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ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ.
f
G
ɬ Cɪɬ
T
ɜɯ
– Gɬ C
ɬ
ɜɵɯ
T
= G
ɪɬ
ɬ
ɩ Cpɩ
0
T
ɩ
– G
. (303)
ɩ Cpɩ șn
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɜɯ
ɜɵɯ
T
,
T
ɬ
0
,
T
ɬ
, șn – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ
ɩ
ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ;
V
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ;
n
C
, ɋɪɬ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ;
pɩ
G
, Gɩ – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɝ/ɱ.
ɬ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ (303) ɢ (304) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ:
0
(,)
T
GG
.
ɩ
ɬɩ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ Gɬ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ
0
T
(ɪɢɫ. 106).
ɩ
Ɋɢɫ. 106. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
0
T
ɩ
Ɋɢɫ. 107. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
111
Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 107.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ș
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ P
= f(cɞ) ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɮɥɟɝɦɵ – ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ
c
;
ɞ
ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɚɝɟɧɬɚ Gɯɥ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ-
ɜ
ɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ;
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ h
ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɮɥɟɝɦɵ Gɮɥ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɮɥ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ;
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ h
ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɤɭɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ Gɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɤ
ɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɧɢɡɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Gɩ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ;
ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ;
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ;
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
G
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
ɝɪ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ;
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
0
GG
.
y0
y
0
T
ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ Gɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
ɩ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ;
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ;
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ –
Ɋ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ –
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ –
, Ɋɧ;
ɜ
h
, hɤ;
ɮɥ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ –
ș
, șɧ, șɤɜ, șɤɧ,
ɜ
ɫ
ɢɥɢ ɫɤ.
ɞ
0
T
;
ɩ
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ:
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ h
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
PPn! ;
ɩɪɟɞ
, hɤ, șɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ;
ɮɥ
ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩGp .
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɱ. 1)
ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 108).
112
Ɋɢɫ. 108. ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ:
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ,
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
Ɋ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (3) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ (2) ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨ-
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (1) ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
r
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɉɪɢ
rr!!
ɨɛɦ
.
ɨɛɦ
:
r ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚ-
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ;
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ;
ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
rr :
ɉɪɢ
ɨɛɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ;
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɨɦ;
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
113
T
ɉɪɢ
rr|
ɨɛɦ
:
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ;
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
U
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
n
– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ; n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɝɞɟ
0
, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ:
n
nn
0
U
n
, (304)
n
0
ɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
U
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
m
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ;
ɝɞɟ
0
, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ:
m
mm
0
U
m
, (305)
m
0
m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
T
ɢ Ɋ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜ-
ɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
t
– ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
ɪ
ɋ
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ;
0
ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ;
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ.
ȼɵɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
m
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ;
ɝɞɟ
ɮ
m
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨ-
ɬ
ɏ:
Xm
m
ɮ
, (306)
ɬ
ɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
ɏ:
ș – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ;
Ɋ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ;
ɋi – ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
t
– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ.
ɩɪ
114
ȼɵɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ:
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɱɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɏ o 1,
ɬɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ;
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɱɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ
o 1, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɏ
ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɂɡ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɞɨɥɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ:
n
0 ɰɩ
o
ɂɡ
, (307)
n
0 ɩɪ
o
ɝɞɟ
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ
0 ɰɩno
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ;
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
0 ɩɪno
ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɟɚɝɢ-
ɪɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ (ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ):
dc
,
i
ɝɞɟ ɉ
CC
' – ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤ-
D
i
rKC
r ' (308)
dt
ɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ;
K – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɪɟ-
ɧɢɭɫɚ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɋ
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ;
0
ș – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ;
Ɋ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɨɣ ɫ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɟɣ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ Ⱥ
o ȼ (ɪɢɫ. 109).
115
Ɋɢɫ. 109. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɨɣ ɫ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ
A
1-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ Ⱥ
o
ȼ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 109:
G
, G, Gɯɥ – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɯɥɚɞɨ-
0
ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɤɝ/ɫ;
c
, cp, c
p0
U
– ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ3;
T
, T ,
0
CC – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟ-
0
ɫɢ, ɤɝ/ ɦ
V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɦ
– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, Ⱦɠ/(ɤɝ.ɝɪɚɞ);
pɯɥ
T
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɯɥɚɞɨɚɝɟɧɬɚ;
ɯɥ
A
,
3
;
3
;
h – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɦ;
T
– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ
ɫɪ
3
(ɦ )
V
T
;
ɫɪ
(ɦ /ɫ)
Q
(ɫ)
3
'H – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, Ⱦɠ/ɤɝ;
.
r – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɝ/(ɦ
3
ɫ).
