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Файл:Английский в научных и инженерных целях. Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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– Science is increasingly trans-disciplinary - that is, it draws 8) _____
and integrates empirical and theoretical elements from a variety of
fields;
– Knowledge is generated 9) ____ a variety of sites, not just universities
and industry, but also, for example, in variously supported research
centers, consultancies, and think-tanks;
– Participants in science have grown more aware 10) _____ the social
implications of their work and publics have become more conscious of
the ways 11) _____ which science and technology affect 12) _____
their interests and values.
Source: Science and Society: Rights and Responsibility. International Council for Science.
2007.
TASK 7. What is meant by «technology diffusion»?
Read the text «Global Technology Diffusion». Explain the meaning of the
italicized words.
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION
Exposure to new ideas and techniques is not sufficient to ensure that
the technology diffuses throughout the economy. Successful absorption of
foreign technology depends on the technological absorptive capacity of the
economy (represented by the multiple-ringed drum).
Absorptive capacity depends on the overall macroeconomic and
governance environment, which influences the willingness of entrepreneurs
to take risks on new and new-to-the-market technologies; and the level of
basic technological literacy and advanced skills in the population, which
determines a country’s capacity to undertake the research necessary to
understand, implement, and adapt them.
In addition, because firms are the basic mechanism by which
technology spreads within an economy’s private sector, the extent to which
financing for innovative firms is available – through the banking system,
remittances, or government support schemes – also influence the extent to
and speed with which technologies are absorbed.
*FDI – Foreign Direct Investment
Source: Global Economic Prospects.
Technology Diffusion in the Developing World. 2008
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TASK 7. Fig.1 presents a stylized description of how a developing country
absorbs technology. Study the description of processes. Read the comments
after it. In groups of two or three comment on Fig.1 information presented.
Use the vocabulary given.
Fig.1. Domestic Absorptive Capacity
Source: based on Polt et al (2001)
Commenting on the graphics:
A table
represents a tendency …
gives a picture of …
illustrates the example of …
There is codependence of …
the big drum diagram shows …
comments on the left or right side of the graph support the data/idea/concept of …
Such factor as technological frontier is represented by … shown in boxes
below
Some processes/tendencies/phenomena such as … may lead to a certain
effect … described in the graph
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TASK 8. Insert proper words.
TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVENESS
Text 1.
Interest in technology 1) ___________ and industrial 2) ___________
increased as concern mounted over the economic 3) __________ of the
nation and over competition from abroad. For the United States to be 4)
___________ in the world economy, U.S. companies must be able to engage
in trade, retain 5) ___________ shares, and offer high 6) ___________
products, processes, and services while the nation maintains economic 7)
___________ and a high standard of 8) ____________.
Text 2.
Technological 1) _____________ is important because the
commercialization of 2) __________ provides economic 3) _____________
from the sale of new products or _____________; from new ways to 4)
_____________ a service; or from new processes that increase 5)
_____________ and efficiency. It is 6) _____________ accepted that
technological progress is 7) _____________ for up to one-half the growth of
the U.S. 8) ___________, and is one 9) ____________ driving force in 10)
_____________ growth and increases in living 11) _____________.
Source: CRS Report. Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement:
Debate Over Government Policy. 2007
Text 1.
strength growth innovation living
Market development competitive quality
Text 2.
Provide benefits economy widely
inventions productivity advancement services
responsible long-term principal standards
VIDEO TASK
TASK 9. Watch the video «Synthetic Life». Follow the
outline given below.
Q&A: Synthetic Life
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Synthetic biology
Be about as sci-fi as you can get
Define at molecular level
Enzyme all composed together
Electrical information that movers across membranes
Be not easy to achieve
Happen dynamically
What could go wrong?
Find something from the ocean, primordial Earth
Extract something from modern life forms
Understand basics of life even of our own Solar system
Carbon based life
Be impossible statistically
Take a scoop of soil, take elements of Martial soil
Any new technology has the power for understanding as well as the power
for abuse
Do bio-hacking: play with DNA
Frivolous activity developing viruses
After watching:
Express your opinion, exchange ideas:
- What is synthetic life about?
- What life forms are being studied?
- What is potential good and harm of playing with DNA or doing any
other investigation of life?
Self-studies for SESSION 1:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the session. See Appendix 1.
2. Read the text below about R&D development in Russia.
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Text 1
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.THE RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
NETWORK
By: Oleg Luksha, Russian Technology Transfer Network on April 12, 2011
: HELPING RUSSIAN R&D GO BEYOND THE LAB
If a tree falls in a forest and no one hears it, does it make a sound? In
many ways, the question posed in this common expression can also be
applied to science and innovation: If an R&D center develops a new
technology or discovers a scientific finding in a lab, is it really progress if no
one knows about it and is able to bring it to market?
