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Файл:The UK & The USA. United and Separated (Британия и США. Единые и разделенные). Практикум
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1.WhathelpedBritainbecometheworld’sstrongestcountry?
2.WhywastheIndustrialRevolutionpossible?
3.WhydidJohnWilkes’casebecomefamous?
4.WhatdoyouthinkaboutMethodism?
“Jeopardy!” is a popular American quiz show (the Russian analogue
is “Svoya Igra”). Go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy! or
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F_%
D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0 to learn the rules.
Before you play…
1)Formtwogroups:theparticipants (3 students);theorganizers
(alltheotherstudents).
2)“Organizers”:search theInternetandnd interesting information
aboutBritainoftheeighteenthcentury.Thenworkingroup:formcategories,writequestionsandsetthe“price”foreachquestion.Choose
thehostamongthemembersofyourgroup.
“Participants”:searchtheInternetandlearnasmuchasyoucanabout
Britainoftheeighteenthcentury.Payspecialattentiontointeresting
facts.
3)Playthegame.
1. Go to http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/georgians/material/
materialculture.htmlandlearnabout the shoppingoftheXVIIIth
century.
2. FindinformationaboutRobertBurnsand“AuldLangSyne”.
3. FindinformationaboutTrafalgarSquare.Whatfamouscolumn
canbeseenthere?
41
The nineteenth century
1800: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was
formed
Britain became the world’s foremost economic power. It also controlled the biggest empire the world had ever seen.
TheBritishEmpireincludedIreland,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,
largepartsofAfricaandnumeroussmallerareasandislands.Butthe
most important North American colonies were lost after American
WarofIndependence.Longyearsofpoliticalstabilityand Britain’s
(economic)position led the British to an idea that their culture and
civilizationshouldbespreadaroundtheworld,especiallyinBritain’s
colonies. So, the English language, British culture and way of life
came to predominate in Ireland. British people became majority of
populationinCanada,AustraliaandNewZealand.
1805: British eet defeated Napoleon’s French eet at the Battle
of Trafalgar
The British eet was under the command ofAdmiral Horatio Nelson.Hediedduringthebattle.ThereisNelson’sColumninTrafalgar
SquareinLondon,whichcommemoratesthisnationalhero.
Britain wanted three things: “Balance of power”, a free market
(in Europe); the strongest trading position (outside Europe). The
fear of growing European competition led to the taking of land
and colonial wars, which were very expensive
Balanceofpowerwouldpreventanysinglenationfrombecomingtoo
strong.AfreemarketwouldgiveBritainanadvantageasitsindustry
andtradewerethestrongest.TogetthestrongesttradingpositionoutsideEurope,Britainkeptitsshipsineveryoceanintheworld.Severalwarstookplace(inAfganistan,1839-42;inSindh,inthePinjab,
inCrimea).
There were great changes in social structure and reforms in public life:
Most people now lived in towns and cities, which grew very fast.
They depended on the owners of industries, not landowners.
42
The growing middle class (owners of industries, tradespeople and
professionals) held the real power in the country
At rst British towns were overcrowded and unhealthy (31 000 of
peoplediedfromanoutbreakofcholera in1832,25%ofallbabies
died within a year of their births), but in the middle of the century
someimprovementstookplace:healthofcerswereappointed;proper
drainsandcleanwaterwereprovided;parks,librariesandpublicbaths
appeared.Withthepower of the middle class the next values were
established: hard work, thrift, religious observance, the family, an
awarenessofone’sduty,absolutehonestyinpubliclife,andextreme
respectabilityinsexualmatters.ThissetofvaluesisnowcalledVictorianbecauseofQueenVictoriawhoreignedatthattime.
