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Файл:Английский в научных и инженерных целях. Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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Clean water
Be one of our basic needs
Biggest issues facing us in the next century
Not enough water to go around
Produce from contaminated, dirty or salty water
Possibility of building up a space elevator
Be borderline science fiction
Create novel unique materials
Create a tunnel between the Earth and a satellite
Getting people up and down into space
B. Give comments to the opinions:
– Technology does not necessarily make the world better.
– People learnt how to generate nanotechnology but we didn’t learn how to
reclaim its results.
– Clean water is the biggest challenge of all.
Self-studies for SESSION 5:
1. Study active vocabulary list for the session. See Appendix 1.
2. Rank the engineering decisions from the table given below. Choose
three priorities, explain your choice.
TOP TEN
Table 3
Nintendo Gameboy Paved the way for the 3DS and PS Vitas of
today, and made school bus journeys and rainy
lunchtimes a pleasant experience after all. Nothing
like it had really been seen before, and although the
graphics were shady (pun intended) it was the first
step of a revolution in mobile game-play
iPod
From early models to the the latest iPod
Touch, Apple truly reinvented the way in which we
listen to – and have instant access to – music. Gone
are the days of having to carry a boombox like a
bazooka on your shoulder, or a carry-case of your
favorite CDs along with an un-pocket friendly
walkman/CD player. The latest Touch boasts Face
Time, HD Video Recording, Retina Display, Air
Play, Music + iTunes, Games + Apps, iOS, iCloud,
Air Print and Voice Control
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Webcam
Perhaps not really taking off as an individual
gadget in its own right, the birth of the webcam
certainly influenced the way modern technology is
built today. Very few laptops are now made without
a built-in webcam, and the cameras on phones are
utilized to allow video calling. It meant that
computer software such as Skype allows meetings to
be held over long distances, and friends and family
can stay in touch in a more personal way than just
being able to hear their voice
GPS
Satnavs and TomTom’s have more or less
made the road map redundant, which is all you can
ask from a modern gadget. Gone are the days of
sitting on the side of the road whilst Dad spreads his
A3 map on the car hood. They are fun too, with
downloadable celebrity voices allowing the likes of
Homer Simpson to frantically tell you which turn to
take
Samsung Galaxy Tab
Considered as a better option to the iPad, and
unlike its Apple counterpart, the 7 inch touch screen
gadget supports flash as well as voice and video
calls. Completely re-imagining the laptop, Tablets,
Kindles and the like are becoming more powerful
and more compact with each new release, and the
possibilities and use of them are all but endless
Bluetooth A technology that almost snuck up on us like
a highly trained ninja, bluetooth has now become so
mainstream and synonymous with the 21st Century
it is a wonder how we ever lived without it. The
applications for it are endless, allowing us to
wirelessly transmit data between phones, PCs, TVs,
and even allow us to wirelessly use our phones
whilst driving, meaning bluetooth can help avoid an
unwanted run-in with the boys in blue
Digital Camera
Although it must be said that photos produced
from a polaroid retain a certain charm, it was not fun
when you realized that the film was full, and a trip to
go and get it developed was required. Now, you can
take countless photos and view them instantly and
have them uploaded and printed within an instant, and
the quality of picture keeps on improving
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Sky + HD / Tivo, etc
All from the comfort of your armchair, the
remote control allows you to tell your Sky + HD
box to pause live TV if the double glazing salesman
decides to pay a visit just as it looks like your
football team is about to concede, then fast forward
to real time so that you don’t have to witness it. It
allows you to rewind, record other programs whilst
you watch something else, record whole series, and
view it all in spectacular High Definition.
3D Digital TV
We all remember a time when we would visit
our nan, and she would still have an old black and
white box telly. Well not anymore. Flat screen,
digital, and now 3D TV is literally staring you
square in the face. Already incorporated in most
cinemas, 3D technology, whilst perhaps still in the
early stages of development, is a very exciting
prospect indeed.