Ensuring that all “trees” of innovation are heard beyond the R&D
“forest” is the underlying principle behind technology transfer and
knowledge sharing. And now more than ever are these fundamentals critical
for supporting growth in emerging innovation economies like Russia’s,
where a combination of historical, cultural, linguistic, bureaucratic and
geographical factors makes the R&D landscape sometimes difficult to tap
for domestic and foreign investors alike.
One particular challenge to Russia’s ability to translate intellectual
capital into economic opportunity – a challenge that is not only surmountable
but also has the potential to alleviate other innovation barriers –is the lack of
networking skills among Russian technology and R&D organizations. A
culture of innovation based on open networking and information sharing,
attributes that characterize innovation hubs like Silicon Valley, has yet to
fully develop in Russia. Such a culture is crucial for successfully seeking and
collaborating on international projects and bringing innovation to the market.
NEW TRADITIONS FOR RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
The current dynamics of Russia’s innovation culture are by and large
the legacy of the Soviet system, which kept information centralized and
closely guarded. Many post-Communist researchers, professionals and
policymakers – regardless of their talents and the sincerity of their efforts to
build an innovation economy in Russia – grew up under this system and do
not have the necessary networking skills to leverage relationships both within
Russia and, most importantly, beyond its borders. Support is needed to
nurture new ways of networking, sharing information, and creating an
innovation infrastructure across Russia.
Understanding these challenges and taking steps to proactively address
them were the driving forces behind the creation of the Russian Technology
Transfer Network (RTTN). As discussed previously on ModernRussia.com,
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RTTN is an association of over 70 Russian innovation centers from more
than 30 regions of Russia and the CIS that aggregates information on R&D
offerings in Russia and serves as an entry point for potential industry partners
and investors. To specifically address the lack of networking savvy, RTTN
developed and published a networking guide entitled, «How to Effectively
Network/Communicate in International R&D projects.” The guide, available
in both English and Russian, was created under the framework of FP7
ISTOK-SOYUZ project, which is an EU project designed to promote R&D
cooperation and knowledge transfer between the EU and Eastern Europe and
Central Asia. Inno Group, a Europe-based consulting company that designs
and implements innovation strategies, was also instrumental in helping
RTTN establish itself and launch such initiatives as the guide.
LEVERAGING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OPPORTUNITIES
As a result of RTTN’s initiatives, RTTN centers have become the
backbone of the innovation infrastructure in many of Russia’s regions,
especially driving forward international cooperation initiatives. The
Novosibirsk-based company Dia-Vesta, which has produced sugar-free,
vitamin-fortified muesli bars and other health foods since 1999, serves as an
excellent example of the importance of building an international networking
capacity.
A few years ago, Dia-Vesta turned to RTTN’s Novosibirsk affiliate,
Innovation Center Koltsovo (ICK), to find a partner to jointly manufacture
muesli bars with prebiotics and probiotics and market them in Europe. Under
the guidance of RTTN and ICK, Dia-Vesta participated in the 4th TasteNutrition-Health International Congress, which was organized by the
Enterprise Europe Network in Dijon, France in March 2009. RTTN and ICK
provided a package of marketing and business services to equip Dia-Vesta
for the event, including developing the company’s technology profile,
creating presentations, commercial proposals, hand-outs and advertising
materials, assisting with obtaining visas, and finding Russian-French
interpreters. As a result, Dia-Vesta successfully established contact at the
event with the Slovenian company Fructal, which sells fruit juices and fruitbased snacks throughout Europe. Following additional negotiations in
Slovenia, Dia-Vesta and Fructal agreed to partner.
Such success stories are proof that innovation and intellectual capital
are quickly becoming key factors for regional competitiveness in Russia,
replacing more traditional factors like natural resources endowment, location
and physical labor capacity. Through the work of RTTN and similar
initiatives, Russia is creating an innovation infrastructure and re-defining its
R&D culture from the ground up.
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Oleg Luksha is a senior consultant and Chairman of the Board of the Russian Technology
Transfer Network (RTTN), which he initiated in 2001. After studying applied
mathematics at the Moscow Physical-Engineering Institute, Oleg founded a private IT
start-up company – one among the first in Russia. In 1994, he became director of the
Science and International Department of the city of Obninsk, helping the city to obtain the
status of “science city” in 2000. Oleg has worked as project manager and consultant for a
number of European projects (TACIS, EuropeAid, FP6,7) that aim to strengthen European
and Russian collaboration.
Source: Modern Russian portal http://www.modernrussia.com/content/russian-
technology-transfer-network-helping-russian-rd-go-beyond-lab
3. Visit the source link given after the text, find information and present
on the following:
– Russian Technology Transfer Network (RTTN),
– RTTN’s Novosibirsk affiliate, Innovation Center Koltsovo (ICK).