Rulers believed that reforms were better than revolution: a number of reforms which recognized some human rights appeared
The changes were necessary because the situation was dangerous:
manypeoplelosttheirjobsaftertheNapoleonicWarswereover;only
few of the poor received help from the government; workers were
allowedtojointogetherinunions(1824)andfoughtfortheirrights,
organizing political meetings and riots. If nothing had been done,
arevolutionlikethatinFrancemighthavehappened.Thegovernment
passedanumberofreforms.Slaveryanddiscriminationonthebasis
ofreligionwereabolished;somelawsweremadetoprotectworkers,
thepoliceandthepostwerebegun.
1845-1847: the Great Famine in Ireland
Potatocropfailedintheseyears.Irelandhadenoughwheat,butitbelongedtoProtestantlandownerswhogrewitforexport.Theyrefused
tohelpCatholicIrishmen.The Britishgovernmentdidn’trealizethe
seriousnessoftheproblem.20%ofthepopulationdiedfromhunger,
morethan50%movedtotheUSA,Britainandothercountries.
New means of transport (railway system, Underground) appeared.
Atrstindustrialistsbuilttherailwaystotransportgoodscheaperand
faster,butthenthegovernmentmaderailwaycompaniesprovidepassengertrains.Itbecamepossibletotraveloverthecountryeasily.Peo-
43
pleofthemiddleclassnowcouldliveinsuburbsandtraveltoworkin
thecitybytrain.Railwaysystemwasalmostcompleteby1870.The
rstundergroundlinewasopeninLondonin1863.
Less and less people went to church as it didn’t offer them any
help with the problems of daily lives
Therstofcialpopulationsurvey(1851)showedthatonly60%of
the British went to church. Most of those who did wereAnglicans
(5.2 million), 4.5 million people were Nonconformists and only
0.5millionwereCatholics.Bythe1900only19%ofLondonerswent
to church regularly.Intownsand cities people were free to choose
whetherornottogochurch.
1875-1900: some more social and economic improvements took
place
Priceswerefallingandwagesweregrowing. Moreandmorehomes
hadgasfor heatingandlighting. Poorfamiliescould eatbetterfood
(meat, fresh milk and vegetables).Allchildren had to go to school
uptotheage ofthirteen(EducationalActs,1870,1891)wherethey
learnedtoread,writeanddoarithmetic.Workingpeoplecouldhave
freetimeandenjoyit,goingtomuseums,parks,swimmingpools,etc.
Peoplebegantotravelforpleasure.Sportbecameverypopular(especiallycricketandfootball).
1.TheaimofBritishforeignpolicywas…
a)tobetheworld’sleader
b)tocooperatewithotherEuropeancountry
c) to establish the equality of all European countries, including
Britainitself
3.In1808…
a)ScotlandbecamepartofBritain
b)IrelandbecamepartofBritain
c)WalesbecamepartofBritain
44
2.IntheBattleofTrafalgar…
a)BritaindefeatedSpain
b)BritaindefeatedFrance
c)FrancedefeatedBritain
3.Thenineteenthcenturywasthetimeof…
a)reforms
b)revolutions
4.Britainwenttocolonialwarsbecause…
a)itneededland
b)itwantedtokeepitsworld’sleadingposition
c)itwantedtoshowitsstrengthtothewholeworld
5.Inthenineteenthcentury…
a)moreandmorepeoplewenttochurch
b)lessandlesspeoplewenttochurch
6.In1845–47Irelandsufferedfrom…
a)TheGreatFamine
b)theRevolution
c)Bubonicplague
7.Whatmeansoftransportappearedinthenineteenthcentury?
a)cars
b)railwaysystem
c)Underground
1.Whydidmoreandmorepeopleliveintowns?Wasitgoodorbad?
2.TheVictorianageisknownas“Britain’sgoldenage”.Doyouthink
itwasso?
3.Lessandlesspeoplewenttochurch.Doyouthinkthechurchshould
havedonesomethingtochangethissituation?
4.WhatdoyouthinkaboutVictoriaasaqueenandawoman?Whatis
thesecretofherpopularity?
