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Файл:The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум
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ropeancountriesdidn’ttrustand didn’trespecttheUSAasit refusedto
paythedebts.Itwasclearfortheleadersthatthecountryneededchanges.
1787: the members of the Constitution Convention created a completely new, “federal” system of government in which the power
to rule is shared. The purpose of this balance of power was to prevent one person or group from taking complete control of the nation’s life. The system was set out in the Constitution of the United
States, which went into effect in 1789
TheConstitutionConvention wasthemeetingof thedelegatesfrom
everystate.Their originalaimwasto revisetheArticlesofConfederation. There weren’t unity in the opinions of the delegates: some
wantedastrongcentralgovernment,othersfearedthatitwouldlimit
state’srights;smallstatesinsistedonequalrepresentationinanational
legislature,bigstatesbelievedtheyshouldhavemore inuence. Finally,theyfoundacompromiseanddidevenmorethanwasexpected.
The power to rule in the USA is shared between the central (“federal”) authority and local authorities. The federal government
has 3 branches which check each other’s actions: legislative (Congress), executive (the President) and judicial (the Supreme Court).
The federal government became much stronger than before: it had
powertocollecttaxes,tomaketreatieswithforeigncountriesandto
controltradeofallkinds.Butstatescouldruntheirinternalaffairsas
theywished(keeping therulesoftheConstitution).Sincethattime,
thePresidentrunsthecountry’severy day’saffairs.Congressmakes
laws;itconsistsoftwoparts:Senate(2membersfromeachstate)and
HouseofRepresentatives(thenumberofrepresentativesfromastate
depends on its population). The Supreme Court makes decisions in
anydisagreementsaboutthemeaningofthelawsandtheConstitution.
The Constitution didn’t contain basic rights and freedoms of
people. They were set out in 10 amendments to the Constitution
known as the Bill of Rights (1791).
TheBillofRightspromisedallAmericansfreedomofreligion,afree
press,freespeech, therighttocarryarms,theright toafair trialby
jury,andprotectionagainst“cruelandunusualpunishment”.
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First political parties (The Federalist Party and the Democratic
Republican Party) appeared.
The Federalists believed in strong central government. They representedtradeandmanufacturinginterestsandhadthemostsupportin
theNorth.TheRepublicans opposed theFederalistsandbelievedin
states’rights.Theyrepresentedagriculturalinterestsandhadthemost
supportintheSouth
North and South
There was a difference in geography, natural resources and the
way of life between industrial northern states and agricultural
southern states
The southern states were agricultural. They used slaves to cultivate
theirlargeplantations,onwhichtheygrewtobacco,cottonandsugar.
Thenorthernstateswerecentresofnance,commerceandmanufacturing.Farmsinthenorthweresmallerbecauseofcoolerclimate;the
farmersdidn’tneedanddidn’tuseslavestoworktheland.Theirprincipalproductsweretextiles,clothing,machinery.
The North and the South were quarrelling because they had completely different points of view on slavery and import duties
TheNorthwantedhigherimportduties,whichwouldprotectAmericanindustry,andwasagainstslavery.Manynorthernersopposedslaveryformoraland religiousreasons(“abolitionists”).The Southwas
against high import duties (southerners bought many things abroad
andhighdutieswouldmakethemmoreexpensive)andwantedslaverytobeallowed.
Should new territories be slave states or free states? Some compromises were found to settle this question but then it became
clear that the country needed a principal decision of the problem
TheMissouriCompromisebecamethersttrytosolvetheproblem:
slavery was permitted in the Missouri and Arkansas territories but
bannedinlandstothewestandnorthofMissouri.Thensomenewterritorieswereacquiredandthequestionwasraisedagain.Accordingto
thenewcompromise(1850),Californiawasadmittedasafreestate;
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UtahandNewMexicocoulddecidethemselveswhetherornottoallowslavery.Thenaracebegantowinthecontrolofonemoreterritory,
Kansas.Therewereghtingandkillingthere.
1861: A. Lincoln became President. He wanted to stop the spreading of slavery. 11 southern states formed the Confederate States of
America (the Confederacy) and announced their independence.
Lincoln had to stop the rebellion
LincolnappealedtotheSouthtostayintheUnion.Hepromisednot
tointerferewithslaveryinthembuthedidn’tallowthemtobreakup
withtheUSA.TheConfederacydidn’twanttolistenandopenedre
onUStroops.
April 12, 1861: the Civil War began
TheSouth(theConfederacy)wasghtingforindependence andthe
North(theUSA)wasghtingtopreservetheunityoftheUSA.The
Northhadmorepeopleandbetterresources.TheSouthhadmoreexperiencedmilitaryleadersandwasghtingwithmorespirit.Thewar
washardandbloodyforbothsides.
th
1865: the 13
amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery
everywhere in the USA
ThedecisiontofreeslaveshelpedLincolntoformanewwarpower:
formerslavesbeganghtingagainsttheSouthbecauseiftheConfederacywon,theywouldbecomeslavesagain.