4. Study Fig. 2 ATTC Network Model of Technology Transfer in the
Innovation Process and describe the process in it. Use the phrases
below.
Fig. 2. Network Model of Technology Transfer
in the Innovation Process
Source:
http://gisap.eu/node/14455
mechanisms of development innovative technology transfer
multidimensional process to promote
innovation use technology transfer
through the dissemination to extend into
early implementation to require multiple stakeholders and
resources
to involve related to
translation and adoption to accelerate the diffusion
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SESSION 2. INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS.
MIGRATION OF RESEARCH TALENT
TASK 1. Discuss in group:
THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF RESEARCHERS
Why is international mobility important?
Why is international mobility increasing?
Where are the highly skilled moving?
What are the motives of researchers?
How are policy makers responding?
TASK 2. Study the words below, explain their meaning:
the highly skilled knowledge diffusion
international mobility catch-up development
human resources career advancement
TASK 3. Exchange opinions on the following issues:
Why is international mobility an important policy issue?
Why are researchers mobile?
Give your suggestions on policy options to foster international
mobility
Why is international mobility an important policy issue?
• Human resources in science and technology (HRST) are critical to
innovation and growth
• R&D expenditure and demand for HRST is growing
• International mobility is growing rapidly
• International mobility is not just a supply issue – it facilitates
knowledge diffusion and catch-up development
Why are researchers mobile?
• Employment related
– Better employment opportunities, professional development,
career advancement
• Access to scientific infrastructure & research funding
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• Personal reasons
– Family-related, lifestyle
Policy options to foster international mobility
• Policy initiatives now involve coordinated and explicit strategies
across ministerial portfolios
• Initiatives include economic incentives, immigration programmes,
support mechanisms (housing, language training, etc.)
TASK 4. Read the text and do the tasks after it.
SIX KEYS TO BEING EXCELLENT AT ANYTHING
2:21 PM Tuesday August 24, 2010 by Tony Schwartz
During the past year, I’ve read no fewer than five books — and a raft
of scientific research. I’ve also written one, The Way We’re Working Isn’t
Working, which lays out a guide, grounded in the science of high
performance, to systematically building your capacity physically,
emotionally, mentally, and spiritually.
We’ve found, in our work with executives at dozens of organizations,
that it’s possible to build any given skill or capacity in the same systematic
way we do a muscle: push past your comfort zone, and then rest.
Like everyone who studies performance, I’m indebted to the
extraordinary Anders Ericsson, arguably the world’s leading researcher into
high performance. For more than two decades, Ericsson has been making the
case that it’s not inherited talent which determines how good we become at
something, but rather how hard we’re willing to work — something he calls
«deliberate practice.»
There is something wonderfully empowering about this. It suggests we
have remarkable capacity to influence our own outcomes.
If you want to be really good at something, it’s going to involve
relentlessly pushing past your comfort zone, along with frustration, struggle,
setbacks and failures. That’s true as long as you want to continue to improve,
or even maintain a high level of excellence. The reward is that being really
good at something you’ve earned through your own hard work can be
immensely satisfying.
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Here, then, are the six keys to achieving excellence we’ve found are most
effective for our clients:
1. Pursue what you love. Passion is an incredible motivator. It fuels
focus, resilience, and perseverance.
2. Do the hardest work first. We all move instinctively toward pleasure
and away from pain. Most great performers, Ericsson and others have
found, delay gratification and take on the difficult work of practice in
the mornings, before they do anything else. That’s when most of us
have the most energy and the fewest distractions.
3. Practice intensely, without interruption for short periods of no longer
than 90 minutes and then take a break. Ninety minutes appears to be
the maximum amount of time that we can bring the highest level of
focus to any given activity. The evidence is equally strong that great
performers practice no more than 4 ½ hours a day.
4. Seek expert feedback, in intermittent doses. The simpler and more
precise the feedback, the more equipped you are to make adjustments.
Too much feedback, too continuously, however, can create cognitive
overload, increase anxiety, and interfere with learning.
5. Take regular renewal breaks. Relaxing after intense effort not only
provides an opportunity to rejuvenate, but also to metabolize and
embed learning. It’s also during rest that the right hemisphere becomes
more dominant, which can lead to creative breakthroughs.
6. Ritualize practice. Will and discipline are wildly overrated. As the
researcher Roy Baumeister has found, none of us have very much of it.
The best way to insure you’ll take on difficult tasks is to ritualize them
— build specific, inviolable times at which you do them, so that over
time you do them without having to squander energy thinking about
them.
Abridged from:http://blogs.hbr.org/schwartz/2010/08/six-keys-to-being-excellent-
1. Read and answer the following questions:
1. Identify 3 important supporting
details that contribute to the main
idea of the passage.
2. Identify 2 details that are not
very important to the main idea of
the passage.
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