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Файл:Английский для юристов основы перевода международных документов. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Form of the Passive Voice:
Subject + to be in the tense of the active verb + Past Participle of the verb
The Passive Voice in different tenses
Prepositions used in the Passive voice:
By – This agreement was signed by three states.
With – This agreement was written with a pen, not a pencil.
Of – What is this made of?
In – Signed in the USA.
A. Change the sentences into the Passive Voice:
1. They reviewed all their diplomatic and military plans over the weekend
of September 15-16 as President Bush convened his war council at Camp
David.
21
2. In 1870, Prussian Chancellor Bismarck exploited an obscure
diplomatic conflict with France to unite the various German principalities
and kingdoms into a fighting force well equipped for war.
3. The journalist considers the Vatican's ties with Taiwan to be a major
obstacle to the restoration of diplomatic relations.
4. They want to extend the diplomatic relations of Spain to the remotest
parts of the earth.
5. They associate all these questions concerning Russia from 1762 to
1783 with the name of Panin.
6. After the war they sent on a special mission to France on account of
the presence of French troops in Mexico.
7. The president, with the advice and consent of the senate, appoints
judges, governors of territories, and officers of the army and navy above
the rank of colonel.
8. They do not use the Assyrian script and language now, not merely in
the diplomatic correspondence between Egypt and Asia, but also for matters of private and everyday life among the Palestinian princes themselves.
B. Put the verbs in brackets into the Passive Voice:
1. Nine conventions ________ (hold) at Danville from 1784 to 1790 to
demand separation from Virginia.
2. He ___________ (elect) to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1845
and became one of the extremest of the state rights Democrats of his section.
3. Every human convention can __________ (denounce).
4. The free communication of the bishops ________ (guarantee) in this
document.
5. Convinced that the onward march of the Colossus could not perma-
nently ______ (arrest) by mere diplomatic conventions, the cabinet of Tokio suddenly broke off diplomatic relations and commenced hostilities.
6. The history of international arbitration _______ (deal with) with in the
article Peace, where treaties of general arbitration _______ (discuss).
7. His actions always (consider) to be logical and accurate.
8. The conventions can (terminate) by either party within a month.
22
¾ TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Translate this extract from the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
framework convention on climate change written in 1998 and say what
measures States must take to deal with climate change:
Стороны настоящего Протокола,
являясь Сторонами Рамочной конвенции Организации Объединённых На-
ций об
изменении климата, далее упоминаемой как "Конвенция",
в целях достижения окончательной цели Конвенции, как она изложена в
статье 2,
ссылаясь на положения Конвенции,
руководствуясь статьей 3 Конвенции,
во исполнение Берлинского мандата, принятого в решении 1/CP.1 Конфе-
ренции Сторон Конвенции на её перво
договорились о следующем:
Для целей настоящего Протокола применяются определения, содержащиеся в статье 1 Конвенции. Кроме того:
1. "Конференция Сторон" означает Конференцию Сторон Конвенции.
2. "Конвенция" означает Рамочную конвенцию Организации Объединен-
ных Наций об изменении климата, принятую в Нью-Йорке 9 мая 1992 года.
3. "Межправительственная группа экспертов по изменению кли
означает Межправительственную группу экспертов по изменению климата, учрежденную совместно Всемирной метеорологической организацией
и Программой Организации Объединённых Наций по окружающей среде
в 1988 году.
…...........................................................................................................................
1. Любые Стороны, включённые в приложение I, которые достигли согла-
шения о совместном выполнении своих обязательств по статье 3, рассматриваются как выполнившие эти обязательства при условии, чт
суммарные совокупные антропогенные выбросы парниковых газов, перечисленных в приложении A, в эквиваленте диоксида углерода не превышают их установленных количеств, рассчитанных во исполнение их определенных количественных обязательств по ограничению и сокращению
й сессии,
Статья 1
мата"
Статья 4
о их общие
23
выбросов, зафиксированных в приложении B, и в соответствии с положениями статьи 3. Соответствующий уровень выбросов, устанавливаемый
для каждой из Сторон такого соглашения, определяется в этом соглашении.
