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Файл:Английский для юристов основы перевода международных документов. Учебное пособие
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Other tenses
Tense Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest
Past Simple
Present
Perfect
Past Perfect
Future
Simple
Future
Perfect
Present
Progressive
Past
Progressive
Was the agreement concluded in 2010?
Has the agreement been concluded this year?
Had the agreement been concluded by 2016?
Will the agreement be concluded next year?
Will the agreement have been con-
cluded
Is the agreement being concluded now?
Was the agreement being concluded at that time
by next
year?
yesterday?
A. Ask general questions to these sentences:
1. Public international law and private international law are included into
the notion international law in its widest sense.
2. Private international law is also referred to as conflict of laws.
3. International institutions and intergovernmental organisations have
been known as vehicles for making, applying, implementing and enforcing public international law especially since the end of World War II.
4. Other international norms and laws have been established through in-
ternational agreements such as the Geneva conventions on the conduct of
war or armed conflicts.
5. The convention was being discussed for nearly three days last week.
6. This treaty will have been enforced by the end of 2021.
B. Ask special questions to these sentences:
1. In many countries practising lawyers are required to keep their legal
skills and knowledge of the law up to date by completing certain courses.
2. These courses are offered on a wide range of topics.
31
3. Continuing Professional Development courses are increasingly being
offered online as part of distance education programmes.
4. The most important recent developments in the Community’s legisla-
tion and policy in the field of labour law will be presented at the seminar.
5. Directive 2007/36/EC on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders
was published in July 2007.
C. Put these question in the Active Voice into the questions in the Passive
Voice:
1. Do they expect a recommendation on several aspects of shareholders;
rights this autumn?
2. Will experts analyse the impact of all these developments and consider
the challenges for the future?
3. Did the decision in Laval represent a necessary restriction on the power of unions?
4. Are they discussing the final clauses of the agreement right now?
5. Do they relate comparative law to private international law?
6. Did they establish this organisation to research the needs and methods
for modernising, harmonising and coordinating private international law?
¾ TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Translate these articles from the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties
and summarise their general ideas:
Статья 12
Согласие на обязательность договора, выраженное подписанием
1. Согласие государства на обязательность для него договора выражается
путём подписания договора представителем государства, если:
a) договор предусматривает, что подписание имеет такую силу;
b) иным образом установлена договорённость участвующих в переговорах
государств о том, что подписание должно иметь такую силу; или
c) намер
полномочий его представителя или было выражено во время переговоров.
2. Для целей пункта 1:
a) парафирование текста означает подписание договора в том случае, если
установлено, что участвующие в переговорах государства так условились;
ение государства придать подписанию такую силу вытекает из
32
b) подписание ad referendum договора представителем государства, если
оно подтверждается этим государством, означает окончательное подписание договора.
Статья 13
Согласие на обязательность договора, выраженное путём обмена
документами, образующими договор
Согласие государств на обязательность для них договора, состоящего из
документов, которыми они обмениваются, выражается посредством этого
обмена, если:
a) эти документы предусматривают, что обмен ими будет иметь та
лу; или
b) иным образом установлена договоренность этих государств о том, что
этот обмен документами должен иметь такую силу.
Статья 14
Согласие на обязательность договора, выраженное ратификацией,
принятием или утверждением
1. Согласие государства на обязательность для него договора выражается
ратификацией, если:
a) договор предусматривает, что такое согласие выражается ратификацией;
b) иным обр
ва договорились о необходимости ратификации;
c) представитель государства подписал договор под условием ратификации; или
d) намерение государства подписать договор под условием ратификации
вытекает из полномочий его представителя или было выражено во время
переговоров.
2. Согласие государства на обязательность для него договора выражается
принятием ил
меняются к ратификации.
азом установлено, что участвующие в переговорах государст-
и утверждением на условиях, подобных тем, которые при-
Статья 15
кую си-
Согласие на обязательность договора, выраженное присоединением
Согласие государства на обязательность для него договора выражается
присоединением, если:
a) договор предусматривает, что такое согласие может быть выражено
этим государством путём присоединения;
33
b) иным образом установлено, что участвующие в переговорах государства договорились, что такое согласие может быть выражено этим государством путем присоединения; или
c) все участники впоследствии договорились, что такое согласие может
быть выражено этим государством путём присоединения.
¾ IDEAS TO THINK AND SPEAK ABOUT
1. How is the consent of a state to be bound by a treaty expressed be-
sides signature?
2. Do you think it is necessary to add any other instruments for express-
ing a consent to be bound by a treaty in view of modern challenges?
Unit 4. The structure of an international agreement
¾ STARTING UP
1. What can you say about the main parts of an international agreement?
2. What is usually written in the first part?
3. What about the final part of an international agreement?
¾ READING
A. Read an excerpt from the Paris agreement signed in 2015 and comment
on the main parts of the document.
The Parties to this Agreement,
Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention",
Pursuant to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action established by
decision 1/CP.17 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its
seventeenth session,
In pursuit of the objective of the Convention, and being guided by its
principles, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national
circumstances,
34
Recognizing the need for an effective and progressive response to the
urgent threat of climate change on the basis of the best available scientific
knowledge,
Taking full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least
developed countries with regard to funding and transfer of technology,
…..........................................................................................................................
Emphasizing the intrinsic relationship that climate change actions,
responses and impacts have with equitable access to sustainable development
and eradication of poverty,
…............................................................................................................................
Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind,
Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote
and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health,
the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons
with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to
development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and
intergenerational equity,
........................................................................................................................