Smartphones Android, iPhone and Smartphones have
literally redefined the way we live. Now, a mobile
does not simply make calls, take photos, and allow
us to play Snake. They can talk to each other, to
laptops, to TVs – to pretty much anything with a
digital pulse. You can watch films on them, have
instant access to YouTube and Facebook, play
PROPER games, store ALL of your music, and
more, and this is just the tip of the iceberg.
Source for the text and picture: http://listverse.com/2012/03/23/top-10-modern-gadgets-
that-changed-our-lives/
3. Prepare a talk about one engineering solution that you think is the most
influential now.
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SESSION 6. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN UNIVERSITIES
TASK 1.Discuss:
– If there is any research and development process in universities;
– Which directions of research and development in universities you can
mention;
– Which directions of research and development your university is involved in;
– Which world-changing achievements made in your university you can
think of.
TASK 2. Read the texts about two leading UK universities.
1952 Queen
Text A.
On 29 April 1952 Queen Elizabeth II founded the University of
Southampton by granting it a Royal Charter. Since then it has developed into
a world-class university and our people have changed the world for the
better. We continue to work at the cutting edge of research, solving global
problems. This year we celebrate our 60th anniversary.
We will recall and celebrate 60 years of world-changing achievements.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
IMAGING THE WORLD. SUCCESS NO. 49
Southampton scientists changed the way we see the world when a
research breakthrough led to major advances in a molecular imaging
technique.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) provides information
about the structure and behaviour of molecules and can identify substances
using very small samples. It is now used worldwide in a multitude of ways from helping medical scientists in the fight against disease to the
identification of pigments used in old masters.
«SERS is arguably the most sensitive method of analysis on surfaces
that anyone has ever come up with,» says Professor Patrick Hendra, who
discovered the technique in the 1970s with colleagues Martin Fleishmann and
James McQuillan. «However, at the time we had no idea how important it
would become beyond the academic world, or the vast range of applications
that would be developed.»
Raman spectroscopy - which can be used to identify molecules by
analysing the way they vibrate when they interact with light - was first
developed in the late 1920s. However, the Raman effect is very weak, and
54
this limited its use. A breakthrough came when Patrick and his colleagues
discovered that, by using the technique on the surface of certain specially
prepared metals, the results could be hugely enhanced. This has enabled the
development of SERS for countless uses in the laboratory and beyond.
SERS can analyse substances using very small samples and identify
chemicals at very low concentrations, making it an extremely useful tool in a
wide range of fields. «At Southampton we are currently using SERS to
understand more about DNA fingerprinting and the genetic mutations that
lead to conditions such as cystic fibrosis,» explains Professor Phil Bartlett of
Southampton’s Electrochemistry Research Group. «Also, one our students is
developing SERS applications for crime scene investigations.»
Elsewhere, SERS has been developed for the identification of diseases
such as cancer and Alzheimer’s in biological samples and the detection of
anthrax and environmental pollutants, to name just a few examples. It has
also been used in the field of art conservation, helping restorers to identify
the substances used in pigments.
«This is a technique that has changed the world,» says Phil. «From the
initial discovery at Southampton, SERS has developed into something that is
used round the world and researchers are continuing to take it forward
today.»
Source: University of Southampton official website
http://60.southampton.ac.uk/imaging-the-world/53
Date of reference: 13th June 2012.
Text B.
NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY
EXPERT TO LEAD NEW UNDERSTANDING OF DIABETES IN INDIA
A top Indian diabetes expert has travelled to Newcastle this week to
learn about a new branch of science which could improve health across the
world.
Dr Ranjan Yajnik, a diabetologist at KEM Hospital in Pune in India is
attending a short course organised by Dr Caroline Relton of Newcastle
University, a world leader in the field of epigenetic epidemiology.
Epigenetics is a rapidly emerging and exciting area of scientific
research which may help us to explain how the environment and genome
work in concert to influence our risk of many diseases. Evidence is growing
that factors like diet, exercise, smoking and hormones can alter the regulation
of our genome – when genes are switched on and when they are switched off
– even before birth.
55
This could have a big impact on the development of diseases such as
diabetes, which is a big problem in India, with up to 60 milllion people
suffering from diabetes Type 2.
