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Файл:Английский в научных и инженерных целях. Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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After the observations have been made and recorded, the scientist then forms
a 7) __________and in the process notes whether the observations made and
the results recorded support or refute the hypothesis.
In future, other scientists may retest this hypothesis and if it turns out that
after numerous retests, the hypothesis remains supported by experimental
data, it may become known as a 8) __________.
Source: science-fair-projects-and-more.com © 2010
VIDEO TASK
TASK 12. Watch a talk by Daniele Fanelli «Science
Fraud: How is it Done? Why Is It Done? And What Can
We Do about it?»
Follow the outline given below.
To be the whole decline
To ask scientists anonymously
Incriminating behaviors
Gray area of conscious or even unconscious biases
To give a suspect
To put them all together but coherently across these surveys
To be the most extreme a a forms of misconduct in science
A serious suspicions
Methodological dimension
A publication bias
To manipulate fabricating
To submit the results
A basic prediction
To cut papers published in the united states
Frequencies of positive results
Intermediate values
Long-distance collaborations
To publish some professional pressures
To be quite plausible
To reinforce the system in particular
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
Protecting whistleblowers
To peer review
To be the real key to
To replicate results
Medical and biological investigations
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To produce guidelines
To be transparent
Essence of the definition of scientific misconduct
Self-studies for SESSION 4:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the session. See Appendix 1.
2. You are given a real life case where a situation of potential research
misconduct is described:
– Tell your fellow students the subject matter.
– Provide your vision of the situation and a piece of advice if possible.
– Give examples of such cases if applicable.
See Appendix 2 and choose a case to talk about.
3. ALLEA is the Federation of 53 National Academies of Sciences and
Humanities in 40 European countries. Member Academies are selfgoverning communities of leaders of scientific and scholarly enquiry
across all fields of the sciences, the social sciences and the humanities.
They operate as learned societies, think-tanks, grant givers, and research
performing organisations. ALLEA promotes the exchange of information
and experiences between its members, offers European science and society
advice from its Member Academies, promotes excellence in science and
scholarship and works to strengthen high ethical standards in the conduct
of research. (
Source: http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/731.bGFuZz1FTkc.html)
Visit ALLEA website and find information about one of its activity fields,
e.g. research infrastructures, regional networks, events.
Prepare a short report to speak about ALLEA or alike organizations in
class.
4. Find examples of projects of responsible science. Make a short report.
42
SESSION 5. TECHNOLOGIES FOR BETER LIFE
TASK 1. Speak and ask each other questions to find which of you is more
interested in and knowledgeable about technology.
Use the list below to continue your discussion.
INVENTIONS USED NOW
3D movies Air conditioning Answering machine
Anti-virus software Automatic pencil Ball bearing
Ballpoint (pen) Bar code Blutack
Breathalyser Bulletproof vest Chain saw
Clocking in machine Cloud seeding Correcting fluid
Date stamp Dishwasher DVD
Electric drill
Elevator
Electric kettle
Email
Electric pencil sharpener
X ray
Eraser Escalator Erasable pen
Fridge Glue stick (= Pritt Stick) Freezer
GPS Hard hat GM food
Highlighter pen Hole punch Heart transplant
Hybrid car Industrial robot Vacuum cleaner
Instant messaging Internet Infrared night vision
Jet ski Keyhole surgery Jet foil
Laser eye surgery Low energy light bulbs Laptop (computer)
Massage chair Microscope Machine gun
Mouse MP3 player Microwave (oven)
Nuclear power station
Padlock
Nut and bolt
Paperclip
Pacemaker
MRIscan
Video conferencing Pneumatic tyre Photocopier
Pill battery Rechargeable battery Pocket calculator
Post Its Rubber gloves Reinforced concrete
Rubber band
Scanner
Shredder
Sellotape (= Scotch tape)
Sewing machine
Satellite
Shotgun Soldering iron Smoke detector
Solar panel Tank Taser(= Stun gun) Stapler
Superglue TV remote control Thumbtack
Tumble drier UV light Tweezers
USB flash drive Video game console Vending machine
Welding torch
Source: Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2013
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TASK 2. Discuss:
– How technology can make our life better;
– Which gadgets you use to make your work easier;
– Which gadgets you use to make your household work easier;
– How technology can influence our health and life styles;
– Which disadvantages of using modern gadgets in our everyday life you
can mention.
