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Файл:Английский в научных и инженерных целях. Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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TASK 6. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct verb form (tense
and voice) of the verb in brackets.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Scientific research, scientific development – or both (R&D) – which is
right for you?
Science traditionally 1) ________ (split) into fundamental scientific
research, carried out in universities, or industrial scientific development,
using scientific knowledge to create new products or processes. In practice, it
not so clear 2) ________ (cut), with research also taking place in industry,
and scientific development also taking place in universities.
Think about which activity 3) ________ (suit) you best, and the
environment in which you would like to work.
Is scientific research for me?
Scientific research 4) ________ (involve) investigating materials,
scientific processes and other phenomena by designing experiments,
observing and analysing results, drawing conclusions and testing them out.
The nature of fundamental scientific research means that you may be
working on projects with long timescales or where the full benefits only
5) ________ (realize) years later, but you get to extend the frontiers of
scientific knowledge.
Is scientific development for me?
Scientific development 6) ________ (take) knowledge gained from
scientific research and applies it to improve or create new products, processes
and services. This may also involve designing and running experiments, but
the ultimate aim is to design a better product, process or service, rather than
uncover new scientific principles. You are likely to see the results of your
work in months rather than years, including seeing customers using your
product or service.
University or industry?
Most research into fundamental science is carried out in universities
and research institutes. However novel scientific research also 7) ________
(carry out) in many companies, from R&D centres in large corporations to
smaller university spin outs, as shown by the number of patents lodged each
year. Industry is more likely to research areas which may lead to a
commercially viable product or service, although some large corporations
also support blue sky research centres – for example, five of IBM's
researchers have won Nobel Prizes.
Most scientific development work is carried out in industry, but
Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP) increasingly 8) ________ (use) to
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take university research and turn it into a commercial product or service.
KTP associates are employed by the university partner, but work with the
industrial partner to apply the university's research. This may include the
chance to complete a postgraduate qualification while being employed.
Source:
http://www.careers.manchester.ac.uk/students/options/sectors/science/research/
TASK 7. Read about roles and skills in research and development. Match the
headings (A-F) to the parts of the text (1-6).
A Trends. Large or small? D Development roles
B Research roles E Not-for-profit scientific research
C Gaining research/laboratory skills F Technician entry
1
For scientific research jobs, a postgraduate qualification is common.
A research degree, such as a PhD, an MRes or an MPhil, helps you develop
professional research skills. Almost all university researchers would be
expected to have a PhD, and a PhD can also help you progress into a
scientific leadership role in industrial research.
2
For jobs in scientific development, whilst a postgraduate degree can
be helpful, you may find that you can progress well with a good
undergraduate degree, excellent laboratory or other technical skills and
good soft skills. You will need to demonstrate that you can work to short
deadlines, interact with others outside the lab (such as manufacturing, sales,
marketing or purchasing) and work within commercial constraints.
3
Technician roles may also be another entry point, though it may take
longer or be more difficult to progress into project leadership roles if you
start as a technician. These roles may not demand such high levels of
qualification but they do require good practical laboratory experience,
attention to detail and a meticulous approach to record keeping.
4
For all these roles, good research/laboratory skills are essential.
Undertaking an industrial placement or gaining industrial/research
laboratory experience can be very helpful. Alternatively, a vacation
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studentship in a university laboratory can provide an excellent grounding in
carrying out research. However, good final year projects can also convince
an employer or postgraduate degree provider that you understand the nature
of scientific work and have the ability to tackle scientific research or
development.
5
Scientific research and development used to be carried out by large
organisations who could fund specialist research centres. These do still
exist, but increasingly, cutting edge science is being carried out in small
high-tech companies. These may come from university spin-out companies
(commercialising discoveries from academic labs) or be new start-up
companies, often based at science and innovation parks. For example, the
giants of the pharmaceutical industry are increasingly buying in their
scientific breakthroughs by licensing, collaborations and acquisition of
small companies with novel products.
Therefore, a search of both large and small organisations is now
important in looking for scientific work.
6
In addition to universities, the government funds some large public
sector research organisations, where it is possible to carry out not-for-profit
research outside a university. Although many former government research
organisations have been privatised, some significant players remain, such as
Daresbury Laboratory (near Warrington), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
the National Physical Laboratory and the Laboratory of the Government
Chemist. In most cases, there has been a move towards providing
commercial consultancy services but fundamental public sector research is
still carried out.
Some charities fund their own separate research institutes, such as
the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. However, most research centres
funded by charities are now closely linked to, or based within, universities.
Source: http://www.careers.manchester.ac.uk/students/options/sectors/science/research/
VIDEO TASK
TASK 8. Watch the video «Brainwaves-Control-Robot».
Discuss:
opportunities for using such robots in our life;
advantages and disadvantages;
if you wanted to have one at home.
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Self-studies for SESSION 6:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the session. See Appendix 1.
2. You are given a real life case where a potential research ready for further
patenting is described:
– Tell your fellow students the subject matter.
– Give examples of such cases if applicable.
See Appendix 2 and choose a case to talk about.
3. Study the Table «Research Funding. Universities and Colleges» below and
describe the tendencies.
Research Funding. Universities and Colleges
The overall funding for all fields of science research and development for
Colleges and Universities in constant current dollars.
Table 4.
