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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов = English for Postgrаduate students. Учебное пособие
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9. The change of schedule was confusing for all the passengers.
10. Nick’s courage was astonishing.
VI. Переведите предложения с Participle II Passive в функции
a) определения:
1. The house built in this street is very beautiful.
2. The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our
company.
3. They have to repair the broken parts of this engine.
4. The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work.
5. The composition written by this student is excellent.
6. We shall use instruments of improved design.
7. The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable.
8. The results obtained by this group are very good.
9. There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room.
10. The discovery made by him is of great value.
б) обстоятельства:
1. When asked, he answered all the questions.
2. This book is sold everywhere.
3. Unless discussed, the new method must not be used.
4. When translated, the instruction became perfectly understood.
5. When offered help, he accepted it with gratitude.
6. Ice melts when heated.
7. If frozen, water becomes ice.
8. When corrected, the article was published.
9. When produced, the parts will be sent to various plants.
10. As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one.
11. If corrected, the article will be published.
12. When you go through the customs, your luggage will be checked.
13. When cooled, the solution was tested.
14. The letters have already been typed.
15. Packed in cases, the goods were not damaged.
16. When subjected to high temperature, this substance changes its
properties.
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17. This device was installed yesterday.
18. When installed, the device will be ready for operation.
19. The project has just been completed.
20. Completed in due time, the book was accepted by the publishing house.
VII. Выберите Participle I или Participle II и переведите предло-
жения:
1. The (breaking/broken) dishes lay on the floor.
2. The (trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.
3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying/cried) victims of the
accident.
4. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he notified the fire
department immediately.
5. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified
that the ship was sinking.
6. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louvre in Paris.
7. The wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises that the children
ran to their parents’ room.
8. The (frightening/frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.
9. The (boring/bored) lecture got the students to sleep.
10. The (boring/bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored)
lecture.
11. The police towed away the (parking/parked) cars because they were
blocking the entrance.
12. (Freezing/frozen) food is often easier to prepare than fresh food.
13. The (cleaning/cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry.
14. We found it difficult to get through the (closing/closed) door without
a key.
15. As we entered the (crowding/crowded) room, I noticed my cousins.
VIII. Переведите предложения, определяя форму и функцию прича-
стия.
1. Generally speaking, a liquid having a free surface is one on whose
surface there is absolutely no pressure. 2. A gram of water is proved to change
exactly to a gram of ice when freezing and to a gram of water vapour when
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evaporating, 3. This means that a space program must be flexible and diverse,
making it possible to explore completely new fields. 4. Strictly speaking, this
somewhat arbitrary division may be justified taking into account an imperfect
technique. 5. More or less saturated chloraparaffines are formed, depending on
the temperature of reaction. 6. However, speed and power consumption
specifications for the devices can be misleading. 7. This country embracing over
four millions of square miles, being thus larger than the whole of Europe,
contained but about two millions of inhabitants.
IX. Переведите предложения, определяя форму и функцию при-
частия.
1. Pride, the never-failing vice of fools (A. Pope). 2. Coming events cast
their shadows before them. 3. What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two
bodies (Aristotle). 4. Another factor influencing the level of detail is the
progress reporting requirements. 5. Using the energy of the atom we produce
electric energy at atomic power plants. 6. Conversion from one oxidation state
to another can be accomplished readily by common oxidizing and reducing
agents. 7. The empirical evidence is lacking here. 8. This requirement is not
restricting, however. 9. The linking of the molecules is much more flexible,
consisting of ad hoc bilateral or multilateral interfaces. 10. It is quite possible
that goodness, being a property of a man, is not conditioned by nature. 11. At
210° nitrodiphenyl is formed, indicating that phenyl elimination does take place
at this temperature. 12. Computing the constants A and B, transforming the
rational function into a continued fraction, and replacing t by qt, we finally
obtain the approximation. 13. Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and
logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather
complicated conditions. 14. System design progresses through several stages,
becoming more detailed in each stage. 15. Growing science accumulates
examples of quantitative relations. 16. The yield was 12% of the dried wood,
varying with the amount of hydrochloric acid used. 17. When being pure, water
is и colorless liquid. 18. The thermal decomposition of NO is rate-determining.
19. This tube is very similar to others, save being a bit wider. 20. Considering
the limited scope of the method, it has yet been used by comparatively few
workers. 21. The syntax and semantics of these languages are very
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sophisticated, milking the translation to machine language a complex process.
22. The chemical and physical properties of these dimmers are being studied.
23. Sometimes such experiments, even if performed only in the imagination, are
convincing even to mathematicians. 24. The overall rate of growth of the
economy was seriously disappointing. 25. Strictly speaking, this finding means
that this hypothesis cannot be rejected.
X. Переведите предложения, определяя форму и функцию при-
частия.