April 9, 1865: the Civil War was over with the victory of the USA
(the North). The new problem for Lincoln was how to deal with
the defeated southern states
By1865theSouthranoutofitsresourcesofeverythingandsurrendered.
April 13, 1865: Lincoln was killed in the theatre. Vice-President
Johnson started Reconstruction
ThemanwhoshotthePresident,JohnBooth,wasanactorandasoutherner.Vice-PresidentJohnsonhadtoplanandcarryouttheprocessof
reconstruction of the country.He decided that a state would be ac-
th
ceptedbackandgivenfullrightsafteritacceptedthe13
amendment.
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For black people life was very hard: they were free, but they didn’t
have social and political rights
Southernstatesdidn’twantblackstobecomeequal.Theypassedlaws
(“Blackcodes”)which refusedblackpeopleto vote,tobuyland (in
Missouri),tochangetheirjob(inLouisiana),etc.
th
1866: the 14
amendment gave blacks full rights of citizenship
Almostallsouthernstatesrefusedtoacceptit.Johnsondismissedtheir
governments and introduced “Reconstruction governments”, which
includedwhitemenfromtheNorthandblackmen.
Southern whites formed terrorist groups. They frightened black
people and prevented them from claiming their rights. The largest
and the most feared group was Ku Klux Klan
By 1876 racist won back control of state governments. Reconstruction was over.
Southerner whites continued to pass laws which made it very difcultforblackstoacquiretheirrights.Segregationwaseverywhereand
blacksweretreatedassecond-classcitizens.
1.Federalsystemofgovernmentisonewherethepowertorule…
a)belongstothepresident—thefederalleader
b)issharedamongthemembersofCongress
c)issharedbetweenthreebranchesofpower
2.Someofthefollowingfeaturescharacterizethenorthernstates,and
somethe southern states. Put the features into two groups: “North”
and“South”
a)agricultural
b)industrial
c)slavestates
d)slavefreestates
North South
e)producedmachinery,textiles,clothing
f)producedcotton,tobacco,sugar
g)favouredhighimportduties
h)againsthighimportduties
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3.TheConfederacuis…
a)theunionoftheUSAandSouthAmerica
b)theunionofallthestatesandcoloniesofSouthAmerica
c)thenorthernstatesoftheUSAwhichhavethesamewayof
life
d)thesouthernstatesoftheUSAwhichwantedindependence
4.AmericanCivilWaristhewarbetween…
a)USAandAmerindians
b)USA(northernstates)andConfederacy(southernstates)
c)USAandBritain
5.WhentheCivilWarwasover…
a)theSouthgotindependence
b)theSouthdidn’tgetindependencebutslaverybecameofcially
permitted
c)theSouthdidn’tgetindependenceandslaverywasforbiddenon
alltheterritoryoftheUSA
1. Thefederalsystemofgovernmentisacomplicatedstructure.Why
didAmericansintroduceit?Wasitworthintroducing?
2. The Bill of Rights let Americans to carry arms. Was it the right
decision?
3. The North and the South: was it possible to nd a compromise?
WhichsideoftheCivilWardoyousupport?
4. SomeAmericansbelievedthatslaverywasgoodforblacksbecause
thankstoittheygotanew levelofdevelopmentandnewknowledge.Doyousupportthispointofview?
Group1:youaretheaudience.Yourtaskistowatchtheroleplay
performed by your fellow students from Group 2 and decide if
theymanagedtoshowtheworkofthefederalsystemofgovernment.
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Group2:Yourtaskistoshowtheworkoffederalsystemofgovernment.Usetheplotgiven(“Theproblem”).Everystudentofthegroup
shouldchoosearole:
President (1 student)
Member of Congress American
Judge at the Supreme
Court (1 student)
Amerindian
Member of Local
authority
TheProblem:AmericansneedmorelandbutthelandbelongstoAmerindians.
– workoutthescenariooftheroleplay
– makesurethateveryroleisrepresentedinthescenario
– roleplayyourscenario
After you have nished, listen to the audience’s(Group 1) opinion
aboutyourperformance.Discusstheresults.
Watchthelm“Gone withtheWind”.Findsomemore information
aboutthenorthernandthesoutherncultures.
Years of growth
1803: The USA bought Louisiana from France
ItwasveryimportantforAmericanstobuythisland.Louisianawasa
largeterritorybetweentheeastandthewestofNorthAmerica.Ifthey
hadn’tboughtit,Napoleoncouldhaveblockedthefurtherwestward
growthoftheUSA.
1812: the war with Britain
SomehistorianscallthiswartheSecondIndependenceWar.TheUSA
provedBritainthatitwouldneverbeapartofitagain.Thewaralso
letAmericansunderstandthattheyshoulddeveloptheirownindustry
andeconomy
1819: the purchase of Florida from Spain
1830: All Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River were
moved west to a place called “Indian Territory”
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TheCherokeepeopleweremovedinwinter,1838.Thejourneylasted
5months.25% ofthemdied.This relocationisknownas“Trailof
Tears”.