Source: http://www.project.org/info.php?recordID=366
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Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1
TOPIC 1
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH MOBILITY
SESSION 1
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND DIFFUSION
personnel mobility precaution-based approach
cross learning evidence-based approach
access to R&D resources research uncertainty
recruitment of technology diffusion
averse behavior exposure to new ideas
absorption capacity willingness of sb to do sth
innovation capacity technological literacy
management capability to spread within
crucial factor to take risks on
undermining factor new-to-the-market
dissemination to undertake the research
governance domestic absorptive capacity
curiosity driven research bio-hacking
expert accountability R&D landscape
challenge to universality to pose a question
production of scientific knowledge to bring sth to market
nature of expertise emerging innovation economy
binary distinction to translate capital into
social implications of research a surmountable challenge
be trans-disciplinary to alleviate barriers
think-tank to aggregate
treatment of risks to be instrumental in
«evidence-based» approaches regional competitiveness
deploy a strategy in decisionmaking
through the dissemination
to accelerate the diffusion
in the uptake of sth risk-based approach
65
COMMENTING ON THE GRAPHS VOCABULARY
VERBS AND NOUNS TO DESCRIBE CHANGES
Direction Verbs Nouns
rose (to)
increased (to)
went up (to)
climbed (to)
boomed
a rise
an increase
growth
an upward
trend
a boom (a
dramatic rise)
VERBS AND NOUNS TO DESCRIBE CHANGES
Direction Verbs Nouns
fell (to)
declined (to)
decreased (to)
dipped (to)
dropped (to)
went down (to)
slumped (to)
a decrease
a decline
a fall
a drop
a slump (a
dramatic fall)
a reduction
reduced (to)
levelled out (at)
did not change
a levelling out
no change
remained stable (at)
remained steady (at)
stayed constant (at)
maintained the same level
fluctuated (around)
peaked (at)
plateaued (at)
stood (at)
a fluctuation
reached a
peak (of)
reached at
plateau (at)
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS TO DESCRIBE THE DEGREE OF CHANGE
Adjectives Adverbs Adjectives Adverbs
dramatic dramatically huge ------sharp sharply enormous enormously
steep steeply substantial substantially
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considerable considerably significant significantly
marked markedly moderate moderately
slight slightly small ------minimal minimally great greatly
DESCRIBING THE SPEED OF CHANGE
Adjectives Adverbs Adjectives Adverbs
rapid rapidly quick quickly
swift swiftly sudden suddenly
steady steadily gradual gradually
slow slowly
EXPRESSING APPROXIMATION
just under just over nearly approximately
well under
well over around roughly
DESCRIBING ONE PART OF THE CHART
Starting with the adjective
The highest
The greatest
The lowest
The most
A significant
percentage of
number of
proportion of
projects
employees
investments
are made in the x
field
are fired
come from foreign
sponsors.
The smallest
The largest
DESCRIBING ONE PART OF THE CHART
Starting with the subject
Green is the
Manager is the
Turkey is the
least
second most
most
popular
prevalent
common
car colour
employment
category
holiday
destination
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More
Far more
Much more
Many more
A lot more
Significantly
more
Substantially
more
Considerably
more
As many
Twice as many
Three times as
many
Not as many
Green cars are
Managers are
Turkey is
Green cars are
Managers are
Turkey is
DESCRIBING TWO PARTS OF THE CHART
Starting with the adjective
green cars
managers
tourists
are produced in
x
are employed
in x
come from x
or
green cars
managers
tourists
are produced in
x
are employed
in x
come from x
Starting with the subject
as
quite as
just as
common
popular
prevalent
nearly as
almost as
not as
or
more
much more
far more
common
popular
prevalent
substantially
more
considerably
more
slightly more
fractionally more
less
much less
considerably less
fractionally less
than
as
as
than
68
SESSION 2
INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS
MIGRATION OF RESEARCH TALENT
international mobility to excel in
the highly skilled deliberate practice
international mobility to fuel focus, resilience, and
perseverance
human resources to delay gratification
knowledge diffusion to create cognitive overload
catch-up development to rejuvenate
career advancement to metabolize
to foster international mobility to lead to a breakthrough
Human resources in science and
to take a renewal breaks
technology (HRST)
explicit strategies to ritualize practice
ministerial portfolio to build specific, inviolable times
rapturous moment to squander energy
SESSION 3
INNOVATIONS AND PEOPLE WHO MAKE THEM
investment climate industrial park
innovation hub sustained activity
to be jointly organized curiosity-driven research
venture capital rapidly dwindling
venture investor to be at the heart of
income tax transdisciplinary research
tech mecca investigator-driven research
to excel to delve into new terrain
entrepreneurism a solution to the conundrum
success story to emulate
the heart of question philanthropic gift
business intelligence software solution for-profit company
civilian application commercially viable
military aeronautical applications to funnel into
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TOPIC 2
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
SESSION 4
RESEARCH INTEGRITY AND RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN RESEARCH
collector to result from
classifier to manage allegations of
misconduct
tidier-up research integrity
artisan research misconduct
responsible conduct of research to fall under
research record to be deemed
sustained public trust in internet verbatim
ongoing development authorship
to implement the policy to plagiarize
fabrication global consensus on
falsification follow-up
plagiarism in proposing global codes of conduct
to manipulate research materials comprehensive review
appropriation provocative examination
honest error academic research enterprise
scientific inquiry paternalistic endeavor
for one’s sake to be augmented
to be pursued avocation
to seek a systematic organization of
implicit nature
knowledge
explanatory principle theoretical paradigm
to emerge a probable explanation for sth to be scarce
given observed phenomenon verifiable consequence / fact
scientific method explanatory truth
to accommodate a discovery to take precedence
to be legion refereed scientific publication
to derive from to eliminate disproved ideas
HOW WRITE A SUMMARY
Preparing to Write:
To write a good summary it is important to thoroughly understand the
material you are working with. Here are some preliminary steps in
writing a summary:
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