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The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум

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The Roman period (43–410)
55 BC: The Roman general Julius Ceasar landed in Britain, won a battle and left.
AD 43: The Romans came to stay.
TheRomansinvadedBritainbecausetheCeltsofBritainhelpedthe CeltsofGaulagainsttheRomans(gavefoodandallowedtohide in Britain). Moreover, Britain was an important food producer, so the RomanscoulduseBritishfood.ItwasrathereasyfortheRomansto occupyBritainbecausetheyhadabettertrainedarmyandbecausethe Celtictribesfoughtamongthemselves.TheRomanoccupationwas amatterofcolonialcontrolratherthanlarge-scalesettlement.
The Romans brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain.
Itwasimportantforspreadingideasandestablishingpower.
The basis of Roman administration and civilization were their towns.
ManyofthetownsgrewoutofCelticsettlements,militarycampsor trading centres. There were three kinds of town in Roman Britain:
1)townspeopledbyRomansettlers(the coloniae);2)largecitiesin which the whole population was given Roman citizenship (the mu- nicipia);3)oldCeltictribalcapitals,throughwhichthe Romansad­ministeredtheCelticpopulationinthecountryside(the civitas).Some townswerebuiltwithstoneaswellaswood,hadplannedstreets,mar­ketsandshops.Somebuildinghadcentralheating.
Outside the towns, there were many large farms, called “villas”.
“Villas”belongedtoricherBritonswhoweremoreRomanthanCelt intheirmanners.Eachvillahadmanyworkers.
The reminders of the Romans’ presence are place names.
Thename“Britain”comesfromtheword“Pretani”, theGreco-Ro­manwordfortheinhabitansofBritain.TheRomansmispronounced thewordandcalledtheisland“Britannia”. ManyoftheRomans’townswereatrstarmycamps.TheLatinword forcamp,castra,hasremainedpartofmanytownnames:Gloucester, Leicester,Doncaster,Winchester,Chester,Lancaster,etc.
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The Romans built very good roads.
TheseroadsbecamethemainroadsofmodernBritain(six of them metinLondon).

1.WhathelpedtheRomansoccupyBritainsoeasily?(More than one answer is possible)
a)theRomanshadabetterarmy b)theRomanswereorganizedandtheCeltsfoughtamongthem-
selves
c)the Romans had manyallieswhohelpedthemtoghtagainst
theCelts
2.WhatdidtheRomansdoforBritain?(More than one answer is possible) a)introducedmoreadvancedploughingmethods b)broughttheskillsofreadingandwriting c)builtgoodroads
3.ThebasisofRomanadministrationwere… a)kingdoms b)towns c)villages
4.Villais… a)atown b)afarm c)ahouse
5.WhichplacenameisoftheRomanorigin? a)Birmingham b)York c)Lancaster

1. WhydidtheRomansinvadeBritain?
2. WastheRomaninvasiongoodorbadforBritain?
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3. WhydidtheRomansbuildthetownofLondiniumattheriver?
4. TheRomanoccupationwasamatterofcolonialcontrolratherthan large-scalesettlement.Ifso,why did they build such impressive networkofroads?
5. WhydidtheRomansleaveBritainin410?
6. WhydidtheRomansleaveverylittlebehinddespitetheirlongoc­cupationofBritain?

Takeapieceofpaperandwrite5testsofdifferenttypes:
Multiple choice test
1.……………..?
a)…
b)…
c)…
Matching test
Match:
1)….a)…….
2)…….b)…….
3)…….c)…….
Changeyourpaperwithyourgroupmate.Dothetestyouhave got. Changebackand letyourgroup matecheckyour work.Discussthe results.