45
Thediscussionwillbedevotedtothegoodsidesandthebadsidesof
theBritishEmpire.
1)Formthreegroups.
Group1:thinkofwhattheEmpire gavetoBritainitself.Whatwere
thegoodsidesandthebadsidesofhavingit?
Group2:thinkofwhattheEmpiregavetothecountrieswhichitincluded.Whatwerethegoodsidesandthebadsidesofbeingpartof
theEmpire?
Group3:thinkofwhattheEmpiregavetotheworld’seconomy.Was
itsexistencegoodorbadfortheworld?
2) Let each group present the results.Whatdo you think about the
BritishEmpirenow?Shareyouropinion.
1)Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/victorian_brit-
ain/victorian_children_at_work/
Readaboutchildren’slifeandworkinVictorianBritain.
2)Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_gms_victorian_
dress.shtml.Playthegameandseeifyoucandressthe Tudorand
Victorianmenandwomencorrectly.
3) Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/games/victorian_
women/index_embed.shtmlandndoutmoreabouttherightsofVictorianwomen.
4)FindinformationaboutTowerBridge,whichwasbuiltintheXIXth
century.Writeoutinterestingfacts,whichyoucoulduseinyourfuture
teaching.
The twentieth century
Around the beginning of the twentieth century, Britain was the
world’s richest country. By the end of the twentieth century Britain had stopped being the greatest empire and a “superpower”
The main reasons of this decline are: 1) weakness of British industry;2)thecostoftwoworldwars;3)thecostofkeepingupthe
empire.
46
First 25 years of the century were a period of extremism: women were ghting for their rights using extreme methods, Irish
republicans rebelled against British rule, workers organized
strikes
1912: the Titanic Disaster
TheTitanicwasbuiltinIreland.ItwasgoingfromBritaintoAmerica when it crashed into an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. Help
cametothepassengersonly5hourslater.Morethan1,5thousand
peopledied.
Britain took part in World War I on the side of the Allies. The war
resulted in terrible destruction and great losses. People felt sorrow
for the death and anger about the stupidity of war. Britain got the
German colonies of Africa, Iraq and Palestine. Its empire became
bigger than ever before
Britainwasunpreparedfortheterribledestructivepower ofmodern
weapons.40%ofBritishsoldierswerewoundedand15%weredead.
Governmentcreatedhopesforabetterfuture,buttheprogresswasfar
lessthanpeopleexpected.
Women got more rights and continued ghting for them.
AsmanymenwereghtinginWorldWarI,womentooktheirplace
infactories.Theystarted to wear lighterclothing,shorterskirtsand
hair,begantowearcosmetics,smokeanddrinkopenly.Somewomen
gainedtherighttovote(1918).Divorcebecameeasier.
1921: Northern Ireland became an independent country
By the beginning of the twentieth century, most people in Ireland
wanted to be independent from Britain or,atleast, to have internal
self-government.BritainagreedtogiveIrelandsomecontroltoitsinternalaffairs,butforthesouthofIrelanditwasn’tenough.Warfollowedand,asaresult,thesouthofIrelandbecameindependentfrom
Britain(TheRepublicofIreland,orEire).Theotherpartbecamethe
Britishprovinceof“NorthernIreland”.
1930-33: as Europe and America, Britain suffered from a serious
economic crisis (the “depression”). Before the depression, there
47
were many strikes of workers. The urban working class (the majority of the population) began to make its voice heard.
WorldWarIwasveryexpensive.Toget money,Britishgovernment
increasedtaxes.Italsodoubledthesize of the civil serviceandgot
morecontrolovernationallife.Therewasgrowingdisagreementbetweenthegovernmentandworkerswhichledtomanystrikes.General
strikeofallworkerslasted9daysin1926.TheLabourpartyreplaced
theLiberalsinparliament.Tradeunionsorganizedthemselves.
