Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Автоматизация процессов химических производств. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Ɋɢɫ. 30. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2-ɨɣ ɢ 4-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 31.
Ɋɢɫ. 31. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2-ɨɣ ɢ 4-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ:
I, II, III IV – ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, V – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋ
ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ, VI – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ
2
ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 2-ɨɣ ɢ 4-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 32.
31
Ɋɢɫ. 32. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 2-ɨɣ ɢ 4-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ:
I, II, III, IV – ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, V – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋ2 ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ, VI – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, VII – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫ. 31 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 33.
Ɋɢɫ. 33. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫ. 31)
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫ. 32 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 34.
32
Ɋɢɫ. 34. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
4-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫ. 32)
Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ
Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 35.
Ɋɢɫ. 35. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ
ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ:
1-1, 2-1 – ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ 1 ɢ 2, 1-2, 2-2 – ɦɚɫɥɨɜɥɚɝɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ,
1-3, 2-3 – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ, Ɋ – ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ,
P – ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ.
33
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ Ɋ
ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɊɈ
ɢ ɊɈ2
1
ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɚ 1 ɢ 2 ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
T ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ;
T ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ;
T
ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ;
ɩ
T ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ;
T
ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ.
ɨɛɦ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Ɋ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ;
Ɋ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ;
Ɋ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ).
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ:
ɇ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɨɜɥɚɝɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ;
ɇ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɚɯ (ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ);
ɇ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɝɨɥɶɞɟɪɚɯ (ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ).
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ N
;
ɩɪ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ;
N
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɩɪ
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ:
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ –
T Ĺ, Ɋ Ĺ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ – T
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ – T
ɨɛɦ
Ĺ;
ɩ
Ĺ;
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɇ p ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ;
34
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ – Ɋ p;
A
p
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ – Ɋ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ N
ɩɪ
Ĺ.
ɦ
p;
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ.
1.2. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
Ɏɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɮɚɡ:
s = k – f + 2, (54)
ɝɞɟ s – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
f – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɮɚɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
k – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
s =1– 3 + 2 = 0;
s = 1 – 2 + 2 = 1;
s = 1 – 1 + 2 = 2.
Ɏɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ʉɥɚɩɟɣɪɨɧɚ – Ʉɥɚɭɡɢɭɫɚ:
Ɋ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ;
ɝɞɟ
dP
dT
r
, (55)
VT
'
r – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ;
Ɍ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɝɨɧɤɢ);
¨
V – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 1 ɦɨɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɭɸ.
Ɏɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɧɪɢ:
pm\
m
– ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ;
ɝɞɟ
i
, (56)
ii
ȥ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ Ƚɟɧɪɢ;
p
– ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
i
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ɋɚɭɥɹ:
mP , (57)
Ai A
35
ɝɞɟ ɪȺ – ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ A ɜ ɩɚɪɚɯ;
Ɋ
– ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ A;
Ⱥ
n
mn
A
i
ɫɦ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
i
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩ. ɫɦɟɫɢ
– ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:
m
ɫA
K
ɝɞɟ
K – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ;
m
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ C ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ A ɜ ɝ.ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ;
ɫA
m
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ C ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ B.
cB
m
, (58)
ɫB
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ȼɨɣɥɹ:
PV = const ɩɪɢ T = const. (59)
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɣ-Ʌɸɫɫɚɤɚ:
DD
VV V V
tt
00 0
273 273
ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ (60) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ
VV
§·
ɋ C
1
¨¸
(60)
©¹
Ɋ = const:
T
. (61)
0
273
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ (59) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ:
VT
11
VT
ɩɪɢ Ɋ = const (62)
22
ɢɥɢ
PT
11
PT
22
ɩɪɢ V = const. (63)
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ (59) ɢ (60) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɝɚɡɚ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ:
V
0
VP VP
1
1C
t
273
273
D
(K)
T
D
. (64)
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ: ɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
1 ɝ/ɦɨɥ. ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 22,4 ɥ;
1 ɤɝ/ɦɨɥ. ĺ 22,4 ɦ
3
ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 6,03 . 1023 ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
36
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ – Ʉɥɚɩɟɣɪɨɧɚ:
R
R
ɞɥɹ 1 ɝ/ɦɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɚ:
PV = RT; (65)
ɞɥɹ n ɝ/ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɚ:
PV = nRT. (66)
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ:
MRT
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
ɢɥɢ
PV
,(ɝ)
M ɤɝ
MPV
M
10
MPV
B
, (67)
M
B
B
T
3
,( )
T
(68)
. (69)
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ:
Pp
¦
ɫɦ i
. (70)
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢ Ȼɨɣɥɹ:
v
i
p
ɝɞɟ
ɪ
– ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
i
v
– ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
i /Vɫɦ
P
– ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɫɦ
i
Ɋ
ɫɦ
V
, (71)
ɫɦ
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ
ɤɤɚɥ ɤɤɚɥ ɤɤɚɥ
; ;
DDD
ɤɝ Ʉ ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ Ʉ ɦ Ʉ
ɤɚɥ ɤɚɥ ɤɚɥ
; ;
DDD
ɝɄ ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ Ʉ ɥ Ʉ
ɫ:
Ⱦɠ
;
3
;
ɤɝ Ʉ
.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɍ:
c = a
1
+ b
T + c1T
1
, (72)
2
ɝɞɟ a1, b1, c1 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
37
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ:
R
M
bc
22
Ɍ
ɢ Ɍ2 – ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
ɝɞɟ
1
ca T T T TT T , (73)
()( )
221 2121
23
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ:
ɝɞɟ
n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ.
cn
¨¸
©¹
ɝ/ɚɬɨɦ Ʉ
§·
6,4
Ɍɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ:
c
– ɩɪɢ p = const ɢɥɢ cv ɩɪɢ V = const
p
22
ɤɚɥ
, (74)
D
ɝɞɟ
Ɇ – ɦɚɫɫɚ 1 ɦɨɥɹ ɝɚɡɚ (ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ);
cc
pv
R – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ, R = 1,985 ɤɤɚɥ/((ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ)
c
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
= 1,4cv.
p
, (75)
.
