Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум
.pdf
asaclassundertheleadershipofSimonDeMontfortandestablisheda
rulingcouncil(1258),which consistedofnobles(aparliament (fr.)—
“discussionmeeting”)andtheking.Sevenyearslater,Henrydefeated
andkilledSimonDeMontfort.Henry’sson,EdwardI,broughttogether
therstrealparliament.Atrst,itincludedonlynoblesandwasableto
makewrittenlawsandpoliticaldecisions(futureHouseofLords). But
thelordscouldn’tprovideEdwardwithmoneyheneeded.Tosolvethis
problem, Edward created “representative institution” which contained
wealthyfreemenandmerchants(eachshireandtownsenttworepresentatives).ThisinstitutionbecametheHouseofCommons.
Development of law and justice: from “family matters” to “king’s
matters”; from local laws to common law; from unqualied judges to experienced lawyers
In Saxon times every district had its own laws; justice was a family matter.After the Conquest, Norman nobles administered justice
amongpeopleontheirlands,usuallymixingNormanlawsandSaxon
laws. Henry I introduced the idea that all crimes broke the “king’s
peace”;heappointedanumberofjudgeswhotravelledfromplaceto
placeandadministeredjustice,using common senseandsometimes
followingdirectlyHenry’sorders.BytheendoftheXIIthcenturythe
judgesweremenwithrealknowledgeandexperienceofthelaw;they
usedthesamelaw(“commonlaw”)wherever theywent.Frenchbecamethelanguageoflaw.Thenewsystemofjudgementwascreated:
itwasbasedoncustoms,comparisons,previouscasesandprevious
decisions.Trialbyjury alsoappeared:at rstjuriesdidn’tjudgebut
onlygaveevidencetohelpanaccusedmanprovethatheisnotguilty.
Life in the countryside for ordinary people was hard
The monasteries were centres of wealth and learning. Many people
triedtoentertheirchildrenintothelocalreligioushouse.
The number of towns had grown signicantly. Towns became centres of wealth. Trade took place there and learning schools were
established
Effectivetradecouldn’thavetakenplaceunderfeudalism.TheKing
realizedthattownscould becomeimportantcentresof royalauthor-
21
ity,sohesold“chartersoffreedom”tomanytowns:theirinhabitants
becamefreefromfeudaldutiestothelocallord.Societyandeconomy
were often controlled by “guilds” — brotherhoods of merchants or
skilledworkers.Itwasthebeginningofamiddleclassandacapitalisteconomy.Themainexportwaswool.Itsqualitywasthebestand
Englishexportersmadeabetterprot,charginghigherprices.
Twouniversities,atOxfordandCambridge,wereestablishedandbecameintellectualleadersofEngland.
English kings wanted to bring the rest of Britain under their control. In the XIIth century Wales became a part of England; eastern Ireland was controlled by English king. Scotland remained
independent despite the fact that English army defeated the Scots
many times; Scottish people realized themselves as a nation.
TheWelshwereconqueredbyEngland,buttheywantedtohavetheir
ownprince.EdwardImadehisbabysonPrinceofWales.Fromthat
timetheeldestsonoftherulingkinghasbeengiventhistitle.
Scotlanddidn’twanttobecomeapartofEngland.Famousleadersof
ScottishresistancemovementwereWilliamWallaceandthenRobert
Bruce.InthatghtingScottishnationalismwasborn.
1.WhateventstookplaceintheearlyMiddleages?(More than one
answer is possible)?
a)NormansinvadedBritain
b)BritainwenttowarwithSpain
c)thekingadmittedthatthelawwasbeyondhispower
d)theparliamentwascreated
e)theparliamenthadmorepowerthantheking
f)ScotlandbecamepartofBritain
2.Normansspoke…
a)English
b)French
c)Latin
22
3.MagnaCartawas…
a)aneconomicsurveywhichshowedwhopossessedthelandand
howmuchitwasworth
b)anagreementby whichthekingadmittedthatthelawwasbe-
yondhispower
c)awomanwholivedinBritainandhelpedpeople
4.The crisisinthestrugglebetweenchurchandstatecamein1162,
when…
a)theking’sknightskilledArchbishopofCanterbury
b)theknightskilledtheking
c)kingandchurchrefusedtoobeyoneanother
1.Whowasrightandwhowas wrongintheconictbetweenthe
churchandthestate?Wasitpossibletondaneffectivesolution
totheproblem?