Dr Yajnik said: “The problem is increasing very rapidly and the clinics
are inundated with patients. At the moment there are about 60 million
diabetes patients and that is increasing all the time.
“We wanted to find the factors that are causing this massive increase.
Not many people in India are overweight but it seems that Indian people have
a higher level of body fat even though they look thin and it is that that causes
the diabetes. We want to know why that is and what we may be able to do
about it.
“The genetic factors are not clear but hopefully epigenetics can give us
some of those answers, so we came over to Newcastle as it is world leading
in this field. The course so far has been fascinating and I’ve learnt many
things which I will be able to take back to my colleagues in India.”
Dr Caroline Relton, senior lecturer at the Institute of Genetic Medicine at
Newcastle University, who organised the five day workshop said:
“Epigenetics sounds complicated but in a nutshell it’s the study of how our
genes are regulated. Epigenetics can help us understand how genes and the
environment act together to influence disease risk. “There are switches that
turn genes on and off and these are impacted by environmental effects. So for
example malnutrition in the womb could leave someone more prone to
diabetes in later life, even if normally they would not be genetically disposed
to it, because a switch is pulled. “Epigenetics could have an impact on any
common diseases which are influenced by the environment and lifestyle.
“This is a field in which Newcastle has unique expertise at the moment and
we decided to host this five day event because there is so much interest in
this from around the world. We have been joined by colleagues from India,
Brazil, South Africa and across Europe to learn about how we undertake
epigenetic research. ”
Source: University of Newcastle official website
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/press.release/item/indian-expert-in-diabetes-comes-to-
newcastle
published on: 18th June 2012
TASK 3. Explain the use f the Present Continuous in the following sentences.
1. We wanted to find the factors that are causing this massive increase.
2. One our students is developing SERS applications for crime scene
investigations.
56
3. At the moment there are about 60 million diabetes patients and that is
increasing all the time.
4. The problem is increasing very rapidly and the clinics are inundated
with patients.
5. Is this microprocessor working properly?
6. Those logic circuits are performing arithmetic calculations
7. These data are streaming from one logic unit to the next without
interruption.
8. The PC is not storing those results in memory.
9. Are they interviewing the new Dean?
10. We are giving this example to illustrate the concept of parallelism.
11. They are using supercomputers to create mathematical models of
complex phenomena.
12. The definition of supercomputer is constantly changing with
technological progress.
13. Technology is increasing the speed of supercomputers.
14. This computer is devoting all its resources to the solution of that
problem.
Source: GRAMMAR & TRANSLATION EXERCISES by Diana A. Ferraris de Camardelli.
Universidad de Mendoza, 2004
TASK 4. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words and phrases below.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
As a modern university Reading not only creates new knowledge, but
also uses and shares its research and resources 1) ________ in industry. It
solves real world problems and improves the strength of the UK economy
through 2) ________ and consultancy.
In the last 5 years alone, the University has delivered over 2000
projects, bringing together specialist multi-disciplinary research teams to
address the needs of clients across a 3) ________, research and development
activities in a variety of markets.
Much of our high quality research is applied and we have strengthened
our 4) ________ through the formation of a number of multi-disciplinary
areas of research.
The University of Reading has an 5) ________ for the quality and
relevance of its research, across areas as diverse as Life Sciences, Arts and
humanities, Social Sciences Research and Henley Business School.
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Interdisciplinary research areas of particular strength include:
CLIMATE SYSTEMS SCIENCE
Climate systems science is a 6) ________ for the University and a
topic of huge importance to business. The inter-disciplinary Walker Institute
for Climate Systems Science brings together our unrivalled climate expertise.
Hosted in our world leading meteorology department, it draws together
experts from mathematics, agricultural sciences, human and environmental
sciences, and social sciences.
PREVENTATIVE AND THERAPEUTIC HEALTH SCIENCES
Research addresses 7) ________ focusing on the relationship between
food and health (Food Chain and Health), cardiovascular and metabolic
health (the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research), and
cognitive health (Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics).
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTS
Reading has an international reputation in 8) ________, and in real
estate and planning. Research is focussed in the areas of inclusive
environments, construction cost management, sustainable buildings, energy
management in buildings, and infrastructure and services systems.