1845: Texas became an American state
AmericanssupportedTexans’rebellionagainstMexicanrulers.Texas
becameafreestate.ThenTexansaskedAmericanstoletthembeapart
oftheUSA.
1846: USA got Oregon by the agreement with Great Britain
1848: After Mexican-American War the USA got from Mexico the
territories of modern California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico,
Colorado. Gold was found in California and “Gold rush” began
1953: USA bought one more region from Mexico (“Gadsden purchase”)
1869: the building of the rst railroad connecting the east and the
west of the USA was nished
Gold discoverers went to the west, where gold was found, through
GreatPlains—anunwelcominganddangerousplace.Theyrealized
thatitwasnecessarytobuildarailroadthroughthisterritory.Soon
aftertheroadwasnished,theranchersfromTexasstartedtousethe
GreatPlainstofeedtheircattle.Cowboysdrovethecattletotherailroad,andthenitwastransportedtotheeasttobesoldthere.Thelife
oftheAmerindianswholivedonGreatPlainsbecamehardasbuffalo
startedtodisappear.
American industry developed signicantly. Many things were invented
The rst telephone, bulb lamp and many machines appeared. Henry
Ford’sconveyormadeitpossibletoorganizeeffectivemassproduction.
The industry was controlled by trusts
Businessmen invested their money in industries. They organized
trusts—hugeandpowerfulcorporations,whichdroverivalrmsout
ofbusiness.Eachtrustcontrolledoneindustry.
1840-60: more immigrants than ever before arrived
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MostimmigrantscamefromEurope.Therewere manyIrishpeople,
whoweresufferingfromtheGreatFamineinIreland.Inthe1860sthe
governmentencouragedimmigrationfromEuropebecauseitneeded
moresoldiers(it wasthetime oftheCivilWar).Manypeople came
fromGermany.Then,fromthesouthandeastofEurope(Italy,Poland,
Greece,Russia,Hungary, etc.). Between 1880 and 1925 very many
JewscametotheUSA.
America was prosperous, but working people paid a high price for
this prosperity: the conditions of work were very hard, especially
for immigrants
The USA started its attempts to control the world
In1867theU.S.A.boughtAlaska.Italsostartedtoclaimforeignlands,
as European countries were doing. U.S.A.’s interests were focused
onLatinAmerica,especiallyCuba.Americaannouncedtotheworld
thatitwouldinterveneLatinAmericawhereveritthoughtnecessary.
TohavepermissionforthebuildingofPanamachannel,itorganizeda
rebellioninColumbiaagainstColumbiangovernment.Thankstothat
rebellion,PanamabecameanindependentstateandletAmericansuse
itsterritorytobuildthechannel.
1.WhywasLouisianaPurchaseveryimportantfortheUSA?
a)therewasgoldonthatterritory
b)itguaranteedfurtherwestwardexpansionofAmericans
c)USgovernmentwantedtoresellitlaterbyhigherprice
2.Manyindustriesweremonopolizedbypowerfulbusinessmen
a)yes
b)no
3.In1869therstrailroadconnected…
a)thenorthandthesouthofNorthAmerica
b)theeastandthewestofNorthAmerica
c)NorthAmericaandSouthAmerica
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4.WorkingconditionsinAmericawere…
a)verygoodasitwasaprosperouscountry
b)hard
1. Massimmigration:wasitgoodorbadforAmerica?
2. WasIndianpolicyright?Werethereanyothersolutionoftheprob-
lempossible?
3. Trusts:weretheygoodorbadforthecountry,itsindustryandeconomy?
Form three groups of students. Each group represents the local authoritiesofoneofthestates:California,NewYorkorTexas.Thetask
ofeverygroupistothinkofhowtoprovideeconomicaldevelopment
andprosperityofitsstate.
– ndouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof“your”state
– thinkofhowtousetheadvantages
1. FindinformationaboutAndrewCarnegie,AndrewCarnegieand
WilliamVanderbilt.Whatdotheyhaveincommon?Learnabout
somemorepeoplelikethem.
2. TheStatueof Liberty was therstsightofAmerica formany
immigrants.Itisalsooneofthemostfamouslandmarksinthe
world.Learnmoreaboutthisstatue.
3. WhatisEllisIsland?Howisitconnectedwiththeimmigration?
SearchtheInternetandnditout.
1)FindthemapoftheterritorialgrowthoftheUSAandlookatitfor
oneminute.Memorizethenamesoftheterritories.
2)Copythepicture.Cut thepartsoftheUSAoutof themap.Each
studenttakesapeace.Youhave5minutestorememberwhen“your
peace”becamepartoftheUSA.Roleplaytheterritorialgrowthof
theUSA:eachstudentaddshis/herparttothemap,andsayswhen
andhowithappened.
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