2.Whatwasgoodandwhatwasbadinthesystemoflawandjus-
tice?
3.WasthegrowthoftownsgoodorbadforBritain?
1.Before the lesson… Thinkofhowyoucouldillustratetheworkof
thefeudalsystemusingschemesandroleplay.Presentyourworkat
thelesson.
2. Group work:Form3groupsanddothefollowingtasks:
–Group“King”:thinkofthegoodsidesandthebadsidesofthefeudal
systemfortheking
–Group“Noblesandlords”:thinkofthegoodsidesandthebadsides
ofthefeudalsystemforthenoblesandlesserlords
–Group“Peasants”:thinkofthegoodsidesandthebadsidesofthe
feudalsystemforpeasants
3.Discussion:shareyourideaswithyourfellowstudentsanddecide
whetherthefeudalsystemhadmoreadvantagesordisadvantagesfor
thecountry.
23
1) WhowasRobinHood?Finditoutandreadfolkstoriesabout
him.
2) Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/british_
history/magna_carta/ . Learn fun and interesting facts connected
withMagnaCarta.
3) Goto home-page of University of Oxford (http://www.ox.ac.
uk/) or Cambridge (http://www.cam.ac.uk/) . Find information
abouttheirstructureandwork.
The Late Middle Ages
Bubonic plague killed about a third of the population of Great
Britain.
Bubonicplague(theBlackDeath)reachedalmosteverypartofBritain
in1348-49.Itperiodicallyreappearedforanother300 years.Before
theBlackDeathpricesgrewupandmanylandlordspreferredtouse
serfsinsteadofworkersbecausetheydidn’twanttopaythem.After
the plague there were so few people to work on the land that they
couldaskmoremoneyfortheylabour.Thisnallyledtotheendof
theserfdom.
“Hundred Years War” with France lasted from 1337 till 1453. England won many battles but nally lost this extremely costly war
and all its possessions in France except port of Calais. Scotland
also took part in the war as it was France’s ally but was defeated
by England. The war increased the political strength of merchants
and gentry as they provided the king with money.
KingofFrancesufferedfromrebelliousvassals,especiallyfromduke
ofBurgundyanddukeofAquitaine (he wasalsoking of England).
Hewantedtobringtheseareasunderhiscontrol.ButBurgundyand
partofAquitaine (Gascony) were England’smajortradingpartners,
so French king’sintention was a direct threat to English trade and
wealth.Englanddeclaredwar on France.Thewardidn’t lastallthe
time:therewere“peaceful”periods.Englandhadbetterarmy (more
skillful and experienced) and better weapons. It acquired one more
24
advantageatthebeginningoftheXVthcentury:Frenchkingwasmad
andhisnobleswerequarrelsome.FamousFrenchheroineofthatwar
wasJoanofArc.
That was the time of knights. Legends about King Arthur became
very popular. King Edward founded the Order of the Garter
(1348): it included 24 knights who met once a year at the Round
Table.
Accordingtothe“codeofchivalry”(thewayinwhichaperfectknight
shouldbehave),theknightfoughtforhisgoodname,servedGodand
theking,anddefendedanyladyinneed.Thequalitiesofagoodknight
werehonour,courage,loyalty, readiness to help the weak, devotion
towomen.Chivalrywasausefulwayofpersuading mentoghtby
creatingtheideathatwarwasanobleandgloriousthing.
There was a continuous struggle between the king and the nobles.
During this struggle, the principle that the king couldn’t be killed
or deposed was broken. The Wars of the Roses (the struggle for
the throne between two families and their supporters) nearly destroyed the English idea of kingship and the nobility.
Thesecondkingwhowaskilled,RichardII,hadnochildren.Afterhis
deaththereweretwopossiblesuccessorsfromtwonoblefamilies.The
struggle for power between these families and the nobles who supportedthem(“Yorkists”and“Lancastrians”)isknownasthe“Warsof
theRoses”.Onlynoblesandtheirarmiestookpartinthiswar.Finally
HenryTudor,whohadaverydistantclaimtoroyalblood(fromLancaster’sside)becameking.
The society was based upon rank. People married for mainly nancial reasons as marriage was the way of improving a family’s
wealth and social position. The main duty of a wife was to give
children; she had to accept her husband as a master.