TASK 3. Read the text, insert necessary prepositions.
THE CHANGING PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
With regard 1) ____ the production of science, there is increasing
awareness that the binary distinction 2) ______ ‘basic’ (pure, curiosity
driven, university-based) and ‘applied’ (use- or mission-driven, industrybased) no longer adequately captures 3) _____ the full range and diversity of
scientific and technological activities.
Much scientific research is 4) _____ a more hybrid character, and it
occupies the region between basic and applied in novel and socially
significant ways. Questions 5) _____ science now seem to come to an
increasing degree 6) ______ the needs or interests of state and society, rather
than exclusively from scientists’ own curiosity.
– Knowledge is increasingly produced 7) _____ contexts of application (i.e.,
an increasing amount of science is to some extent ‘applied’ science);
– Science is increasingly trans-disciplinary - that is, it draws 8) _____ and
integrates empirical and theoretical elements from a variety of fields;
– Knowledge is generated 9) ____ a variety of sites, not just universities and
industry, but also, for example, in variously supported research centers,
consultancies, and think-tanks;
– Participants in science have grown more aware 10) _____ the social
implications of their work and publics have become more conscious of the
ways 11) ____ which science and technology affect 12) _____ their interests
and values.
Science and Society: Rights and Responsibility.
International Council for Science. 2007
TASK 4. Revise how to write a «For and Against Essay». See Appendix 1 for
help.
44
TASK 5. Read the text and write a «For and Against Essay» on the problems
raised here (180-220 words).
DIGITAL ORGANISMS SHED LIGHT ON MYSTERY OF ALTRUISM
NSF-supported researchers use digital evolution techniques to examine
theories about the evolution of altruism.
Researchers study the evolution of altruism with evolutionary
processes inside a computer.
November 15, 2010
One of the major questions in evolutionary biology is how altruism, or
the act of helping another individual at your own expense, evolved. At first
glance, «survival of the fittest» may seem to be best achieved by selfish
individuals. However, altruistic behavior occurs in many species, and if it
were not adaptive, we would expect it to disappear through the process of
natural selection.
Although, strictly speaking, specific genes usually do not cause
specific behaviors, behavior does have a genetic component, and, thus, can
be inherited. One classic explanation for the evolution of altruism is that
individuals may have genes that cause them to behave altruistically towards
their relatives, who also have these «altruism genes,» and thus the genes are
successfully passed to the next generation.
However, relatives only share a portion of their genes. Therefore, if
altruism is directed only towards relatives, organisms run the risk of helping
individuals that don’t share the altruism gene.
A recent study that appeared in the journal Proceedings of the Royal
Society B by researchers at the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution
in Action at Michigan State University uses digital evolution, in which digital
organisms evolve inside a computer, to understand which recognition
mechanism best contributes to the spread of altruistic behavior.
The software used by Jeff Clune and his colleagues creates just such an
artificial system: the digital organisms live, reproduce and die, and scientists
can observe this virtual evolution in action to learn about the dynamics of in
action . The digital evolution research platform has been around for a number
of years, but using the software to examine the evolution of altruism was a
novel application.
The researchers looked at different ways that individual organisms
could direct their altruism to see which method would evolve most
successfully. First, they allowed organisms to either help relatives or to help
45
genetically similar individuals. The researchers found that, if given the
choice, organisms were more successful when they helped genetically similar
organisms than if they were altruistic towards their kin.
The BEACON team then went one step further: humans apparently
prefer to help others who are also willing to help, according to the following
article. Could organisms without complex cognitive abilities do the same?
