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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов = English for Postgrаduate students. Учебное пособие
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VII. В этих предложениях that является союзом придаточных час-
тей предложений. Переведите предложения.
1. They say that the report will be followed by a discussion.
2. Give us a material that can stand very high temperatures.
3. That all matter is composed of both negative and positive particles of
electricity is understood from electron theory.
4. The machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical is the
electric motor.
5. That the acceleration of a falling body is constant was first shown by
Galileo.
6. The scientists suggested that new and efficient ways of storing
electrical energy should be employed.
VIII. Определите функции that и those. Переведите предложения.
1. At that point the line drops down to zero.
2. This terminal should always be connected directly to that side of the
line to which the current coil is connected.
3. A semiconductor is often defined as an electrical conductor that has a
conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and that of a metal.
4. Due to centrifugal forces the weight of bodies at the equator is less that
at the poles.
5. Dynamic loads are those which vary in time.
6. It is the speed at which a grinding wheel revolves that is most
important.
7. It is a computing machine that is able to operate by itself.
8. It was only after the introduction of the heat treatment of copper alloys
that their corrosion resistance became satisfactory.
9. Four valence electrons form covalent bonds with the four adjacent
germanium atoms similar to those existing between adjacent germanium atoms.
10. Perhaps the most important uses of radar are those that give greater
reliability to sea and air travel.
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IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in
medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.
2. The simplest way of understanding what the cathode-ray tube does and
how it does it is to follow out the various stages of its development.
3. It seemed to us that the engine was out of order.
4. It is silver that is the best conducting material.
5. I know only one solution of this problem.
6. One should keep in mind that when water is heated in a vessel, the
liquid on the bottom of the vessel is hotter than on the top.
7. The simplest kind of lever is one in which the arms are of equal length.
8. They say that the report will be followed by a discussion.
9. That the device stopped working surprised everybody.
10. The result of this experiment is much better than that of the previous one.
11. He has been working at that design for 2 weeks.
12. When he had put on his spectacles, he saw that the handwriting on the
envelope was that of his old friend.
13. I am that doctor Manette of whom you speak so nicely.
14. That the task was more difficult than we had thought before was clear
to everyone.
15. One can go without food for some time, but one cannot live long
without water.
16. I think that it is the only thing that would help you.
X. Запомните выражения и переведите данные ниже предложе-
ния на русский язык.
as ... as – так (же), as well/as – также как (и), как (и); as soon as – как
только, as long as – пока; as if, as though – как если бы, как будто; so as –
так чтобы; as to – что касается, относительно; as far as – до, насколько;
so far as – насколько; as much ... as – столько, сколько; according to – согласно чему; in accordance with – в соответствии с; on account of – по причине, из-за; because of – из-за; due to – благодаря, из-за, в силу; owing to,
thanks to – благодаря чему-либо; with respect to – no отношению к; in
addition to – кроме, в дополнение к; by means of – посредством, при помощи;
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by virtue of – посредством чего, благодаря чему-либо, на основании чеголибо; instead of – вместо; in spite of, in despite of – несмотря на; in case of –
в случае, если; both ... and – как ... так и; either ...or – или ... или; neither ...
nor – ни ... ни; not only ... but (also) – не только ... но (также) и.
1. The job was by no means an easy one.
2. So far as I can judge he is in the same nervous condition he was at this
time last year.
3. I left a note asking my friend to let me hear from him as soon as he got
back.
4. Neither he nor I guessed that she was telling stories.
5. In spite of its usefulness a direct current system has one great
disadvantage. Namely, there is no easy economical way by means of which one
can increase or decrease its voltage.
6. Potential is really neither a force nor a pressure.
7. Almost all universal motors are of the series type and operate on either
direct or alternating current.
8. In many instances it is necessary to consider the rate at which work is
done as well as the total amount of work accomplished.
9. Both momentum and Impulse, unlike energy and work, are vector
quantities.
10. In other words, as far as the motion of its centre of mass is concerned,
a body of any shape acted on by any number of forces, can be replaced by a
point mass at its centre of mass and all of the forces on it can be considered to
act at this point.
11. An accurate control of the motion of jet-propelled planes is possible
due to the availability of reliable modern computers.
12. Thanks to the reliability of modem computing devices space flights
can be accomplished successfully.
13. Any person can operate a desk computer because of its simplicity.
XI. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на различные
значения for.
1. For heating a body we place it in contact with another one at a higher
temperature.
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2. He was sent for the doctor.
3. Our students will study English for 3 years.
4. As for rubber it was brought to Europe as early as the 15-th century.
5. For a long time static electricity was the only electrical phenomenon to
be observed by man.