1. Danger foreseen is half avoided. 2. One cannot shut one's eyes to things
not seen with eyes (Ch. Morgan). 3. The results obtained disagreed with earlier
data. 4. Statements, in turn, are strings of symbols from a given alphabet,
composed of letters, digits and special characters. 5. The set of basic operations
provided is not, in general, suited to the execution of commonly needed
procedures. 6. The strategies available in the dynamic situation are complicated
functions of information received and actions undertaken in the preceding
stages. 7. It was a standpoint shared by many philosophers. 8. Syntax is another
93 major difference, as indicated in the proceeding paragraphs. 9. Ethics is
concerned with moral duties of a man. 10. Nearly all the assembly line problems
as documented in the literature were solved by this method. 11. Science
accumulates examples foreseen and verified through practice. 12. A natural
consequence of such behavior should be decreased time for problem solution.
13. Ethics is closely connected with feeling. 14. This expedition failed because
undertaken in winter. 15. Thus influenced, the author yielded. 16. That lesson,
once learned, was never forgotten. 17. Logicians are concerned with inductive
logic. 18. The only evidence (we can have) consists of the reports yet
unpublished. 19. When properly carried out, microwave determination of depole
moment should be of considerable reliability. 20. The model suggested
described adequately the thermodynamic peculiarities studied by Dr. Dunn.
21. The child lacks the experience required for practical action. 22. Once
designed and if designed properly a relational database is very flexible. 23. The
difficulties posed by this problem are generally recognized. 24. Stated bluntly,
a different set could be selected for this purpose. 25. The basic solvent used
prevented lactone information. 26. We also discuss experiments connected with
some related questions.
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GERUND
I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в фун-
кции подлежащего.
1. Travelling is a very pleasant thing. 2. Learning words is necessary for
studying foreign languages. 3. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure
during the test was absolute necessity. 4. Debugging a program is a hard job.
5. Programming is the process of preparing, testing and correcting instructions for
a computer. 6. Adding and subtracting are reasonable operations. 7. Measuring
distances to the planets and stars has a lot of difficulties. 8. Generating electricity
on a large scale all over the country gives great possibilities for the rapid
development of our industry and agriculture.
II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в фун-
кции части сказуемого.
1. Her task is looking after her children. 2. One of the effects of heat is
turning a solid into liquid. 3. The task of the factory was producing corrosionresistant polymers in far larger quantities. 4. Their aim is finding new ways of
utilizing this new material on road building construction. 5. Mathematical
operations are adding, subtracting and others. 6. One of the most important tasks
after the 1917 revolution was building up power stations to supply the country
with electricity.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий
в функции дополнения.
1. I don’t like walking slowly. 2. We are fond of playing computer games.
3. The experimentalist suggested purifying the solution by a new method.
4. Logical operations include comparing, selecting and others. 5. Supercomputers
are used for calculating complex problems. 6. The researcher took great interest
in our improving the properties of rubber-like substances 7. We know of silver
and copper being very good conductors of electricity. 8. Nowadays the highspeed processors are used for processing information. 9. He did not complain of
having been laughed at.
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IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий
в функции обстоятельства.
1. By performing different kinds of operations on a computer people solve
a lot of difficult problems. 2. In spite of having a headache, he spoke for an
hour. 3. After talking to them we’ll decide. 4. After performing calculations a
computer displays some result. 5. By subjecting air to very high pressure and
cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid state. 6. One cannot transform
water into steam without heating it. 7. In converting water into ice we do not
change its composition. 8. Think carefully before buying a computer.
V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий
в функции определения.
1. He did not like the idea of walking through that forest. 2. One of the
benefits of buying a system is that it has detailed documentation with it. 3. The
way of solving this problem is rather difficult. 4. The burning of fossil fuels is
one of the sources of obtaining power but not the best one. 5. Scientists are
doing their best to find more efficient ways of utilizing solar energy. 6. The idea
of utilizing the energy of oceans and seas for man’s needs is not new.
VI. Переведите предложения, определяя функцию герундия.
1. Learning without thought is labour lost, thought without learning is
perilous (Confucius). 2. Seeing is believing. 3. Appetite comes with eating.
4. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 5. Instead of using
chlorine, they took bromine. 6. A committee has been established for the
purpose of coordinating the nomenclature. 7. They continued experimenting
with the substance. 8. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various
alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 9. We have modified the
network while retaining the SFS property. 10. Having access to the code was
symbolic. 11. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described.
12. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be
effectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F. 13. The new
opportunities may make life on this planet much more worth living. 14. They
were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this
problem. 15. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 16. It is no use
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speaking of it. 17. Operating conditions differed widely. 18. It is customary to
dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel. 19. They
could not help seeing the importance of the process. 20. It is commonly
understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the
show is worth seeing. 21. The purpose o f the method is determining system
stability. 22. In one's search to understand what happens in this particular case,
one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem.
23. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 24. The architects' aim is
applying more plastics for interior decoration. 25. The problem, however, is in
not dividing the structure finely enough. 26. Before starting the engine it is
necessary to test the piping for leakage. 27. Inhibiting is preferable to drastic
refining. 28. Fortran has become a widely accepted programming language of
the coding of mathematical applications. 29. This is not surprising in view of the
fact that these compounds undergo rearrangement, giving diazoesters. 30. The
system architecture consists of several layers together with corresponding
compiling modules. 31. Two results obtained using the protocol showed an
interesting effect worth presenting and discussing here. 32. A system analyst
spends much of a working day interviewing people. 33. The theory also
basically improves understanding o f a queueing situation enabling better
control.
VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции ге-
рундия в предложении.
1. Two special cases are worth highlighting. 2. The question is answered
ill purl by studying the behaviour of the optimal strategy for the task described
here. 3. It is worthwhile reconsidering this case as well as adding another even
mote impressive example. 4. Up to the present time, several writers have
succeeded in finding exact solution of the fundamental differential equation in
certain particular cases. 5. This justifies our coming here. 6. Programming a
computer involves analysing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.
7. Having the source code is a way of achieving independence. 8. Today we
cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a
research team at the achievement of a common goal. 9. The opening words of
this curious treaty are worthy of being recorded. 10. They were accused of being
77
the friends of the Pretender. 11. Peter insisted upon laying aside all the
ccrcmonial of royalty. 12. He had died without leaving either a personal or a
political will. 13. Perhaps one of the biggest problems is ventilating suckers.
14. Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the
engine. 15. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use.
16. The ability of the device to place max poles while preserving others is
clcnrly attractive. 17. Life is a matter of making wise choices – of knowing
when to draw the line. 18. The method as developed by W. R. Evens is
indicating the location of roots of the characteristic equation.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL WORDS
I. Определите предложения, в которых it является формальным
подлежащим в безличном предложении. Переведите предложения.
1. It can therefore be considered that the presence of oxygen is necessary
to the isomerization.
2. It is evident that these curves are similar to those shown in Fig 5 and 6.
3. It should be noted that this analysis differs from a recently published
explanation.
4. It is an increase in temperature that increases the speed of the
molecules.
5. It is necessary to determine not only in which direction a target lines,
but also exactly how far away it is.
6. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively
in medicine.
7. It seemed to us that the engine was out of order.
II. Выделите предложения, где it является заменителем ранее
упомянутого существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. Were that liquid heated, it would greatly expand.
2. No matter in what position the cell may be put, it will serve its purpose.
3. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, for he read a lot
of technical journals while preparing for it.
4. Although he was not the first to invent radio communication, Marconi
nevertheless played an important part in developing it.
78
5. It is necessary that the sample to be analyzed be chemically pure.
6. It is quite possible that the device under consideration will work well.
7. It was in this form that the catalyst was used.
III. Определите it в функции вводного слова в эмфатической кон-
струкции. Предложения переведите.
1. It is the movement of the electrons which gives rise to the phenomenon
known as the electric current.
2. It is not difficult to understand that the kilogram calorie is 1000 times as
large as the calorie.
3. It is the three main components of the atom that we shall deal with
below.
4. For that reason, it became necessary that some special practical unit be
developed.
5. It was Heinrich Hertz, the « father of radio» who made his great
discovery in 1887.
6. It has been found that the atom in its turn can be divided into many
different components.
7. It is the magnetic effect of the current that is the subject of this article.
IV. Определите предложения, в которых one является числи-
тельным.
1. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere under pressure of
one volt.
2. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is
flying.
3. The amount of energy liberated by one ton of explosive is limited.
4. One should keep in mind all the above figures.
5. I know only one solution of this problem.
6. This method is the one which is much spoken about.
7. Volta converted chemical energy into electrical one.
8. A concentrated load is one whose area of contact with the resisting body
negligible.
9. Technological progress is clearly linked to the development of new
materials, but of equal importance is the efficient use of existing ones.
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V. Определите предложения, в которых one является неопреде-
ленно-личным местоимением.
1. One could simulate at the register level also, but this level of simulation
is of little interest to the microprocessor uses.
2. One of the most puzzling aspects of Venus is its lack of water.
3. Obviously, this error norm is not the best one from the approximation
standpoint.
4. The first phase checking system analyzed is the one in which a very
long examination time exists.
5. One need not use the same method to solve all the problems.
6. One should not forget that the Centre of gravity is an imaginary
arbitrary point.
7. One finds that each of the two parts is a magnet having both a north
pole and a south one.
8. One might interpret this result from two different viewpoints.
9. One could not obtain good results without repeating the test
VI. Определите предложения, в которых one является словом-
заменителем. Переведите предложения.
1. One can state that the future of chemistry is linked closely with atomic
energy.
2. Today more than 3000000 organic compounds are known, at least a
hundred new ones are added every day.
3. A static field is the one that neither moves nor changes in intensity.
4. One has but to place a steel bar inside a wire coil and pass direct current
through the coil.
5. Similar conclusions are reached when one considers r1 and r2.
6. One ought to remember that Lodygin was the first inventor of the
incandescent lamp.
7. The history of radar is a long one.
8. In contrast the other approach to the analysis of quantization noise is a
deterministic one.
9. We see that there are many different forms of energy and that one may
convert energy of one form into energy of another form.
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