Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов = English for Postgrаduate students. Учебное пособие
.pdf
6) request, permission: ask – просить, to allow, to permit – позволять,
Construction
Example
Complex Subject
noun (g. c.)
(+ v.) + inf.
pron. (n. c.)
They are said to have travelled lot.
Construction
Example
«for» + noun (pron.) + inf.
Everybody waited for the meeting to start.
This is for you to decide.
to enable – давать возможность.
Ex.: I allowed him to come in.
Complex Subject
Complex Subject is used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs:
to hear – слышать, to see – видеть, to find – находить, обнаруживать,
to know – знать, to report – сообщать, to expect – ожидать, полагать,
to consider – считать, рассматривать, to believe – полагать, to say – гово-
рить, to suppose – предполагать.
Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived.
The conference is believed to take place in Minsk.
Complex Subject is used in the Active Voice with the following verbs: to
seem, to appear – казаться, to prove – оказаться, to happen – случаться, to
turn out – оказаться и со словосочетаниями: to be unlikely (likely) – мало-
вероятно, to be sure (unsure) – определенно, безусловно, to be certain
(uncertain) – определенно, наверняка.
Ex.: The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change.
They are sure to come.
Construction «for» + noun (pron.) + inf.
51
THE PARTICIPLE
Active
Passive
Participle I
delivering
being delivered
Participle II
delivered
Perfect Participle
having delivered
having been delivered
1. Attribute
Mother is looking at her sleeping child.
2. Adverbial modifier
а) of time
b) of reason
c) of manner or attendant
circumstances
When asked he refused to answer the
question.
Having been translated into many
languages the book became world
famous.
Не was reading the news- paper sitting
in the armchair.
3. Part of the predicate
The plan is being discussed.
All doors were locked.
Construction
Example
Objective Participial Construction
noun (g. c.)
+ Part. I; II
pron.(obj. c.)
We heard him playing the piano.
I considered the work done.
I had my books bound.
Subjective Participial Construction
noun (g. c.)
+ Part. I; II
pron.(nom. c.)
Не was seen crossing the street.
She was heard talking about it.
Не was seen looking for something.
Absolute Participial Construction
noun (g. c.)
+ Part. I; II
pron.(nom. c.)
It being warm, we went for a walk.
Radio was invented in 1895,
the inventor being the Russian scientist.
1. Forms of the participle
2. Functions of the participle
3. Participle constructions
52
1. Forms of the gerund
Active
Passive
Gerund
shipping
being shipped
Perfect Gerund
having shipped
having been shipped
Function
Usage
Example
Subject
Swimming is my favorite
sport.
Part
of the compound
predicate
after the verb: to be;
with prepositions: against,
for;
with the expressions: to be
on the point of, to be far
from;
after the verbs: to stop, to
finish, to continue, to go
on, to keep, to begin, tо
start, to like, to need, to
prefer and others.
My task is reading a book.
The director is for starting
the talks at once.
The negotiations are still
far from being ended.
Stop talking.
He kept on asking her
about the details.
Your suggestion needs
discussing.
I prefer reading classical
novels.
Object
а) direct object
b) prepositional
object
after the verbs: to
remember, to enjoy, to
mind, to excuse, to be
worth;
after the verbs with
prepositions:
to depend on, to rely on, to
object to, to blame ... for, to
thank for, to be responsible
for, to be fond of, to be
tired of, to be afraid of, to
look forward to, to feel like
and others.
She suggested
discussing this question.
I don't mind going there.
Не is fond of collecting old
cars.
I am afraid of making a
mistake.
I am tired of arguing with
you.
2. Functions of the gerund
THE GERUND
53
Function
Usage
Example
Attribute
After the nouns with
prepositions: way (of),
opportunity(of), hope of,
ехреrience (in), геаson
(for), interest (in),
importance of and others.
You have no reason for
saying that.
I understand the
importance of learning
English.
Adverbail Modifier
а) of time
b) of manner
or attendant
circumstances
с) of purpose
with prepositions: after,
before, on;
with prepositions: by,
without, instead of, besides,
apart from;
with the expressions: for
the purpose of, with the
object of, with a view to;
After returning home he
resumed his work.
She left the room without
looking at me.
The board was established
for the purpose of
improving the process.
pron (pos. c.)
+ GERUND
noun (pos. c., gen. c.)
He insisted on my being examined
by the doctor.
I know of Nick's father delivering
lectures on chemistry.
Суффиксы
Примеры
Перевод
-асу
-age
-ance/-ence
-ancy/-ency
-ation
-dom
-er/-or
supremacy
advantage; damage
resistance; existence
discrepancy; efficiency
foundation
freedom
consumer; conductor
главенство
преимущество; повреждение
сопротивление; существование
разногласие; эффективность
основание
свобода
потребитель; проводник
3. Complex gerund construction
Suffixes of Nouns
Суффиксы существительных
Who? What?
WORD FORMATION
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
54
Суффиксы
Примеры
Перевод
-ics
-ion/-tion
-ment
-ness
-ship
-th
-tude
-ty/-ity
-ure
-ist
electronics
installation; direction
equipment; requirement
readiness; usefulness
leadership
length
magnitude
capacity; conductivity
measure; nature
scientist
электроника
установка; направление
оборудование; требование
готовность; полезность (польза)
руководство
длина
величина
емкость; проводимость
мера; природа
ученый
Суффиксы
Примеры
Перевод
-ate
-ute
-en
-ize
-ify
to generate
to contribute
to shorten
to magnetize
to simplify
генерировать
содействовать
укорачивать
намагничивать
упрощать
Суффиксы
Примеры
Перевод
-ly
-ward(s)
-wise
mainly
afterward(s)
clockwise
главным образом
впоследствии, потом
по часовой стрелке
1. Underline the stems in the following words
leader, ability, contribution, carrier, compactness, development, altitude,
width, mechanics, pessimist, relation, friendship, storage, boredom, quantity.