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɤɨɧ-
ɋ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
.
ȼ
116
ɐɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ:
A
EE E
E
R
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ȼȼ
CC .
ɦɚɤɫ
ɐɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
AA
CC .
ɦɢɧ
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɋɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ:
ɋɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ:
DD EE
. (309)
11 2 2 11 2 2
ɝɞɟ
D
,
E
, D, E – ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɣ
1
1
... ...AA BB
DE
B
, (310)
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
1
()
rrr
DD D D D
– ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
ɝɞɟ
rKCCC
ɩɪ 12
rKCCC
ɨɛɪ ȼ ȼ1 ȼ2 ȼ
Z
Ⱥ
ȿ
Ⱥ
123
12
DD D
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
Ⱥ AA An
eZK
AA
12
E
A
RT
;
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
ɢ Zȼ – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ;
ɢ ȿ
– ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ
...
n
n
...
n
...
n
B
KZe
– ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ,
BB
T
, (311)
ɩɪ ɨɛɪ
D
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɢɫ. 109:
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
E
A
D
rZeC
ɩɪ
RT
; (312)
AA
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
E
B
E
RT
ɨɛɪ
CeZr
. (313)
B
B
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɤɚɤ
ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ:
117
(,, ,, , ,)Pfxz k Vt
P
, (314)
U
ɝɞɟ x, z – ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ;
P
– ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ;
k – ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ;
U
– ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ;
V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ;
t – ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ:
dh
SGG
U
dt
.
0
(315)
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ (315) ɢ (316):
dh
:
0
dt
GG . (316)
0
. (317)
(,)hfGG
0
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ Ⱥ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ:
U
I II III IV
A
dC
VGCGCrV
dt
AA
00
, (318)
ɝɞɟ I – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
II – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
III – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
IV – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɰɢɸ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ V = S h.
A
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ (318) ɢ (319):
dC
0
:
dt
AA
GC GC rV . (319)
00
AA
(,, ,,)
CfGGCrh . (320)
00
118
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
T
f
ɯ
ɪ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ:
I
d
T
Vc
U
'
TT TT
Gc Gc HrV Gɫ
000
pp ɯɥ ɪɯɥ ɯɥ ɯɥ
p
dt
() ( )
ɜɵɯ ɜɯ
, (321)
II III IV V
ɝɞɟ I – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
II – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
III – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
IV – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
V – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ,
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɯɥɚɞɨɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɢ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ
Gc H rV Gc G ɫ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ (321) ɢ (322):
TTTT
000 ɯɥ ɪɯɥ ɯɥ ɯɥ
pp
TT T
'
d
:
0
dt
() ( )
' . (322)
(,,, , ,,,( ), ,)
GGG rhHcc
00 ɯɥ ɯɥ p0 p
ɜɵɯ ɜɯ
. (323)
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 110).
Ɋɢɫ. 110. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ:
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
,,
GGG. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ:
0
ɥ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ:
A
,,
ChT. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
,(- ), ,
rHɫɫ'
119
ɜɯ Ⱥ
,,
ɋ
TT
00
0
ɪ
.
ɯɥ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɱ. 2)
f
T
T
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
()
TT
ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
0
(ɪɢɫ. 111).
ɞɨ
T
04
Ɋɢɫ. 111. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ )(
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
f ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
0
T
ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ T.
0
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
T
ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ
0
T
02
ɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ D-A-B-C-D.
ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ⱥ-3-ɋ – ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ
T
– ɨɞɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ (x)1, ɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ
01
ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨ.
ɉɪɢ
T
– ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ (x)D ɢ (x)ɋ:
02
(x)D – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ;
(x)ɋ – ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɨɦ ɜ (x)D ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɪɢ T
– ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ (x)2, (x)3, (x)4:
03
(x)2 – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
(x)4 – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɪɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – ɜɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ;
(x)3 – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ T
– ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ (x)Ⱥ ɢ (x)ȼ:
04
(x)Ⱥ – ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɫ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɨɦ ɜ (x)ȼ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
(x)ȼ – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɪɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – ɜɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ.
120
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɟ-
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