Britain took part in the Second World War (1939-45), which soon
became worldwide. Britain managed to defend the island but
many towns were ruined after German’s bombing
Britainwantedtoavoidwar,butitwasn’t possible. It used soldiers
fromallpartsof its empiretohelpghtagainst Germany,Italy and
Japan.
The weakness of Britain became obvious to the whole world:
it surrendered Singapore to Japan (World War II); it lost the Suez
Canal in ghting with Egypt (1956); it was losing and leaving more
and more colonies.
MistrustandmisunderstandingweregrowingbetweenBritainandits
colonies.Independencemovementsweregrowing(inIndiaitwasled
byMahatmaGandhi).Itwasveryhardandexpensivetocontrolpeopleinthecolonieswithouttheircooperation.InBritainpeoplestarted
thinkingdifferently:mostpeoplenolongerbelievedinBritain’sright
torule. Theendingoftheempirewasasuccessfulprocess,itsformer
colonieswantedtoremaininfriendlytermswithBritain.Theempire
turnedintotheCommonwealthofNations
The 1960s became the time of the youth and new values. Young
people questioned the authority and the culture the British lived in
(the Beatles expressed the youthful “pop” culture). They rebelled
against sexual rules of Christian society. Mini skirt was the symbol
of that time
PeoplelivedbetteraftertheSecondWorldWarowingtonancialhelp
oftheUSA.Theyhadfreetimetoenjoythemselves.
48
1.WhatwasBritain’spositionintheworldinthetwentiethcentury?
a)itwastheworld’srichestcountry
b)itwasaweakcountry
c)itwasrichatthebeginningofthecenturybutthenlostitsposition
2.BritaintookpartintheFirstWorldWaronthesideof…
a)theAllies
b)Germanyanditsallies
3.After1921…
a)ThewholeIrelandbecameindependent
b)PartofIrelandbecameindependent,andtheotherpartremained
partoftheUK
c)ThewholeIrelandwaspartoftheUK
4.ThetwentiethcenturyinBritainwas…
a)politicallyandsociallystable
b)adisastrousbecauseoftherevolution
c)thetimewhenpeoplewereghtingfortheirsocialrights
1. WasitpossibleforBritaintoavoidtakingpartintheSecondWorld
War?Shouldithavestayedawayofthewar?
2. TheSecondWorldWarchangedwomen’slife.Werethesechanges
tothegoodortothebad?
3. WhydidIrelandwanttobeindependentsomuch?Wasittheright
decisiontobreakIrelandintwoparts:“NorthernIreland”andthe
independentEire?
4.
1) Take12smallcards.Oneachpiecewriteahistoricalevent.Mention
oneeventfromeachperiodofBritishhistory:Prehistory;Celts;Romans;Anglo-Saxons;Vikings;EarlyMiddleages;LateMiddleages;
th
Tudors;Stuarts;The18
century;The19thcentury;The20thcentury.
49
2)Allstudentsputtheircardsinthemiddleofthetable.
__________________________________________=
__________________________________________=
3) Form12groups:eachgrouprepresentsoneofthehistoricalperiods.
4)Trytondallthecardswithhistoricaleventsof“your”periodand
takethem.Youhave5minutesforit.Thenput thecardsinto the
historicalorder.
Readalltheeventsfromthecardswhichyouhavepicked.Thegroup
whichpickedupmorecardsandmadeno(orleastofall)mistakes
wins.
Writethenamesinthecorrectplaceofthescheme.
Great Britain Britain England Wales the Republic of Ireland
Scotland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Wales
Visit a British history website for children of 7–9 years old “Walk
throughtime”(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/walk/ ). Find recourses
whichyoucoulduseinyourfutureteaching.
Copythepicture.CutthepartsoftheUKoutofthemap.Cutlabels.
Eachstudenttakesapeaceoralabel.Youhave5minutestoremember
when“yourpeace”becamepartoftheUKorseparatedfromit.Role
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