2. Стороны любого такого соглашения уведомляют секретариат об условиях соглашения в день сдачи на хранение своих документов о ратификации, принятии, одобрении настоящего Протокола или о пр
нему. Секретариат в свою очередь информирует Стороны и сигнатариев
Конвенции об условиях данного соглашения.
Статья 27
1. В любое время по истечении трёх лет с даты вступления Протокола в
силу для той или иной Стороны эта Сторона может выйти из Протокола,
направив письменное уведомление Депозитарию.
2. Любой такой в
получения Депозитарием уведомления о выходе или в такой более поздний срок, который может быть указан в уведомлении о выходе.
3. Любая Сторона, которая выходит из Конвенции, считается также вышедшей из настоящего Протокола.
1. Подлинник настоящего Протокола, тексты которого на анг
арабском, испанском, китайском, русском и французском языках являются
равно аутентичными, сдается на хранение Генеральному секретарю Организации Объединенных Наций.
СОВЕРШЕНО в Киото одиннадцатого дня декабря месяца одна тысяча
девятьсот девяносто седьмого года.
В УДО С ТОВЕР ЕНИЕ ЧЕГО нижеподписавшиеся, должным образом на то
уполномоченные, поставили свои подписи под настоящим Протоколом в
азанные дни.
ук
ыход вступает в силу по истечении одного года с даты
Статья 28
исоединении к
лийском,
¾ IDEAS TO THINK AND SPEAK ABOUT
1. Look at the Convention on international information security in Unit 1
and say if there are any similarities in the structure of documents between
the Convention and the Kyoto protocol.
2. What do you think about the problem of climate change?
3. Do you know any other international documents that focus on climate
change?
24
Unit 3. The Vienna Convention on the law of treaties
¾ STARTING UP
1. What do you know about the Vienna Convention on the law of trea-
ties? When was it signed?
2. How many countries signed this convention?
¾ READING
A. Read the text and summarize general ideas of those articles of the Con-
vention which are represented here:
MULTILATERAL
Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex).
Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969
Authentic texts: English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.
Registered ex officio on 27 January 1980.
The States Parties to the present Convention,
Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international
relations,
Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of
international law and as a means of developing peaceful co-operation among
nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,
Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta
sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,
Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international
disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the
principles of justice and international law,
Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to
establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising
from treaties can be maintained,
Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter
of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all
States, of noninterference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of
the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all,
Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of
treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote the purposes of the
United Nations set forth in the Charter, namely, the maintenance of
25
international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and the
achievement of co-operation among nations,
Affirming that the rules of customary international law will continue to
govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention,
Have agreed as follows:
........................................................................................................................
PART II. CONCLUSION AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF TREATIES
SECTION I. CONCLUSION OF TREATIES
Article 6. CAPACITY OF STATES TO CONCLUDE TREATIES
Every State possesses capacity to conclude treaties.
Article 7. FULL POWERS
1. A person is considered as representing a State for the purpose of adopting or
authenticating the text of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent of
the State to be bound by a treaty if:
(a) He produces appropriate full powers; or
(b) It appears from the practice of the States concerned or from other
circumstances that their intention was to consider that person as representing
the State for such purposes and to dispense with full powers.
2. In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the
following are considered as representing their State:
(a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, for
the purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty;
(6) Heads of diplomatic missions, for the purpose of adopting the text of a
treaty between the accrediting State and the State to which they are accredited;
(c) Representatives accredited by States to an international conference or to an
international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of adopting the
text of a treaty in that conference, organization or organ.
..............................................................................................................................
Article 9. ADOPTION OF THE TEXT
1. The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the States
participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2.
2. The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference takes place
by the vote of two thirds of the States present and voting, unless by the same
majority they shall decide to apply a different rule.
................................................................................................................................
Article 11. MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A
TREATY
The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature,
exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval
or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.
..............................................................................................................................
26
Article 24. ENTRY INTO FORCE
1. A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may
provide or as the negotiating States may agree.
2. Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as
consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating
States.
3. When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is established on a date
after the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into force for that State on
that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides.
4. The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text, the
establishment of the consent of States to be bound by the treaty, the manner or
date of its entry into force, reservations, the functions of the depositary and
other matters arising necessarily before the entry into force of the treaty apply
from the time of the adoption of its text.
................................................................................................................................
Article 85. AUTHENTIC TEXTS
The original of the present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly
authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present
Convention.
DONE at Vienna, this twenty-third day of May, one thousand nine hundred and
sixty-nine.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What do the states parties to the Convention affirm and believe?
2. What conditions can a person be considered to represent a state for
concluding an agreement under?
3. When can the text of a treaty be adopted?
4. How can the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty be expressed?
5. A treaty enters into force on the date the negotiating States may agree,
doesn’t it?
6. How many languages is the Convention written in?
VOCABULARY
A. Find words and phrases which collocate with these words:
the end of an agreement
27
B. Match the words with their definitions:
1. to embody a) to prove or show that something is real and not false
or copied
2. self-determination b) because of or as a result of
3. noninterference c) the occasion when a country formally joins a group
of countries or accepts an agreement
4. to authenticate d) the freedom of the people in a country to choose their
own government and not to be controlled by another
country
5. in virtue of e) to or involving something that has been mentioned
6. ratification f) to include something
7. accession g) the process of not becoming involved in a situation
and not trying to influence the way that it develops
8. thereto h) the process of making an arrangement official by
signing it or formally approving it
C. Match words to make collocations:
in conformity with
cooperation their functions
to settle of international peace
respect in mind
to have the consent
prohibition among nations
to promote disputes
maintenance of the threat
to express for the obligations
in virtue of purposes
28
D. Compete the sentences with the words or phrases from exercise C:
1. It was necessary to attend the council convened at Lyons, to
investigate and if possible ______________ between the Greek and Latin
churches.
2. A wealthy publisher of European reputation attended the court of his
native town, the capital of a small grand-duchy, _______ the honorary
title Hofrat, his wife, not being noble, did not accompany him.
3. For some reason she ________ her promise to conclude an agreement
with the company from this country by all means.
4. In 1915 the Allies themselves asked for the __________of Greece in
their plans for the Dardanelles expedition, and promised Greece, in exchange, extensive territory in Asia Minor.
5. The main __________ they wanted to ___________ was international
peace.
6. _________ President Johnson's plan of reconstruction, a constitution
recognizing the abolition of slavery, renouncing the right of secession,
and repudiating the war debt was adopted in 1864.
7. You cannot interfere and you must _______the terms.
8. It was a one-sided struggle, for without the _______of the congress
the president could not raise any money for supplies, and congress refused
to vote the budget.
E. Complete the sentences using the following words:
multilateral interstate non-governmental supranational
1. Finland, Sweden and Norway have concluded a _________ agreement
on economic cooperation in international emergency situations.
2. A ________ organisation is a legally constituted organisation created by
private persons or organisations with no participation or representation of
any government.
3. The EU is a _____________ organisation that creates, implements and
enforces substantive policies for its members.
The International Court of Justice has been criticised for its failure to re-
solve __________ disputes.
29
¾ LANGUAGE REVIEW
The Passive Voice (questions)
The interrogative form of the Passive Voice:
in the tense of the active verb + Subject + Past Participle of the verb
To be
General questions (Present Simple)
Form of
be
Subject Past
Participle
Rest Yes / No Subject Auxiliary
(+n’t)
Is the treaty concluded between
Are conven-
tions
signed by all the
Special questions (Present Simple)
two
states?
parties?
Ye s,
No,
Ye s,
No
it
it
they
they
Question
word
Why is the treaty concluded between
Who are conventions signed by? The conven-
Form of be Subject Past
Participle
Rest Answer
The treaty is
two states?
concluded
between two
states be-
cause this
concerns
only them.
tions are
signed by all
the parties.
is
isn’t
are
aren’t
problem
30
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