1) Go tohttp://www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk/villa.htm and nd
outmoreaboutvillas.
2) Go to http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Life_in_Roman_
Britain.htmandreadmoreaboutdailylifeofRomanBritain.
True / false choice
1.……………….
True
False
Puttheeventsintothe historicalorder:
a) …….
b) ……
c) …….
Short answer test
1.……………..?
Answer:_______.
Close test
Fillinthegaps:
Aaaaaa ______ aaa ______aaaaaaaaaa.
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3) Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/questions_01.
shtmlandlearnmoreaboutthecontributionofRomanstotheBrit­ishhistory.
4) Go to http://www.britainexpress.com/London/roman-london.htm
andlearnhowandwhenLondonwasfounded.
5) ThecalendarwhichisusedtodaywasstartedbyJuliusCaesar.Can
youguesswhichmonthwas named after Caesar himself? Go to http://www.crowl.org/lawrence/time/months.htmlandlearn ahis­toryofthemonthsandmeaningsoftheirnames.
The Germanic invasions (410–1066)
The Saxon invasion
Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) began to settle after AD 430.
Thenewcomerswerewarlikeand illiterate. By the end of the sixth centurytheyandtheirwayoflifepredominatedinalmostallofpres­ent-dayEngland.TheAnglo-Saxonmigrationgavethelargerpartof Britainitsnewname,England,“thelandofAngles”.Celticcultureand languagesurvivedonlyinpresent-dayScotland,WalesandCornwall. IntheWestAnglo-SaxonshadtoghtwithCelticBritons,whosearmy wasunderthecommandofthelegendaryKingArthur.Infolkloreheis agreatmedievalEnglishhero,but,aswecanseenow,hewasaCelt andlivedlongbeforetheMiddleAges.
The British Celts were pushed westwards.
Mostweredrivenintothemountainsinthefarwest,whichtheSaxons called“Wellas”,or“Wales”,meaning“thelandofforeigners”.Some CeltsweredrivenCornwall.OtherCeltsweredrivenintothelowlands ofthecountrywhichbecameknownasScotland. Manybecameslaves oftheSaxons.
The Anglo-Saxons introduced a new system of agriculture which existed until the eighteenth century.
TheAnglo-Saxonsintroducedaheavierploughwhichhelpedtocul­tivateheaviersoils.Butitrequiredsixoreightoxentopullitandit
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wasdifculttoturn.Tomakefarmingeasier,theSaxonsstoppedus­ingsmallsquare elds.Thelandnow wasdividedintotwo orthree large elds which were divided again into long thin strips. One of theeldswasusedforplantingspringcrops,andanotherforautumn crops.Thethirdareawasleft to rest for a year.Fewfamilies could affordtokeepateamofoxen,sotheyweresharedonaco-operative basis.Villagershadtoworkmorecloselytogetherthantheyhadever donebefore.
Witan, the King’s Council, was created.
TheSaxonscreatedinstitutionswhichmadetheEnglish statestrong forthenext500years.OneofthemwastheWitan. Itprobablygrew out of informal groups of senior warriors and churchmen to whom kings had turned for advice or support on difcult matters. By the tenthcenturytheWitanwasa formal body,issuing laws.Itwasnot atalldemocratic,andthekingcouldignore theWitan’sadvice. But forhimitwasdangeroustodoso,becausetheWitan’sauthoritywas basedonitsrighttochoosekings,andtoagreetheuseoftheking’s laws.Withoutitssupporttheking’sownauthoritywasindanger.The Witanestablishedasystemwhichremainedan importantpartofthe king’smethodofgovernment.Even today,thekingor queen has a Privy Council, agroupofadvisersontheaffairsofstate.
The Saxons divided the land into new administrative areas (shires, or counties) which remained almost the same for a thousand years.
Overeachshirewasappointedashire reeve,theking’slocaladminis- trator.Intimethenamewasshortenedto“sheriff”.
The beginning of a class system took place. Anglo-Saxons found­ed villages which formed the basis of English society for the next thousand years.
Ineachdistrictwasa“manor”,orlargehouse,wherepeoplecameto paytaxes,wherejusticewasadministred,andwhere menjoinedto­gethertojointheAnglo-Saxonarmy(thefyrd).Thelordofthemanor hadtoorganizeallthisandmakesurethatvillagelandwasproperly shared.Itwasthebeginningofaclasssystem,madeupofking,lords, soldiers and workers on the land. The earliest Saxon villages were
15
familyvillages.Theending–ingintheirnamesmeantfolkorfamily, thus“Hastings”istheplaceofthefamilyofHasta,“Reading”ofthe familyofRada.Hammeansfarm,tonmeanssettlement.Birmingham, Nottingham,Southampton,forexample,areSaxonplace-names.
During the sixth and seventh centuries, Christianity spread throughout Britain. There was the Roman Christian Church and the Celtic Christian Church
WhentheAnglo-SaxonscametoBritain,theywerepagan.Christian­ity came to Britain from two directions: in the south of England it wasintroducedbytheRomanmissionarySt.Augustine;intoScotland andnorthernEnglanditcamefromIreland,whichhadbecomeChris­tianmorethan150yearsearlier.TheRomanandtheCelticChristian Churcheshardlyweredifferentincharacter.TheRomanChurchwas interestedinauthority;andtheCelticChurchintheheartsofordinary people.TheAnglo-Saxon kings helpedtheRomanChurchbecause:
1)itincreasedthepowerofthekings,givingthem“God’sapproval”;
2)mostof thebishopswerefromEuropeandused Latin.Itencour-
agedtradewiththecontinent.
Church played an important role in the development of education in Britain.
TheChurchestablishedmonasteries(forexampleWestminster)which wereplacesoflearningandeducation.Itwasonemorewaytoincrease thepoweroftheEnglishstate,theChurchandtheroyalauthority.The Peoplewhocouldreadandwritewereinabetterposition: peasants, whocouldn’treadandwrite,couldlosetheirland,becausetheirrights weren’tregistered.Increasedliteracyalsohelpedtrade.
The strength of Anglo-Saxon culture is obvious even today.
Daysoftheweekwerenamedafter Germanic gods: Tig(Tuesday), Wodin(Wednesday),Thor(Thursday),Frei(Friday).TheAnglo-Sax­onsestablishedanumberofkingdoms, some of which still exist in county or regional names to this day: Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (SouthSaxons),Wessex(WestSaxons),Middlesex(probablyaking­domofMiddleSaxons),EastAnglia(EastAngles).
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The Vikings
The Vikings came from Scandinavia. They invaded Britain in 865.
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were quarrelling and couldn’t resist the in­vasion.Atrst,theVikingsonlyraided.Theyburntmonasteriesand churches. The cultural differences between Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings weresmall.Their ways oflifewereroughly the same;they spokedifferentvarieties ofthesamelanguage;soontheVikingsac­ceptedChristianityanddidn’tdisturbthelocalpopulation.
The leader of the Danish Vikings, Cnut, became king.
WhentheSaxonkind,Ethelred,died,CnutcontrolledmuchofEng­land.HebecamekingforthesimplereasonthattheWitan(andevery­bodyelse)feareddisorder.

