самая важная часть вашей презентации, потому что аудитория будет выносить
суждения о вас.
Они в первые же несколько минут решат,
какой вы рассказчик на самом деле.
29
you deserve their attention. Therefore, it is very important that you
plan carefully what you want to say
in the introduction.
Try to do these things in your
introduction
Get the audience’s attention.
Introduce yourself.
Explain why you are there.
Explain what you hope to achieve.
Build a good rapport with the audience.
USEFUL LANGUAGE
Introduction and welcome
Good morning, ladies and gentleman. My name's John Jones.
I'm head of sales at Acme Services.
I would like to thank you for
inviting me here today to talk
about... I would like to thank you
all for attending this presentation.
I plan to be brief.
Explaining the purpose of your
presentation.
I'd like to give you a brief presentation about...
The subject of my talk is...
I'm going to talk about...
My topic today is...
My talk is concerned with...
The purpose of my talk is to...
Giving an overview of the
presentation.
I'm going to divide this talk into
four parts.
Они также решат, заслуживаете ли вы их
внимания.
Поэтому очень важно, чтобы вы тщательно спланировали то, что вы хотите
сказать во вступлении.
Попробуйте сделать это в своем вступлении
Привлеките внимание аудитории.
Представьтесь.
Объясните, почему вы здесь.
Объясните, чего вы надеетесь достичь.
Уст ано вит е хороший контакт с аудито-
рией.
НЕОБХОДИМЫЕ СЛОВА И ФРАЗЫ
Введение и приветствие
Доброе утро, леди и джентльмены. Меня
зовут Джон Джонс. Я руководитель отдела
продаж в Acme Services.
Я хотел бы поблагодарить вас за то, что
вы пригласили меня сюда сегодня, чтобы
поговорить об этом...
Я хотел бы поблагодарить всех вас за участие
в этой презентации. Я планирую
быть кратким.
Объясните цель вашей презентации.
Я хотел бы провести для вас краткую презентацию по этому поводу...
Тема моего выступления ...
Я собираюсь поговорить о...
Моя сегодняшняя тема ...
Мое выступление касается...
Цель моего выступления состоит в том,
чтобы...
Сделайте обзор презентации.
Я собираюсь разделить этот доклад на четыре части.
30
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