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Файл:Автоматизация процессов химических производств. Учебное пособие
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Ɋɢɫ. 11. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ
ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12.
Ɋɢɫ. 12. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ
ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 13.
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ
21
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
H
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ):
ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ;
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ):
ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ;
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɪɭɬɨɣ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Q
= Qɫ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨ-
ɧ
ɜɚɧɢɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 14.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ (ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ).
Ɋɢɫ. 14. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Qɧ = Qɫ
(ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢ
.
H|
ɫɧ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 15.
22
U
ɇ
ɇ
Ɋɢɫ. 15. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɄɉȾ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
NgQHgQHHH
ɩ cc ɧɧ cc
KK
ɞɪ ɧ
NN NHH
ɷɮɮ ɷɮɮ ɷɮɮ ɧ ɧ
KK
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ H
.
ɞɪ ɧ
H
ɫ
H
ɧ
U
1
o .
ɫ
ɧ
= H
(ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɫɢɪɨ-
ɧ
ɫ
ɜɚɧɢɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 16.
Ɋɢɫ. 16. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Hɧ = Hɫ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
23
ɉɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
U
– ɛɚɣɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ;
Q
ɛ
Q
– ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
ɧ
= Qɧ – Qɛ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɬɢ;
Q
ɫ
ɇ
= ɇɧ.
ɫ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢ
QQ| .
ɫɧ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɛɚɣɩɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 17.
Ɋɢɫ. 17. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɄɉȾ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
NgQHgQHQQ
KK
ɛɩ ɧ
ɩ cc ɧɧ cc
NN NQQ
ɷɮɮ ɷɮɮ ɷɮɮ ɧ ɧ
KK
.
ɛɩ ɧ
24
U
Q
ɫ
Q
ɧ
Ɋɢɫ. 18. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Kɧ = Kɫ
H
H
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ
Q
c
o .
1
Q
ɧ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
K
=
K
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 18.
ɧ
ɫ
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ n ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ
Q
, ɢ ɇɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ:
ɧ
2
§·
nQn
11 11
;
¨¸
nQn
©¹
. (49)
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 19.
Ɋɢɫ. 19. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ
25
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
H
H
U
K
K
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 1 ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ n;
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɟɬɢ 2.
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ «ɋ» ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ Q
ɢ
K
=
K
.
ɫ
ɧ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ n
1, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɇ
= f(Q) ɩɪɨɣɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɧ
ɬɨɱɤɭ ɋ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ (7.1) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
2
§·
Q
HQ
cc
. (50)
¨¸
©¹
ɂɡ (51) ɜɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɇ:
H
2
c
Q
ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (51) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ
ɤɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (
K
= const.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ
n) ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ Ⱥ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ Q
n
.
1
. (51)
2
Q
c
3 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 19, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟ-
ɢ ɇȺ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ
Ⱥ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ (50) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
Qn
A
Q
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
, QȺ ɢ n ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ n1:
ɫ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ:
Q
KK
ɧ Ac
ɧ A ɫ
Qn
nQ
1
ɢ ɇȺ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ:
Ⱥ
KK
.
,
c1
Qn
c
. (52)
A
gQ H
AA
N
ɷɮɮ
. (53)
const
Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 20.
, ɇɫ
ɫ
26
Ɋɢɫ. 20. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ
Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ Q – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ:
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – t
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – P
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ –
QQ Q.
, t
ɨɛɦ
, Pɧ, P
ɜɫ
””
,,
ɨɯɥ ɦ
,
t, t , t;
ɩɨɞɲ
;
ɨɯɥ
`” ”
ɨɯɥ ɨɯɥ ɦ
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ:
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – t > t
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – P < P
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ – Q < Q
;
ɩɪɟɞ
;
ɩɪɟɞ
(ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ).
ɦɢɧ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.
ɉɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ «ȼ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ» ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ
ȼɢɞ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 21.
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Ɋɢɫ. 21. ȼɢɞ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 22. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɉɡ-ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɉɡ-ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 22.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 23.
Ɋɢɫ. 23. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ:
ɉɄɍ – ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
28
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 24.
Ɋɢɫ. 24. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 25. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 26.
Ɋɢɫ. 26. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɧɚ ɂɆ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 27.
29
Ɋɢɫ. 27. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɂɆ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɧɚ ɂɆ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 28.
Ɋɢɫ. 28. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 2-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɧɚ ɂɆ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɋɯɟɦɚ 3-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 29.
Ɋɢɫ. 29. ɋɯɟɦɚ 3-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 3-ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 30.
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