ɝɪɚɞ).
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ
(ɜ ɤɤɚɥ/ɤɝ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɥ/ɝ):
r
rɢɫɩ = T
rɢɫɩ = T
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ r
ɬɭɪɵ
Ɍ
:
2
ɝɞɟ
r
– ɢɫɤɨɦɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ2;
ɢɫɩ2
r
– ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ1;
ɢɫɩ1
k – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, k = f (Ɍ1, Ɍ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ:
r
ɝɞɟ i
ɠɢɞɤ
, i
– ɬɟɩɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, Ⱦɠ/ɤɝ (ɢɥɢ ɤɤɚɥ/ɤɝ).
ɝɚɡ
= 21T
ɢɫɩ
(9,5lgT
ɤɢɩ
ɤɢɩ
ɢɫɩ
ɤɢɩ
(8,75 + 4,571lgɌ
krr
ɢɫɩ1ɢɫɩ2
= i
k – i
ɠɢɞ
, (76)
ɤɢɩ
– 0,007Ɍ
T
2
T
1
, T
2
ɤɪɢɬ).
, (80)
ɝɚɡ
), (77)
ɤɢɩ
). (78)
ɤɢɩ
ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɢɫɩ2
, (79)
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ȡ
t
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ȡ
:
ɫɪ
= ȡ
– ȕ
t
0
– 20 °ɋ), (81)
t(tɫɪ
ɝɞɟ ȡ0 – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ t0 = 20 °ɋ;
ȕ
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ 1 °ɋ.
t
38
t ɩɪɢ ɡɚ-
Ⱦɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ȡt ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
U
E
M
U
ɝɞɟ
E
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɝɪɚɞ –1;
't = t
– t
– ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ t = 20 qC.
ɫɪ
0
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ 0 °ɋ ɢ 760 ɦɦ ɪɬ. ɫɬ. ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ:
ɢɥɢ
U
M
U
0
M ɤ
U
0
22,4 (ɦ ) ɦ
20
t
1
(ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ) ɝ
22,4 (ɥ) ɥ
( ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ) ɤɝ
, (82)
'
t
§·
¨¸
©¹
§·
¨¸
33
©¹
(83)
, (84)
ɝɞɟ Ɇ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɝɚɡɚ.
U
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ:
ɫɦ
U
= b
+ b
ɫɦ
1U1
2U2
+… b
, (85)
nUn
ɝɞɟ b1…bn – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ;
U
U
– ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɝ/ɦ3.
,
1
n
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ:
3
Ac
OU
, (86)
.
ɝɞɟ Ⱥ = 3,58
Ⱥ = 4,22
ɫ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, Ⱦɠ/(ɤɝ
ȡ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ
10–8 – ɞɥɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ;
.
10–8 – ɞɥɹ ɧɟɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ;
3
;
.
ɝɪɚɞ);
Ɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ/ɤɦɨɥɶ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ:
aa a
OOO O
, (87)
ɫɦ 11 2 2
...
nn
ɝɞɟ ɚ1…ɚn – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
O
…
O
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɬ/(ɦ.ɝɪɚɞ).
1
n
ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
P
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɝɞɟ
P
– ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ °ɋ;
0
ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
t
273
PP
t
0
TC
CT
39
3
2
§·
¨¸
©¹
, (88)
273
Ɍ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ Ʉ;
M
P
P
C – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ.
P
ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɝɞɟ M
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɝ/ɤɦɨɥɶ;
i
P
– ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɉɚ.ɫ;
i
v
i
bV – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
i
ɫɦ
ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɟɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ:
ɝɞɟ
P
– ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɉɚÂɫ;
i
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɝ/ɤɦɨɥɶ.
m
i
ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɣ:
ɝɞɟ
P
– ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɉɚ.ɫ;
ɠ
V
ɬɜ
M
– ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ.
V
ɫɭɫɩ
:
ɫɦ
ɫɦ
ɫɦ
ɫɦ
ɫɠ
bM
ii
¦
iimPPlglg
¦
(1 2, 5 )
PM
, (89)
P
i
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ:
QG
ɥɢɧ
Z
ɝɞɟ
Z
Q – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɦ
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ;
ɫɪ
ɦ
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɤɝ/(ɦ2Âɫ);
ɫɪ
3
/ɫ;
ɥɢɧ ɦ
ZZ
ɫɪ ɫɪ
ɢ
, (92)
SS
G – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɤɝ/ɫ;
2
S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɦ
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ:
.
ɦɥɢɧ
ZZU
, (93)
ɫɪ ɫɪ
ɝɞɟ U – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
, (90)
, (91)
40
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]