6. A.S. Popov laid the foundation for further inventions leading to the
creation of the modern system of broadcasting.
7. The compass is very useful in practical work for it enables one to
determine the polarity of various poles of motors and generators.
8. A transformer cannot be called a machine for it has no moving parts.
9. Nuclear energy is of greatest importance for it can be applied
practically in every sphere of life.
10. No one can do without friction for without it we could not even walk.
11. If the cylinder is small the flow of water may be decreased for the
cylinder and piston will have insufficient capacity for high flow
12. But for friction, part of the energy developed by mechanical devices
would not be lost in the form of useless heat.
13. For some minutes we could see nothing but black smoke rising from
the ground.
14. But for the ohms, amperes, volts and watts the electric measurements
would be impossible.
15. For not being late it is necessary for us to be in a hurry.
16. The study of the nucleus is difficult for the particles comprising it are
very firmly bound together.
17. These devices are ideal for simplicity and convenience.
XII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на as.
1. As the demand for iron grow many new methods for making it were
developed.
2. As we know heat is also a form of energy.
3. As the descent of the container was comparatively slow the instruments
could record much important data.
4. A copper atom in a large molecule can not determine all the phases as
platinum does.
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5. Planetary theory was not developed to the same degree as that of the
moon.
6. As a current flows through a conductor it sets up a magnetic field in
the neighborhood of the conductor.
7. The plate current as it varies induces an electromotive force in the grid
cell.
8. The sun may be considered as the only source of the received energy as
that received from other sources is so small that it is negligible.
9. Just as the inhabitants of the ocean are subject to pressure and water
currents so are people subject to air pressure and air currents.
10. On the average over a long period of time and for earth as a whole as
much energy is radiated as is received.
11. As the atmosphere is principally heated from below the temperature
normally decreases as the altitude increases by several thousand foot.
12. Lomonosov was complete master of natural sciences as well as of
history philosophy and engineering.
13. As early as 1602 Galileo invented an air thermometer.
14. As the temperature rises opposition to the passage of current increases
as well.
15. As far as we know the oil that we obtain from the earth will not last
more than a few centuries at present rate of consumption.
XIII. Определите функцию since.
1. How long is it since you left school?
2. He came to Moscow two years ago and has lived here since
3. Many expeditions have been there since.
4. Since 1918 electric bulbs have been filled with gas.
5. The vertical theory first put forward by Zhukovsky in 1912 has been
used throughout the world since.
6. There is no flow of electrons since the electric circuit is broken.
7. Since work is the product of two scalar quantities it is a scalar quantity.
8. There is no flow of electrons since the electric circuit was broken.
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9. Since the positive charges of the atomic nuclei and the negative
charges of the electrons are balanced plasma is electrically neutral.
10. Since the electrons in the wire constitute the current flow they will
certainly tend to flow from the point of lower potential towards that of higher
potential.
XIV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение
выделенных слов.
I
1. Conventional damping techniques result in a considerable reduction of
vibration isolation performance.
2. This procedure results in the minimum test.
3. Since at high frequencies this rise time is a substantial portion of the
period its temperature coefficient results in a significant temperature
dependence in the frequency of oscillation.
4. These achievements result from a complete change of methods of
work.
5. The main limitations of the process result from the fact that it takes
place in a vacuum.
6. New packaging techniques resulted from the early vibration tests on
parts and components.
II
1. What do you mean when you told me to use only these techniques
2. The expression « in no time» means very quickly.
3. The most popular means of transportation in Moscow is the
underground.
4. Every postgraduate student should know such expressions as by means
of, by no means, by all means and some others with the word means.
5. Before the Revolution workers lived in mean houses in mean streets.
6. What is the mean annual temperature in this region?
7. It was the great speed of operation made possible by electronic
techniques which led to the rapid development of computers as a means of
providing quick solutions to different problems?
8. What does this term mean?
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III
1. The Moscow University premises are a set of structures.
2. Give this worker a set of tools.
3. Students attend a set of lectures every term.
4. We must set the time for the beginning of the experiment.
5. The sun sets in the west.
6. Set your watch correctly.
7. The meeting was set down for Tuesday.
8. The teacher set a task before the students.
9. The teacher set the machinery going.
10. He bought a radio set yesterday.
IV
1. Charge this battery please.
2. He is in charge of the chair of physics.
3. We have effected a change in our plan.
4. Don’t charge these batteries at present.
5. Experiments showing the changes in substances are very important for
industry.
6. Galileo air thermometer was not sensitive at all to changes of
atmospheric pressure.
7. The static charges are known to be at rest.
8. The alternating current changes its direction many times a second.
9. One can charge dissimilar objects by rubbing them.
10. The electrolytes are known to change greatly when the current flows
through them.