It turns out that some can. Richard Dawkins, evolutionary biologist,
suggested that traits indicating the presence of an altruism gene, such as
green beards, could assist organisms in choosing where to direct altruistic
behavior. These so-called «greenbeard genes» have been found to exist in
nature: for example, in one species of fire ant, ants with a particular gene will
kill other ants that are lacking it, sparing the ants who share the gene.
The scientists gave the digital organisms the equivalent of greenbeard
genes to see if they would use them to direct altruistic behavior.
«Initially the greenbeard mechanism did not evolve, which had us
scratching our heads because theory predicts it should,» Clune said.
«However, with additional experiments, we determined that the greenbeard
mechanism will only work with many beard colors instead of just one, where
each color indicates a different level of altruism.»
Otherwise, the organisms would only do the minimum amount
necessary to reap the benefits of being in the altruistic greenbeard club, and
no more - which keeps the altruism levels low.
Until recently, biologists had only been able to look at the results of the
one evolutionary process that produced life on Earth. Now, with technology
such as digital evolution, scientists can observe evolution as it occurs and
make new discoveries about questions that have long interested us all about
why we behave the way we do.
Danielle Whittaker, BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action,
Michigan State University, djwhitta@msu.edu
Source: http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117993&org=NSF
TASK 6. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
Researchers use digital evolution techniques to examine theories -
1) ________ the evolution 2) ________ altruism.
Researchers study 3) ________ the evolution 4) ________ a computer.
The act of helping another individual 5) ________ your own expense
evolved.
Altruistic behavior occurs 6) ________ many species, and if it were
not adaptive, we would expect it to disappear 7) ________ the process of
natural selection.
46
One classic explanation 8) ________ the evolution of altruism is that
individuals may have genes that cause them to behave altruistically -
9) ________ their relatives, who also have these «altruism genes,» and thus
the genes are successfully passed 10) ________ the next generation.
TASK 7. Read the text from Task 2 again and find sentences that can fit the
chart below.
CAUSE EFFECT
TASK 8. Fill in the words into the gaps and then answer the questions below.
DINNER WITHOUT DIGITAL DISTRACTION?
In restaurants, some diners check in their cellphones
By MONICA ROZENFELD 8 November 2013
A recent New York Times article
1)________ a new game some people play
when they’re out to dinner: phone
2)________. Diners put their mobile
phones in the center of the table so as to
3)________ and focus on their
companions. Whoever takes a 4)________
at their device before the 5)________
arrives picks up the tab.
One restaurant in Beirut recently 6)________ 10 percent off the bill to
those who check in their cellphones before being 7) ________. Los Angeles
restaurant owner Mark Gold says 40 percent of his patrons will 8) ________
over their phones to him for a 5 percent discount. He tells Huffington
Post that “the offer has struck a 9) ________ with people seeking to connect
with their dining 10 )________ s, not their screens.”
highlights stacking disconnect peek chord
offered
seated turn bill partner
– Would you check in your cellphone while out to dinner?
47
– Is there any trick you have to break the habit of constantly checking
your digital device?
Source for the text and picture: http://theinstitute.ieee.org/opinions/question/dinner-
without-digital-distraction
TASK 9. Fill in the words into the gaps
A HIGH-TECH HALLOWEEN
Tablets, apps, and sensors add special effects to the holiday
By MONICA ROZENFELD 30 October 2013
Each year on 31 October kids all
across the United States 1)_________ up
as their favorite ghoul or goblin and
2)_________ on doors for candy. While
the idea of the holiday is to get a good
3)_________, personal technology like
tablets and apps can take the 4)_________
factor up a few notches by making
5)_________ come alive and turning
ordinary homes into haunted
Image: Texas Instruments
6)_________.