Therewas a class system in the late MiddleAgeswhichincluded
greatlords(dukes,earlsandotherlords);Middleclass(knights,merchants, lawyers, farmers, manufacturers, etc.); Lower class (peasants).Somenewclassesappeared.Thehabitofwarcreatedaclass
ofarmedmeninthecountryside(localprivate armies). Landlords
25
oftenletouttheirlandtofarmers,andthesefarmersbecameanew
class:“yeoman”.
There were some revolts in that period. The poor fought against
going back to serfdom (under the leadership of Wat Tyler); Welsh
people rebelled against the English king, they wanted to be free of
his control (their leader was Owain Glyndwr; he created a feeling
of national identity among the Welsh).
The Church became more and more unpopular. New religious
ideas appeared. They were dangerous to Church authority, and
were condemned as heresy.
Thereweresomereasonsforthat:1)theChurchasafeudalpower
often treated people with cruelty; 2) The pope was a foreigner and
helivedinFrance(England’senemy),sopeopledidn’ttrusthimand
didn’twanttopaytaxestotheChurch;3)peoplerealizedthatmany
bishopswereappointedbythekingandactedashisofcers;4)religiouswritings,whichappearedinthatperiod,allowedpeopletopray
andthinkindependentlyofChurchcontrol.JohnWycliffe,oneofthe
leadersofnewreligiousideas(“Lollardy”),translatedtheBiblefrom
LatinintoEnglish.
The French language was used less and less. But English, which
had always been spoken by ordinary people, changed a lot. It happened because for 300 years it hadn’t been written and it had borrowed very much from Norman French.
Education developed greatly in the XVth century: many schools
were founded, the universities continued to grow.
Educationdevelopedbecausetherewasagrowingneedforeducated
peoplewhocouldadministerthe government, theChurch,thelaw
andtrade.
First English printing press was invented by William Caxton
(1476).
Itwasaveryimportantevent:booksbecamecheaper,theprocessof
making a book became much quicker.Printingbeganto standartise
spellingandgrammar.
26
1.TheFourteenthcenturywasdisastrousforBritain because of the
effectof…
a)warsandplagues
b)aseriouseconomiccrisis
c)earthquakesandoods
2.WhatcountrywontheHundredYearsWar?
a)Britain
b)France
c)Noonecountrywon
3.WhatistheWarsofRoses?
a)struggleforpowerbetweenthekingandhisnobles
b)ghtingbetweentwoknightsfortheloveofabeautifullady
c)thestruggleforthethronebetweentwofamiliesandtheirsupporters
4.Putthesocialclassesintotherightorderaccordingtotheirposition
inthesociety(fromtopclasstolowerclass):
a)peasants
b)knights
c)lords
5.WhatwastheChurch’sreactionontheappearingofnewreligious
teachings?
a)TheChurchsupportedthenewreligiousteachings
b)TheChurchcondemnedthemasheresy
c)theChurchdidn’texpressitsopinionanddidn’treact
1. WhatwasthepurposeofthecreationoftheCodeofchivalry?
2. Wasitpossibletopreventtheplague?
3. WeretheWarsofRosesgoodorbadforthecountry?
4. WhydidtheChurchbecomemoreandmoreunpopular?
5. Werenewreligiousteachingsaprogressoraregress?
6. WhywasFrenchspokenlessandless?
27
1)Copythetableandcutouttheroles:
King Peasant Knight Bishop
Soldier Doctor
Yeoman Manufacturer Merchant Child
Wife of a
peasant
Lord
2)Choosetheroleyoulike
3)Imaginethatyouareinterviewed.Telltheotherstudentsaboutyour
life.Letthemguesswho your are (whichroleyouareplaying) and
writetheirguesses
4)Whenallthestudentshavetoldabouttheirlives,checktheguesses
anddiscusstheresults.
1. Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/history_
of_home.shtml
ReadthetextabouttheMedievalhome.Writeoutinterestinginformationwhichyoucoulduseinyourfutureworkwithchildren.
2.Searchthe Internetandndinformation aboutpeopleofthe Late
Middleages(whatclothingtheywore,whattheyate,etc.).Sendthe
URLtoyourfellow-students.
3.WhowasKingArthur?Didhereallyexist?Ifyes,whendidhelive?