Noting the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including
oceans, and the protection of biodiversity, recognized by some cultures as
Mother Earth, and noting the importance for some of the concept of "climate
justice", when taking action to address climate change,
Affirming the importance of education, training, public awareness, public
participation, public access to information and cooperation at all levels on the
matters addressed in this Agreement,
.........................................................................................................................
Also recognizing that sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of
consumption and production, with developed country Parties taking the lead,
play an important role in addressing climate change,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
For the purpose of this Agreement, the definitions contained in Article 1 of
the Convention shall apply. .................................................................
Article 2
1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention,
including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of
climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to
eradicate poverty, including by:
(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below
2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature
35
increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change
and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in
a manner that does not threaten food production; and
(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low
greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
2. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle
of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the
light of different national circumstances.
.........................................................................................................................
Article 8
1. Parties recognize the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing
loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change,
including extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of
sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage.
2. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated
with Climate Change Impacts shall be subject to the authority and guidance of
the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Agreement and may be enhanced and strengthened, as determined by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Agreement.
3. Parties should enhance understanding, action and support, including
through the Warsaw International Mechanism, as appropriate, on a cooperative
and facilitative basis with respect to loss and damage associated with the
adverse effects of climate change.
.........................................................................................................................
Article 26
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this
Agreement.
Article 27
No reservations may be made to this Agreement.
Article 28
1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Agreement has
entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Agreement by
giving written notification to the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the
date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such
later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as
also having withdrawn from this Agreement.
36
n
m
o
p
Article 29
The original of this Agreement, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with
the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
DONE at Paris this twelfth day of December two thousand and fifteen.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized to that
effect, have signed this Agreement.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What threat do the Parties of the Agreement recognize?
2. What have the Parties agreed to do?
3. When can any Party withdraw from the Agreement?
4. Who shall the original of the Agreement be deposited with?
5. The text of the Agreement is not written in Russian, is it?
¾ VOCABULARY
A. Find the Russian equivalents of the following English words:
by i
importance
consent
ursuant to
noting
taking full account
in pursuit
affirming
во исполнение признавая стремясь к
полностью принимая во внимание подчёркивая
отмечая подтверждая
37
B. Complete the sentences with the words from exercise A:
1. _______ of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its
Article 2.
2. _______ to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session.
3. _________ of the needs of the underdeveloped countries.....
4. __________ the fundamental documents of the United Nations Orga-
nisation........ .
5. ____________ the right of all people to be free.....
C. Form nouns of the following verbs:
Verb Noun
1. to recognize recognition
2. to acknowledge
3. to note
4. to affirm
5. to pursue
6. to emphasize
D. Put the following parts of the UN Declaration in the right order:
1. _____; 2. _____; 3. ______; 4._______.
A. Everyone has the right to know, seek and receive information about all human rights and fundamental freedoms and should have access to human rights
education and training.
B. Reaffirming that States are duty-bound, as stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights and in other human rights instruments, to ensure that education
is aimed at strengthening respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Acknowledging the fundamental importance of human rights education and
training in contributing to the promotion, protection and effective realization of
all human rights, …........................................................................................
38
Declares the following:
C. States should take appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementa-
tion of and follow-up to the present Declaration and make the necessary resources available in this regard.
D. States, and where applicable relevant governmental authorities, have the
primary responsibility to promote and ensure human rights education and training, developed and implemented in a spirit of participation, inclusion and responsibility.
¾ TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Translate this excerpt from the UN Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training:
…...................................................................................................................
признавая основополагающее значение вклада образования и подготовки по правам человека в поощрение, защиту и эффективное осуществление всех прав человека,
вновь подтверждая сформулированный на Всемирной конференции
по правам человека в Вене в 1993 году призыв ко всем государствам и учреждениям включать вопросы прав человека, гуманитарного права, демо-
тии и верховенства закона в программы всех учебных заведений и за-
кра
явление о том, что образование в области прав человека должно включать
вопросы обеспечения мира, демократии, развития и социальной справедливости, как об этом говорится в международных и региональных договорах по правам человека, ради достижения общего понимания и осведом-
сти в интересах укрепления всеобщей приверженности правам че-
ленно
ловека,
ссылаясь на Итоговый документ Всемирного саммита 2005 года, в котором главы государств и правительств поддержали усилия по развитию
просвещения и обучения в области прав человека на всех уровнях, в том
числе путем реализации Всемирной программы образования в области
прав человека, и пр
инициативы …................................................................................................
заявляет следующее:
извали все государства развивать направленные на это
39
Статья 1
…....................................................................................................................
2. Образование и подготовка по правам человека имеют существенное
значение для поощрения всеобщего уважения и соблюдения всех прав
человека и основных свобод всех лиц в соответствии с принципами уни-
версальности, неделимости и взаимозависимости прав человека.................
Статья 3
1. Образование и подготовка в области прав человека – это процесс,
продолжающийся на протяжении всей жизни и к
растов...................................................................................................................
Статья 10
1. Различные субъекты общества, включая, в частности, образователь-
ные учреждения, средства информации, семьи, местные сообщества, учреждения гражданского общества, в том числе неправительственные организации, правозащитники и частный сектор, должны играть важную
роль в продвижении и обеспечении образования и подготовки в области
прав чел
чения эффективного выполнения настоящей Декларации и осуществления
последующих действий в связи с ней, а также выделять на это необходимые ресурсы.
овека. …................................................................................................
Статья 14
Государ с т в а м следует принимать соответствующие меры для обеспе-
асающийся всех воз-
¾ IDEAS TO THINK AND SPEAK ABOUT
1. What do you think about the protection of human rights in the world
today?
2. How important is the education in this sphere?
3. Do you know anything about human rights?
40
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