Suffixes of Verbs
Суффиксы глаголов
What to do?
2. Which of the given words are nouns or verbs? Why?
practice, wide, wilderness, practise, electrifier, compute, amplitude,
electrify, pretence, organize.
Suffixes of Adverbs
Суффиксы наречий
How?
55
Suffixes of Adjectives
Суффиксы
Примеры
Перевод
-able/-ible
-al
-(an)eous
-ous
-ant/-ent
-ate
-que
-ic/-ical
-ior
-ive
-ful
-less
-like
-ory
-y
considerable; possible
fundamental
simultaneous; advantageous
various; dangerous
important; efficient
aggregate
unique
basic
superior
positive
useful
useless
humanlike
compulsory
noisy
значительный, возможный
основной
одновременный; благоприятный
различный; опасный
важный; действенный
общий, совокупный
уникальный
основной
высший, лучший
положительный
полезный
бесполезный
человечный
обязательный
шумный
Приставки
Примеры
Перевод
a-/abantiсо-/соn-
counterdedis-
aperiodic; abnormal
anti-aircraft
co-axial; convergent
to counteract
to desalt
disadvantage
непериодичный; ненормальный
противовоздушный
имеющий общую ось;
сходящийся
противодействовать
обессолить
недостаток
Суффиксы прилагательных
What kind of?
3. Which of the words are adjectives or adverbs? Why?
easily, equal, noisy, numerous, faulty, anticlockwise, eastwards, well,
carelessly, powerful, traceable, good, simply, comfortable, useful, northward,
dangerous, businesslike, naturally, inferior, bad.
PREFIXES
ПРИСТАВКИ
56
Приставки
Примеры
Перевод
enexim-/in-/ir
inter-
misnonoutoverresemisubsuperununder-
to enlarge
ex-president
impossible; insignificant;
irregular
interconnection;
interdependence
mislead
non-conductor
output
to overestimate
to reconstruct
semiconductor
submarine
superconductor
unequal
to underestimate
увеличивать(ся)
бывший президент
невозможный; незначительный;
нерегулярный
взаимосвязь; взаимозависимость
вводить в заблуждение
непроводник
мощность; выпуск
переоценивать
перестраивать
полупроводник
подводный; подводная лодка
сверхпроводник
неравный
недооценивать
1. Read the following words. What are their prefixes? stems? suffixes?
generate, inefficient, abnormally, underproduction, anticlockwise,
counteraction, demagnetize, superconductor, inequality, misunderstand,
unequally, equality, interrelation, non-conductor, input, simplify, waterless,
irregularity, redden, enlargement, unreadable, southward, clockwise, fully,
noisy, typically, impossible, superconductor.
В отличие от русского языка, в английском языке одно и то же слово
может выступать в предложении в качестве разных частей речи. Так,
в данных ниже предложениях слово water является существительным (1),
глаголом (2), играет роль прилагательного (3), является частью сложного
слова (4).
1. Water is necessary for life. – Вода необходима для жизни.
2. Water the flower-bed, please. – Полей(те), пожалуйста, клумбу.
КОНВЕРСИЯ
57
3. Water mills served a source of energy. – Водяные мельницы служили
источником энергии.
4. Water-supply system – система водоснабжения; Water-proof watch –
водонепроницаемые часы.
Значения подобных слов и их перевод на русский язык зависят от того, каким членом предложения они являются. Они могут быть подлежащим, сказуемым (или его частью), определением, обстоятельством. Функцию слова помогает определить твердый порядок слов в английском предложении и контекст.
ПРЕДЛОГИ И СОЮЗЫ. ФРАЗОВЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
For – в течение, в продолжение (как долго?):
for an hour, for a month.
For – так как:
We couldn't start the experiment for we didn't have all the necessary
facilities.
During – в течение, в продолжение:
during the experiment.
While – когда, в то время как:
Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.
As, as long as, as well as, as if, like:
As – так как:
As the aesthetics should be observed the antennae were designed as
lighting towers along walkways.
As – когда:
As a sponsor paid business model is developed service providers will
significantly enhance revenue potential.
As long as – если:
The firm will expand its coverage as long as it has paying customers.
As well as – и, а также:
Tesla developed techniques to relocate capacity in-house as well as
developing specific solutions to solve the architectural problem.
58
As if – как, как будто, как если бы:
It sounds as if a real time monitoring represents genuine innovation.
Like – как; такой же, как; например:
Like every manager you must make important decisions. Many factors
like crowd behavior may influence capacity potential.
In case, unless, provided/providing:
In case – если:
I'll give you my phone number in case you need to contact me.
Unless – если не:
Unless you work much harder you won't be able to pass the exam.
Provided/Providing – если, при условии:
Provided/Providing you study hard you'll pass your exams.
If/whether – ли:
They couldn't decide whether/if it was worth re-sitting the exam.
59
I. Заполните пропуски подходящей по смыслу формой инфинитива.
1. The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.
2. Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied)
very hard.
3. George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.
4. It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.
5. I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.
6. The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the
SECTION III
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
INFINITIVE
meeting.
7. The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.
8. I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.
9. The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.
10. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch /
be watching) TV in her room.
II. Переведите следующие предложения с инфинитивом в функции
а) подлежащего:
1. To see is to believe.
2. It’s unpleasant to deal with people like Mr. Brown.
3. Whether to leave or not has not been decided yet.
4. How to convince him is a problem.
5. Where to hang a picture must be decided right now.
6. Which advice to follow is your own business.
7. It was difficult to answer this question.
8. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural
science.
9. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]