1.Witanis… a)anameofacity b)anameofauniversity c)a group of warriors and churchmen to whom kings turned for
adviceorsupport
2.WhathappenedwhenAnglo-SaxonscametoBritain? a)TheCeltsandtheAnglo-Saxonslivedpeacefullytogether b)Anglo-SaxonspushedtheCeltstootherterritories c)theCeltspushedAnglo-Saxonstootherterritories
3.WhyweretheretwoChristianchurchesinBritain? a)ChristianitycametoBritainfromtwodirections b) There were quarrels within the Christian church and nally itbrokeintwo c)Onechurchwasorganizedfortherulingclassandtheotherfor ordinarypeople
WhatweretherelationshipsbetweenChurchandeducation? a) monasterieswereplacesoflearningandeducation
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b) therewerereligiousschoolsandstateschools c) Churchhadnothingtodowitheducation

1. WhatroledidtheChurchplayineverydaylifeofpeople?
2. WasittherightdecisiontoinviteaVikingtobeking?
3. WhydidvillagesbecomethebasisofEnglishsociety?

1) Form5groups:“Beakerpeople”,“Celts”,“Romans”,“Anglo-
Saxons”,and“Vikings”.
2) Findasmuchinformationabout“your”settlersasyoucan.
3) Discussitwithinyourgroupandllinthecolumnofthetable,
devotedtothesettlersyouwerereadingabout.
Beakerpeople Celts Romans
Timeperiod Contributiontothe
Britishhistory Organizationofthe
governmentandsociety Religion InuenceontheEnglish
language
Anglo­Saxons
Vikings
4)Thentellthisinformationtoeveryothergroup.Attheendofthe
work,everygroupwillhavethetablecompleted.