The Centre at the University is an Industrial Doctorate Centre for
training Research Engineers to Engineering Doctorate (EngD) qualifications
in the areas of 9) ________ and energy management. The Centre works with
the construction and energy sectors to understand how industry can work
more sustainability. Our research helps to reduce both the 10) ________ and
our industrial carbon footprint. In this way, we help to address climate
change.
In addition, the Henley Business School at Reading is one of Europe's
leading business schools and our academic expertise in typography has led to
the formation of the Cidr, Centre for Information Design Research, an
innovative multi-disciplinary research centre helping organisations to
communicate more effectively, which focuses on the way written information
can be presented to promote effective communication.
collaborative R&D programmes relevance to end-users
construction management
significant area of excellence
environmental impact of construction sustainable built environments
fundamental societal and governmental
to enhance innovation
concerns
international reputation wide spectrum of business
Source: http://www.reading.ac.uk/working-with-
business/researchanddevelopment/busserv-researchdevelopment.aspx
58
TASK 5. Make three groups and let each group read one of the texts below
about the process of research and enterprise development in University of
Bristol. Tell the others what you’ve learnt using the words in italics.
Text 1
The research development team of University of Bristol provides
expert support to academic members of staff who are seeking external
funding for their research. The team also acts as a contact point for funding
agencies and partners and has a detailed knowledge of a wide range of
funding issues.
Research and Enterprise Development (RED) works with academics,
researchers, students and entrepreneur communities within and also outside
the University of Bristol. Whether you are an organisation or individual
entrepreneur, a world-leading or early-career researcher, or a student
entrepreneur with exciting ideas you will find that RED has people with the
experience, knowledge, networks and expertise to assist. Some examples of
the support we can provide includes:
Funding opportunities;
The Research excellence framework (REF);
Negotiating research and consultancy contracts;
Project management for large or complex research programmes;
SETsquared business acceleration.
Working with business, including research consultancy, placements,
academic business fellowships, licensing opportunities, business acceleration
and international businesses.
Student enterprise - access for students to ideas, advice, space, and
start-up funding to get your ideas going.
Source: http://www.bris.ac.uk/red/
Text 2
The Research and Enterprise Policy team of University of Bristol:
Provides support for the development and implementation of the
university’s research and enterprise strategy.
Leads the development of the University’s submission to the Research
excellence framework - REF2014
Leads the development and implementation of systems that support the
provision of research management information, including project
managing the introduction in 2012 of the new research information
system.
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Leads the University’s response to the Impact Agenda, providing the
secretariat for the University’s Impact Working Group.
Is the University’s expert on research funding mechanisms and on the
measurement of research and enterprise performance.
Provides the Secretariat for the University Research Committee.
Is responsible for monitoring government, funding council and other
stakeholders’ policies on research and enterprise in Higher Education
Provides, analyses and benchmarks research and enterprise
management information.
Source: http://www.bris.ac.uk/red/research-policy/
Text 3
The RED Project Management Team of University of Bristol provides
a professional management capability to support large or complex research
programmes and strategic initiatives, usually involving relationships with
external partners.
The team can provide the following services:
support for 'commercial' (i.e. non-'grant') bids including consultancy,
and advice on costing and pricing;
negotiation of mutually beneficial deals prior to establishment of
contracts;
professional project and programme management for major academic
research projects and initiatives;
support for the development and implementation of strategies and
business plans;
development and management of strategic relationships and ventures;
development and implementation of fit-for-purpose processes and
systems within major research activities.
Members of the Project Management Team have commercial and
university experience, and can function effectively in both environments.
Project managers interact with senior management within the
University and externally, and draw on other expertise within RED and
elsewhere in the course of their work.
A project manager can take full responsibility for all aspects of
commercial negotiation, contract management, scheduling and delivery of
work programmes, setting up and management of subcontracts, monitoring
and control of budgets, QA, reporting, customer care, securing of intellectual
property, exploitation of results, etc.
Source: http://www.bris.ac.uk/red/project-management/
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