Gotohttp://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html andreadabouthim;
abouthisknightsandtheirChivalricorder;abouthismagicianMerlin
andaboutsomemorethingsconnectedwiththishero.
Tudors (1485–1603)
The
Henry VII was a very good king. He wanted peace and prosperity for England, and built the foundations of a wealthy nation.
Henry VII developed business, an international trade and justice.
He saved money and spent it very thoughtfully
28
HenryVIIhad morepowerandmoneythan earlierkings.Hesaved
moneybytakinglandfromoldnobility,nesandtaxesforwarsthat
hedidn’tght.AsheunderstoodthatEngland’swealthwoulddepend
oninternationaltrade,Henrybuiltshipsforamerchanteet.
Henry VIII wanted to play an important role in European policy
but he wasn’t successful in it. He wasted the money which his father saved. A nancial crisis took place
HenryVIIIwasunlikehisfather.Hewascruel,wastefulwithmoney
andinterestedin pleasinghimselfHewas aleaderbutwasn’treally
interestedintheday-to-dayrunningofgovernment.Thisencouraged
the beginnings of a professional bureaucracy.Gold and silver from
discoveredAmericaaddedinationandasaresulttherewasaserious
nancialcrisis.HenryVIIIneededmoney.
Henry VIII is famous for the Church Reformation: the king became the head of the “Church of England”; England became politically a Protestant country (Church of England became independent of Rome)
HenryVIIIwantedadivorce,whichthePopedidn’tgivehim.Sohe
persuaded the bishops and the Parliament to make him head of the
“ChurchofEngland”.Exceptthedivorce,thereweresomemorebenetsforHenry:allchurchlandscameunderhiscontrolandgavehim
alargenewsourceofmoneywhichheneededsomuch;plus,hecould
completelycontroltheChurchasitwasn’taninternationalorganizationanymore.HenrywantedthebreakwithRometobelegal,sohe
madeEnglandpoliticallyaProtestantcountry,thoughCatholicismremainedthepopularreligion.
At rst, most ordinary people were Catholics; they liked the
changes in the Church but they didn’t want to change their religion. But by the end of the sixteenth century Protestantism became the majority religion in England.
There was a danger that Philip of Spain (Queen Mary’s husband)
wouldinvadeBritain.PeoplewereafraidofaforeignCatholicinvasion;theystartedtobelievethattobeaCatholicwastobeanenemy
oftheircountry.ProtestantisminEnglandtookaformknownasAn-
29
glicanism,notsoverydifferentfromCatholicisminitsorganization
andritual.
A part of Scotland became ofcially and popularly Protestant, too
InthelowlandsofScotlandProtestantismtookamoreidealisticform
called Calvinism. Calvinists didn’t like rituals and celebration and
believed that religion should be simple. The new Protestant Scottish“Kirk”wasafarmoredemocraticorganizationthantheEnglish
Church:ithadnobishopsandwasgovernedbyaGeneralAssembly.
ThemonarchwasnottheheadoftheKirk(QueenofScotland,Mary,
wasinFranceanddidnothaveachancetomakeherselftheheadof
theKirk).IrelandandthehighlandsofScotlandremainedCatholic.
Elizabeth I wanted to make England a powerful country and realized
that international trade was very important for it. The queen followed
two policies: 1) she tried to weaken England’s main trade rival and
enemy — Spain; 2) she encouraged English traders to create colonies.
ElizabethI,daughterofHenryVIII,wastherstofthreelong-reigning
queensinBritishhistory(theotherstwoareQueenVictoriaandElizabethII).Shenevermarriedandbecameknownas“thevirginqueen”.
ThestateofVirginiaintheUSAwasnamedafterher.Sheencouraged
EnglishsailorslikeFrancisDraketoattackanddestroySpanishships
bringingtreasuresfromAmerica.
The Tudors didn’t like governing through Parliament. They didn’t
get rid of it because they needed money and the support of the
merchants and landowners
Parliament was supposed to do three things: to agree to the taxes;
make the laws which the king suggested; advise the king when he
askedtodoso.
More and more land was enclosed for sheep farming. As a result
many poor people lost the land they farmed and the common land
where they kept animals
Manylandownersfoundthattheycouldmakemoremoneyfromsheep
farmingthanfrom growingcrops(aswoolcouldbesold foragood
price).Theyfencedoffthelandwhichbelongeddothewholevillage.
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]