1)Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/.Studythe
wayBritishprehistoryispresentedforchildren.Writeoutinfor­mationwhichyoucoulduseinteachingprimaryschoolchildren.
2)Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_gms_an-
cient_ob.shtml.Playthegameandndouthowwellyouknow eachperiodofBritishEarliesttimesanditsartifacts.
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3)WhowasSt.Patrick?Whatishefamousfor?Findoutinforma-
tionaboutSt.Patrick’sDay,aBritishholiday.Thinkofwhatyou couldtellprimaryschoolchildrenaboutthisholiday.
4)WhowasKingArthur?ReadLegendsabouthimandhisknights.
5) Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_gms_roots_eng-
lish.shtmlandlearnoriginsofsomemoremodernEnglishwords.
The Early Middle Ages: The Normans
1066: Normans invaded Britain
NormanswerechildrenandgrandchildrenofVikingswhosettledinnorth­ernFrance.TheyspokeFrenchandbecameChristian.KingEdwardthe ConfessorspentalmostallhislifeinNormandy,hebroughtmanyNor­manstohisEnglishcourt.In1066hediedwithoutanheir.Witanchose Harold, who had no royal blood, to be the king. But Duke Williamof NormandysaidthatEdwardhadpromisedthethronetohim.Hedefeated and killed Harold. Anglo-Saxons were against their new Norman king anddidn’tlikeNormans.Theyrebelledeveryyear,andNormanarmyhad nomercy.Manyvillagesweredestroyed;alotofSaxon’slandwasgiven toNormannobles.NormaninvasionbroughtwesternEuropeancultureto England.SomeFrenchwordsbecamepartoftheEnglishlanguage.
Feudalism: holding of land in return for services and goods
Alllandwasowned bytheking,but itwasheldbyothers inreturn forservicesandgoods.So,thekinggavepiecesofland(withpeople wholivedonit)togreatnoblesandtheypromisedserviceandloyalty tohim;great noblesgavepartof theirlandtolesser nobles,knights andother“freeman”,whodidmilitaryserviceinreturnorpaidrent. Underlesserlordswerethepeasants(English-speakingSaxons),they couldn’ttravelwithouttheirlocallord’spermission.Thiswasthestart oftheEnglish classsystem. Twobasicprinciples offeudalismwere “everymanhadalord”,and“everylordhadland”.
Domesday Book (1086): a complete economic survey which showed who owned which piece of land and how much it was worth
KingWilliamneededthisinformationsothathecouldplanhisecon­omy,ndouthow muchwasproducedand howmuchhecould ask
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intax.ItwastheonlyoneofitskindinEurope.Peopledidn’tlikethe survey—itremindedthemofthepaintingsoftheDayofJudgment (“doom”)intheirchurchesandthat’swhytheycalledittheDomesday Book.Thenamestuck.
Magna Carta (1215): an agreement signed by King John, which said that the law was beyond king’s power. It is an important symbol of political freedom and a clear stage in the collapse of English feudalism
AccordingtoMagnaCarta,thekingpromisedall“freemen”protection fromhisofcers,andthe right to afairandlegaltrial.In reality,this agreementgavenorealfreedomtothemajorityofEnglishpeople;the onlyaimofthenobles,whowrotethisdocument,wastomakesurethat KingJohndidn’tgobeyondhisrightsasafeudallord.Ofcourse,John didn’twanttosignMagnaCartaasitlimitedhispower,buthehadto. Althoughhesignedtheagreement,hewasn’tgoingtokeeptoit.
Church and state: the struggle for power and money
ShouldthekingobeytheChurchorshouldtheChurchobeytheking? That was the reason of their quarrels. King William didn’t want to obeytheChurchandcreatedNormanbishopswhowereloyaltohim. Hissuccessor,Henry I, createdsomemorebishopsbuttheyhad no spiritualauthoritywithouttheblessingofthearchbishop.Finally,the kingagreedthatonlytheChurchcouldcreatebishops,butinreturnthe Churchagreedthatbishopswouldpayhomagefortheland.Atlocal villagelevelthelordoftenchosepriestsandhadmoreinuenceover themthanthemoredistantChurchauthorities. Thecrisiscamein1162.HenryIIwantedtobringtheChurchmoreun­derhiscontrolandappointedhisfriend,ThomasBecket,Archbishop ofCanterbury.ThomashesitatedbutnallyrefusedtohelpHenryII. Thekingwasvery angry and his knights killed Becket on the altar stepsinthecathedral.AllChristianEuropewasshocked.Henryhadto askthepope’sforgiveness.
1258: The beginning of Parliament
HenryIIIwasonlyninewhenhebecameking.Nextsixteenyearshewas underthecontrolofnobles.Attheageoftwenty-veheruledforhimself buthisheavyspendingandforeignadvisersupsetthenobles.Theyacted
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