For example, on Halloween 2011, former NASA engineer Mark Rober
tried an experiment that 7)_________ led to a high-tech costume idea. He cut
a large hole in the front and back of his sweatshirt and secured iPads on the
inside so that one screen faced people coming at him from the front, and
another faced those from the back. He then 8)_________ the two devices
using FaceTime, an application that allows others to see what the iPad’s
camera viewfinder picks up. By doing so, he 9)_________ the illusion that
people could see right through his body. When looking at his chest, you
instead see the refrigerator behind him. This video of his “costume” got
10)_________ four million views.
The idea took off. Rober left his job, where for seven years he helped
11)_________ the Curiosity rover. He teamed up with a British costume
company that makes what are called Morphsuits. To 12)_________ develop
these wearable tech costumes, Rober created an app that adds special
13)_________. For example, when wearing the Morph Monstercostume, one
could turn on the 14)_________ and place a smartphone inside the built-in
pocket so that every time the wearer is slapped on the back, the screen would
make it appear as if the intestines were being ripped out.
48
Rober tells Wired that by using a mobile device’s many features, including
the accelerometer, Bluetooth, and communication tools, there are tons of
interactive concepts that can be 15)_________.
fear costumes knock eventually linked
fright houses dress nearly created
design effects app fully developed
Source for the text and picture: http://theinstitute.ieee.org/ieee-roundup/opinions/ieee-
roundup/a-hightech-halloween
Watch the video «iPad2 Halloween Costume- Gaping Hole in Torso»
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6p5mbp_M98
TASK 10 Do a selection of the roleplays below, each time pretending that you
are at a time when the thing that you are talking about has recently been
invented or could soon be.
1. You think that you can invent one of the things on the list but the head
of the funding committee (your partner) thinks it isn’t likely that your
research will be successful. Try to persuade them to give you as much
money as you can get.
2. You are both futurologists. One of you thinks that one of the things on
the list will be invented (fairly) soon and the other thinks it will be
invented far into the future if ever. Discuss until one of your run out of
arguments or you reach a compromise position.
3. Imagine you have invented one of the things in the list but your boss
won’t accept that that is a good idea. Roleplay trying to persuade him
or her that it will be popular and profitable, and try to get as many
people as you can on your team to develop it.
4. You are the government committee which must decide on the
restrictions of use on one of the inventions. Decide what the
restrictions should be, one of you arguing that there should be tighter
restrictions and the other that there should be fewer or no restrictions.
5. You are the committee to award the Nobel Prize for Engineering and
three of the things in the list are on the shortlist. Decide together which
invention should be given the prize.
6. Pretend one of you is an inventor who has just retired and the other is
an interviewer from a newspaper or engineering magazine. Roleplay an
interview about the history of your invention.
49
7. Roleplay trying to sell one of the things on the list to someone who has
never heard of it(because it is a new invention at the time you are
speaking). Try to persuade them that it is worth trying.
8. Roleplay a phone conversation from someone who bought one of the
products for the first time at your suggestion but isn’t happy with their
purchase. Try to persuade them to keep using it.
9. You both claim to have invented one of the things in the list. Argue
about how you developed what you did before your partner and so you
should be credited with the invention.
10. It is twenty years after the invention of one of the things on the list.
Argue about whether it was overall a good thing that it was invented or
not, using your imagination about what the consequences were. You
think it was a good idea and your partner disagrees.
11. One of you thinks that an invention above will have a huge impact,
whereas the other thinks normal life won’t change much. Argue until
you come to a compromise or one of you gives up.
Do the same roleplays, but pretending you are in or just before the time of
one of the past and/ or future inventions below.
Source: Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2013
VIDEO TASK
TASK 11. Watch the video “Nanotech Rewards”.
A. Follow the outline given below. Tell the content of each episode.
Nanotech Reward. Technology which makes the world better
Renewable energy
Our ability to generate energy
Vs. conventional technology
Produce nanogenerators to power things like cell phone
Medicine
Make huge strides in treating cancer
A crude approach to something/doing something
Not sophisticated medicine
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