1. These electrical devices are provided with rubber insulators.
2. These electrical devices provided with rubber insulators were
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produced at a large factory.
3. These electrical devices can work for a long time provided they are
made of good material.
4. The electric current flows provided there is a complete circuit.
5. The electrons will jump through the air forming an electric spark
provided the potential difference becomes great enough.
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1. The number of students taking part in technical conferences is
growing every year.
2. There came a number of scientists to our meeting.
3. We’ll have a lecture in the lecture hall number 24.
4. This is the same question that you couldn’t answer last time.
5. There were some 30 people at the meeting yesterday.
6. Give me some book to read please.
7. In future this student will carry on research connected with
technology.
8. The characteristic feature of this institute is a wider curriculum and a
longer course of studies.
9. These substances vary in shape.
10. This is a very difficult problem.
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11. This is the very book you wanted to read.
12. This problem is the most important.
13. Most of these institutions concentrate on technology.
14. The development of this project is coming to an end.
15. The latest developments in the field of cosmonautics are remarkable.
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SECTION IV
КРАТКИЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АННОТИРОВАНИИ
Аннотирование – это вторичная обработка письменной информации.
Для того чтобы зафиксировать краткое содержание произведения, пишется
аннотация. Аннотация (Abstract) – это краткая справка о статье, патенте,
книге, справочнике и т. п. с точки зрения содержания. При аннотировании
печатный материал излагается в предельно сжатой форме. Это процесс
свертывания (сжатия) информации с очень большим уменьшением по отношению к оригиналу (до 1/10 его части).
Аннотация бывает описательной, справочной, реферативной, рекомендательной и критической. Остановимся лишь на описательной аннотации, так как умение составлять ее необходимо для обработки печатной
информации на иностранном и русском языках и при оформлении записок
к дипломным проектам. Специалисты и ученые обязаны уметь писать аннотации к своим научным статьям, докладам, на книги и т. д.
Аннотация состоит из трех частей.
1. Справка к аннотации. В ней указываются следующие данные: ав-
тор; название работы на английском языке, перевод названия; количество
страниц, таблиц, рисунков, ссылок на использованную литературу; на каком языке написана работа.
2. Основная часть должна отражать перечень наиболее характерных
положений по содержанию работы.
3. Заключительная часть. В этой части должен быть общий вывод
автора работы, а также рекомендации, для кого данная работа может представлять особый интерес.
К аннотациям как на русском, так и на английском языке предъявля-
ется ряд требований.
1. Лаконичность языка, т. е. использование простых предложений
(глаголы употребляются всегда в настоящем времени в действительном
или страдательном залоге. Модальные глаголы, как правило, отсутствуют).
2. Строгая логическая структура текста аннотации.
3. Обязательное введение в текст аннотации безличных конструкций
и отдельных слов, например: «Сообщается...», «Подробно описывается...»,
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«Кратко рассматривается...», «Излагаются...», «Комментируются...» и др.,
1. The article (рарег, book, etc.) deals
with...
2. As the title implies the article
describes...
3. It is specially noted...
4. A mention should be made...
5. It is spoken in detail...
6. ... are noted.
7. It is reported...
8. The text gives a valuable Information
on ...
9. Much attention is given to ...
10. The article is of great help to..
11. The article is of interest...
12. It (the article) gives a detailed
analysis of...
13. It draws our attention to...
14. The difference between the terms ...
and ... should be stressed.
15. It should be stressed (emphasized) that...
1. Эта статья (работа, книга и т.д.)
касается...
2. Согласно названию, в статье описывается..
3. Особенно отмечается...
4. Упоминается...
5. Подробно описывается...
6. Упоминается...
7. Сообщается...
8. Текст дает ценную информацию...
9. Большое внимание уделяется...
10. Эта статья окажет большую помощь...
11. Эта статья представляет интерес
для...
12. Она (статья) дает детальный
(подробный) анализ...
13. Она (статья, работа) привлекает
наше внимание к ...
14. Следует подчеркнуть различие
между терминами ... и ...
15. Следует подчеркнуть, что...
с помощью которых происходит введение и описание текста оригинала.
4. Недопущение повторения заглавия статьи в тексте аннотации.
5. Точность в передаче заглавия оригинала, отдельных формулировок
и определений.
6. Использование общепринятых сокращений слов (напр., и т.д.,
и т.п., и др.).
7. Единство терминов и обозначений.
Текст аннотации должен быть максимально кратким (от 500 до 1000
печатных знаков).
Основные штампы (key-patterns) аннотаций на английском и русском
языках:
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